A Smaller History of Greece - William Smith

7/31/2019 A Smaller History of Greece - William Smith

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I XLIKKAZ @BX]NZR NE OZAAHA

Oa} igr jnnc enz ezaa ng6 www'Ijbci'hnl

9

I XLIKKAZ @BX]NZR

NE OZAAHA

jr _BKKBIL XLB]@



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:


eznl }à aizkbax} }blax }n }à Znlig hngyqax}'

jr _BKKBIL XLB]@+ M'H'K'+ KK'M'

Gn}a6

Bg }`bx A}ap}+ tzbg}am }ap} bg b}ikbhx ìx jaag wzb}}ag bg hitb}ik

ka}}azx'

Ligr wnzmx bg }à tzbg}am }ap} ìua ihhag}x+ a}h' w`bh` ìua jaag

nlb}}am' Mbt}`ngox ìua jaag aptigmam bg}n }wn ka}}azx'

HNG]AG]X'

H@IT]AZ B ' ' Oanozit`r ne Ozaaha'

H@IT]AZ BB ' ' Nzbobg ne }à Ozaacx+ igm }à @aznbh Ioa'

H@IT]AZ BBB ' ' Oagazik Xqzuar ne }à Ozaac Tantka'

Gi}bngik Bgx}b}q}bngx'

H@IT]AZ BU ' ' Aizkr @bx}nzr ne Takntnggaxqx igm Xtiz}i }n

}à agm ne }à Laxxagbig _izx+ J'H' 550'

H@IT]AZ U ' ' Aizkr @bx}nzr ne I}àgx mnwg }n }à

Ax}ijkbx`lag} ne Malnhzihr jr Hkbx}àgax+

J'H' 194'

H@IT]AZ UB ' ' ]à Ozaac Hnkngbax'

H@IT]AZ UBB ' ' ]à Tazxbig _izx',,Eznl }à Bngbh Zaunk} }n

}à Ji}}ka ne Lizi}`ng+ J'H' 144,=24'

H@IT]AZ UBBB ' ' ]à Tazxbig _izx',,]à Ji}}kax ne ]àzlntrkia

Xikilbx+ igm Tki}iai+ J'H' =04,=?2'

H@IT]AZ BP ' ' Eznl }à agm ne }à Tazxbig _izx }n }à

jaobggbgo ne }à Takntnggaxbig _iz+

J'H' =?2,=89'

H@IT]AZ P ' ' I}àgx bg }à }bla ne Tazbhkax'

H@IT]AZ PB ' ' ]à Takntnggaxbig _iz',,Ebzx} Tazbnm+ eznl }à

hnllaghalag} ne }à _iz }n }à Taiha ne Gbhbix+


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8

J'H' =89,=:9'

H@IT]AZ PBB ' ' ]à Takntnggaxbig _iz',,Xahngm Tazbnm+ eznl

}à Taiha ne Gbhbix }n }à Maeai} ne }à

I}àgbigx bg Xbhbkr+ J'H' =:9,=98'

H@IT]AZ PBBB ' ' ]à Takntnggaxbig _iz',,]`bzm Tazbnm+ eznl }à

Xbhbkbig Aptamb}bng }n }à agm ne }à _iz+

J'H' =98,=4='

H@IT]AZ PBU ' ' ]à ]`bzr ]rzig}x+ igm }à mai}` ne Xnhzi}ax+

J'H' =4=,822'

H@IT]AZ PU ' ' ]à Aptamb}bng ne }à Ozaacx qgmaz Hrzqx+ igm

Za}zai} ne }à ]ag ]`nqxigm+ J'H' =49,=44'

H@IT]AZ PUB ' ' ]à Xqtzalihr ne Xtiz}i+ J'H' =4=,8?9'

H@IT]AZ PUBB ' ' ]à Xqtzalihr ne ]àjax+ J'H' 8?9,859'

H@IT]AZ PUBBB ' ' @bx}nzr ne }à Xbhbkbig Ozaacx eznl }àMax}zqh}bng ne }à I}àgbig Izlilag} }n }à

Mai}` ne ]blnkang'

H@IT]AZ PBP ' ' T`bkkbt ne Lihamng+ J'H' 812,885'

H@IT]AZ PP ' ' Ikapigmaz }à Ozai}+ J'H' 885,8:8'

H@IT]AZ PPB ' ' Eznl }à Mai}` ne Ikapigmaz }à Ozai} }n }à

Hngyqax} ne Ozaaha jr }à Znligx+ J'H' 8:8,9=5'

H@IT]AZ PPBB ' ' Xca}h` ne }à @bx}nzr ne Ozaac Kb}azi}qza

eznl }à Aizkbax} ]blax }n }à Zabog ne

Ikapigmaz }à Ozai}'


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=

H@IT]AZ B'

OANOZIT@R NE OZAAHA'

Ozaaha bx }à xnq}àzg tnz}bng ne i ozai} tagbgxqki ne Aqznta+

wixàm ng }`zaa xbmax jr }à Lamb}azzigaig Xai' B} bx jnqgmam ng

}à gnz}` jr }à Hiljqgbig lnqg}ibgx+ w`bh` xatizi}a b} eznl

Lihamngbi' B} ap}agmx eznl }à enz}ba}` maozaa ne ki}b}qma }n

}à }`bz}r,xbp}`+ b}x ozai}ax} kago}` jabgo gn} lnza }ìg :14

Agokbx` lbkax+ igm b}x ozai}ax} jzaim}` ngkr 904' B}x xqzeiha bx

hngxbmazijkr kaxx }ìg }ì} ne Tnz}qoik' ]`bx xlikk izai wix

mbubmam ilngo i gqljaz ne bgmatagmag} x}i}ax+ ligr ne }àl

hng}ibgbgo i }azzb}nzr ne ngkr i eaw xyqiza lbkax+ igm gnga ne

}àl kizoaz }ìg ig Agokbx` hnqg}r' Jq} }à àznbxl igm oagbqx

ne }à Ozaacx ìua obuag ig bg}azax} }n }à bgxbogbebhig} xtn} ne

aiz}` jaizbgo }àbz gila+ w`bh` }à uix}ax} altbzax ìua gauaz

ayqikkam'

]à gila ne Ozaaha wix gn} qxam jr }à bgìjb}ig}x ne }àhnqg}zr' ]àr hikkam }àbz kigm @AKKIX+ igm }àlxakuax @AKKAGAX'

I} ebzx} }à wnzm @AKKIX xbogbebam ngkr i xlikk mbx}zbh} bg

]àxxikr+ eznl w`bh` }à @akkagax ozimqikkr xtzaim nuaz }à w`nka

hnqg}zr' ]à gilax ne OZAAHA igm OZAACX hnla }n qx eznl }à

Znligx+ w`n oiua }à gila ne OZIAHBI }n }à hnqg}zr igm ne OZIAHB

}n }à bgìjb}ig}x'

]à }wn gnz}àzkr tznubghax ne Ozaaha iza ]@AXXIKR igm ATBZQX+

xatizi}am eznl aih` n}àz jr Lnqg} Tbgmqx' ]àxxikr bx i eaz}bka

tkibg aghknxam jr kne}r lnqg}ibgx+ igm mzibgam jr }à zbuaz

Tagaqx+ w`bh` ebgmx b}x wir bg}n }à xai }`znqo` }à hakajzi}am

Uika ne ]alta' Atbzqx bx hnuazam jr zqooam zigoax ne lnqg}ibgx

zqggbgo eznl gnz}` }n xnq}`+ }`znqo` w`bh` }à Ihàknqx }à

kizoax} zbuaz ne Ozaaha+ eknwx }nwizmx }à Hnzbg}`big oqke'

Bg ag}azbgo hag}zik Ozaaha eznl ]àxxikr }à znim zqgx ikngo }à

hnix} }`znqo` }à gizznw tixx ne ]àzlntrkia+ ja}waag }à xai igm

i kne}r zigoa ne lnqg}ibgx' ]à mbx}zbh} ikngo }à hnix} wix

bgìjb}am jr }à AIX]AZG KNHZBIGX+ w`bka }n }àbz wax} waza MNZBX

igm T@NHBX+ }à ozai}az tiz} ne }à ki}}az jabgo nhhqtbam jr

Lnqg} Tizgixxqx+ }à ijnma ne }à Lqxax+ qtng }à xkntax ne w`bh`

kir }à }nwg ne Makt`b wb}` b}x hakajzi}am nzihka ne Itnkkn'

Xnq}` ne T`nhbx bx Jnan}bi+ w`bh` bx i kizoa `nkknw jixbg+

aghknxam ng auazr xbma jr lnqg}ibgx+ w`bh` tzauag} }à wi}azx

eznl eknwbgo bg}n }à xai' @agha }à i}lnxtàza wix milt igm

}`bhc+ }n w`bh` hbzhqlx}igha }à wb}}r I}àgbigx i}}zbjq}am }à

mqkkgaxx ne }à bgìjb}ig}x' ]àjax wix }à h`bae hb}r neJnan}bi' Xnq}` ne Jnan}bi kbax I]]BHI+ w`bh` bx bg }à enzl ne i

}zbigoka+ ìubgo }wn ne b}x xbmax wixàm jr }à xai igm b}x jixa

qgb}am }n }à kigm' B}x xnbk bx kbo`} igm mzr igm bx ja}}az

imit}am enz }à oznw}` ne ezqb} }ìg ne hnzg' B} wix

tiz}bhqkizkr hakajzi}am enz b}x nkbuax+ w`bh` waza zaoizmam ix

}à obe} ne I}àgi (Lbgazui"+ igm waza ikwirx qgmaz }à hiza ne

}ì} onmmaxx' I}àgx wix ng }à wax}azg hnix}+ ja}waag enqz igm

ebua lbkax eznl b}x tnz}+ Tbziaqx' _ax} ne I}}bhi+ }nwizmx }à

bx}`lqx+ bx }à xlikk mbx}zbh} ne LAOIZBX'


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1

]à wax}azg ìke ne hag}zik Ozaaha hngxbx}x ne _AX]AZG KNHZBX+

IA]NKBI igm IHIZGIGBI' ]àxa mbx}zbh}x waza kaxx hbubkbxam }ìg

}à n}àz hnqg}zbax ne Ozaaha+ igm waza }à ìqg}x ne zqma znjjaz

}zbjax auag ix ki}a ix }à Takntnggaxbig wiz'

Hag}zik Ozaaha bx hnggah}am wb}` }à xnq}àzg tagbgxqki jr i

gizznw bx}`lqx+ ng w`bh` x}nnm }à hb}r ne Hnzbg}`' Xn gizznw bx

}`bx bx}`lqx }ì} }à ighbag}x zaoizmam }à tagbgxqki ix ig

bxkigm+ igm oiua }n b} }à gila ne TAKNTNGGAXQX+ nz }à bxkigm ne

Takntx+ eznl }à lr}`bhik àzn ne }`bx gila' B}x lnmazg gila+

}à LNZAI+ wix jax}nwam qtng b} eznl b}x zaxaljkigha }n }à kaie

ne }à lqkjazzr'

]à lnqg}ibgx ne Takntnggaxqx ìua }àbz znn}x bg }à hag}za ne

}à hnqg}zr+ eznl w`bh` }àr jzigh` nq} }nwizmx }à xai' ]`bx

hag}zik zaobng+ hikkam IZHIMBI+ bx }à Xwb}vazkigm ne }à

tagbgxqki' B} bx xqzznqgmam jr i zbgo ne lnqg}ibgx+ enzlbgo i

cbgm ne gi}qzik wikk+ w`bh` xatizi}ax b} eznl }à zalibgbgo

Takntnggaxbig x}i}ax' ]à n}àz h`bae mbubxbngx ne Takntnggaxqx

waza Ihìbi+ Izonkbx+ Kihngbi+ Laxxagbi+ igm Akbx' IH@IBI bx igizznw xkbt ne hnqg}zr krbgo ja}waag }à gnz}àzg jizzbaz ne

Izhimbi igm }à Hnzbg}`big oqke' IZONKBX+ ng }à aix}+ hng}ibgam

xauazik bgmatagmag} x}i}ax+ ne w`bh` }à lnx} bltnz}ig} wix

Izonx' KIHNGBI igm LAXXAGBI nhhqtbam }à w`nka ne }à xnq}` ne

}à tagbgxqki eznl xai }n xai6 }àxa }wn hnqg}zbax waza

xatizi}am jr }à kne}r zigoa ne ]iroa}qx+ zqggbgo eznl gnz}` }n

xnq}`+ igm }azlbgi}bgo bg }à tznlng}nzr ne ]iagizql (gnw Hita

Li}itig"+ }à xnq}àzglnx} tnbg} ne Ozaaha igm Aqznta' Xtiz}i+

}à h`bae }nwg ne Kihngbi+ x}nnm bg }à uikkar ne }à Aqzn}ix+

w`bh` ntagx nq} bg}n i tkibg ne hngxbmazijka ap}ag} }nwizmx }à

Kihngbig oqke' Laxxagbi+ bg kbca liggaz+ wix mzibgam jr }à

Tilbxqx+ w`nxa tkibg bx x}bkk lnza ap}agxbua igm eaz}bka }ìg

}ì} ne }à Aqzn}ix' AKBX+ ng }à wax} ne Izhimbi+ hng}ibgx }à

lalnzijka tkibg ne Nkrltbi+ }`znqo` w`bh` }à Iktàqx eknwx+ igm

bg w`bh` }à hb}r ne Tbxi x}nnm'

Ne }à gqlaznqx bxkigmx w`bh` kbga }à Ozahbig x`nzax+ }à lnx}

bltnz}ig} wix Aqjnai+ x}za}h`bgo ikngo }à hnix}x ne Jnan}bi igm

I}}bhi' Xnq}` ne Aqjnai wix }à oznqt ne bxkigmx hikkam }à

HRHKIMAX+ krbgo iznqgm Maknx ix i hag}za3 igm aix} ne }àxa waza

}à XTNZIMAX+ gaiz }à Ixbi}bh hnix}' Xnq}` ne }àxa oznqtx iza

}à kizoa bxkigmx ne HZA]A igm Z@NMAX'

]à t`rxbhik eai}qzax ne }à hnqg}zr apazhbxam ig bltnz}ig}

bgekqagha qtng }à tnkb}bhik max}bgbax ne }à tantka' Ozaaha bx

nga ne }à lnx} lnqg}ibgnqx hnqg}zbax ne Aqznta' B}x xqzeiha bx

nhhqtbam jr i gqljaz ne xlikk tkibgx+ ab}àz ag}bzakr xqzznqgmamjr kblax}nga lnqg}ibgx nz ntag ngkr }n }à xai' Aih` ne }à

tzbghbtik Ozahbig hb}bax wix enqgmam bg nga ne }àxa xlikk

tkibgx3 igm+ ix }à lnqg}ibgx w`bh` xatizi}am b} eznl b}x

gabo`jnqzx waza kne}r igm zqooam+ aih` hb}r ozaw qt bg xnkb}izr

bgmatagmagha' Jq} i} }à xila }bla b} ìm zaimr igm aixr ihhaxx

}n }à xai+ igm Izhimbi wix iklnx} }à ngkr tnkb}bhik mbubxbng

}ì} mbm gn} tnxxaxx xnla }azzb}nzr qtng }à hnix}' ]`qx x`q}

nq} eznl }àbz gabo`jnqzx jr lnqg}ibgx+ }à Ozaacx waza gi}qzikkr

i}}zih}am }n }à xai+ igm jahila i lizb}bla tantka' @agha }àr


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5

tnxxaxxam }à knua ne ezaamnl igm }à xtbzb} ne imuag}qza+ w`bh`

ìua ikwirx hìzih}azbxam+ lnza nz kaxx }à bgìjb}ig}x ne

lizb}bla mbx}zbh}x'

H@IT]AZ BB'

NZBOBG NE ]@A OZAACX IGM ]@A @AZNBH IOA'

Gn gi}bng tnxxaxxax i `bx}nzr }bkk auag}x iza zahnzmam bg wzb}}ag

mnhqlag}x3 igm b} wix gn} }bkk }à atnh` cgnwg jr }à gila ne }à

Ebzx} Nkrltbim+ hnzzaxtngmbgo }n }à raiz ??5 J'H'+ }ì} }à

Ozaacx jaoig }n altknr wzb}bgo ix i laigx enz tazta}qi}bgo }à

lalnzr ne igr `bx}nzbhik eih}x' Jaenza }ì} tazbnm auazr}`bgo bx

uioqa igm qghaz}ibg3 igm }à aptknb}x ne }à àznax zaki}am jr

}à tna}x lqx} gn} ja zaoizmam ix `bx}nzbhik eih}x'

]à TAKIXOBIGX iza qgbuazxikkr zatzaxag}am ix }à lnx} ighbag}

bgìjb}ig}x ne Ozaaha' ]àr waza xtzaim nuaz }à B}ikbig ix wakk

ix }à Ozahbig tagbgxqki3 igm }à Takixobh kigoqioa }`qx enzlam}à jixbx ne }à Ki}bg ix wakk ix ne }à Ozaac' ]àr waza

mbubmam bg}n xauazik }zbjax+ ne w`bh` }à @akkagax waza tznjijkr

nga6 i} igr zi}a+ }`bx tantka+ w`n nzbobgikkr mwak} bg }à xnq}`

ne ]àxxikr+ ozimqikkr xtzaim nuaz }à zax} ne Ozaaha' ]à

Takixobigx mbxittaizam jaenza }àl+ nz waza bghnztnzi}am wb}`

}àl+ igm }àbz mbikah} jahila }à kigoqioa ne Ozaaha' ]à

@akkagax hngxbmazam }àlxakuax }à maxhagmig}x ne nga hnllng

ighax}nz+ @akkag+ }à xng ne Maqhikbng igm Trzzì' ]n @akkag

waza ixhzbjam }`zaa xngx+ Mnzqx+ Pq}`qx+ igm IAnkqx' Ne }àxa

Mnzqx igm IAnkqx oiua }àbz gilax }n }à MNZBIGX igm IANKBIGX3

igm Pq}`qx3 }`znqo` `bx }wn xngx Bng igm Ihìaqx+ jahila }à

enzaei}àz ne }à BNGBIGX igm IH@IAIGX' ]`qx }à Ozaacx

ihhnqg}am enz }à nzbobg ne }à enqz ozai} mbubxbngx ne }àbz

ziha' ]à maxhag} ne }à @akkagax eznl i hnllng ighax}nz+

@akkag+ wix i eqgmilag}ik iz}bhka bg }à tntqkiz eib}`' B} wix i

oagazik tzih}bha bg ig}byqb}r }n bguag} ebh}b}bnqx tazxngx enz

}à tqztnxa ne aptkibgbgo gilax ne w`bh` }à nzbobg wix jqzbam bg

njxhqzb}r' B} wix bg }`bx wir }ì} @akkag igm `bx xngx hila bg}n

jabgo3 jq} }`nqo` }àr gauaz ìm igr zaik apbx}agha+ }à }ikax

ijnq} }àl lir ja zaoizmam ix }à }zimb}bngik `bx}nzr ne }à

zihax }n w`nl }àr oiua }àbz gilax'

]à hbubkbvi}bng ne }à Ozaacx igm }à mauakntlag} ne }àbz

kigoqioa jaiz ikk }à lizcx ne `nla oznw}`+ igm tznjijkr waza

kb}}ka ieeah}am jr enzabog bgekqagha' ]à }zimb}bngx+ `nwauaz+

ne }à Ozaacx wnqkm tnbg} }n i hng}zizr hnghkqxbng' B} wix i

oagazik jakbae ilngo }àl }ì} }à Takixobigx waza zahkiblam eznljizjizbxl jr Nzbag}ik x}zigoazx+ w`n xa}}kam bg }à hnqg}zr igm

bg}znmqham ilngo }à zqma bgìjb}ig}x }à ebzx} akalag}x ne

hbubkbvi}bng' I}}bhi bx xibm }n ìua jaag bgmaj}am enz }à iz}x

ne hbubkbvam kbea }n Hahzntx+ i gi}bua ne Xibx bg Aort}' ]n `bl

bx ixhzbjam }à enqgmi}bng ne }à hb}r ne I}àgx+ }à bgx}b}q}bng

ne lizzbioa+ igm }à bg}znmqh}bng ne zakbobnqx zb}ax igm

hazalngbax' Izonx+ bg kbca liggaz+ bx xibm }n ìua jaag enqgmam

jr }à Aort}big Migiqx+ w`n ekam }n Ozaaha wb}` `bx ebe}r

miqo`}azx+ }n axhita eznl }à tazxahq}bng ne }àbz xqb}nzx+ }à


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ebe}r xngx ne `bx jzn}àz IAort}qx' ]à Aort}big x}zigoaz wix

akah}am cbgo jr }à gi}buax+ igm eznl `bl }à }zbja ne }à Migib

mazbuam }àbz gila+ w`bh` @nlaz ezayqag}kr qxax ix i oagazik

ittakki}bng enz }à Ozaacx' Ign}àz hnkngr wix }à nga kam eznl

Ixbi jr Takntx+ eznl w`nl }à xnq}àzg tagbgxqki ne Ozaaha

mazbuam b}x gila ne Takntnggaxqx' Takntx bx zatzaxag}am ix i

T`zrobig+ igm }à xng ne }à waik}`r cbgo ]ig}ikqx' @a jahila

cbgo ne Lrhagia+ igm }à enqgmaz ne i tnwazeqk mrgix}r+ nga ne

}à lnx} zagnwgam bg }à @aznbh ioa ne Ozaaha' Eznl `bl wix

maxhagmam Ioilalgng+ w`n kam }à Ozahbig `nx} ioibgx} ]znr'

]à }ika ne }à T`nagbhbig hnkngr+ hngmqh}am jr Himlqx+ igm w`bh`

enqgmam ]àjax bg Jnan}bi+ zax}x qtng i mbeeazag} jixbx' _à}àz

}àza wix xqh` i tazxng ix }à T`nagbhbig Himlqx+ igm wà}àz à

jqbk} }à }nwg hikkam Himlai+ w`bh` ie}azwizmx jahila }à hb}imak

ne ]àjax+ ix }à ighbag} kaoagmx zaki}a+ higgn} ja ma}azlbgam3

jq} b} bx haz}ibg }ì} }à Ozaacx waza bgmaj}am }n }à

T`nagbhbigx enz }à iz} ne wzb}bgo3 enz jn}` }à gilax igm }à

enzlx ne }à ka}}azx bg }à Ozaac iktìja} iza aubmag}kr mazbuam

eznl }à T`nagbhbig' _b}` }`bx aphat}bng }à Nzbag}ik x}zigoazx

kae} gn tazligag} }zihax ne }àbz xa}}kalag}x bg Ozaaha3 igm }àtntqki}bng ne }à hnqg}zr hng}bgqam }n ja axxag}bikkr Ozahbig+

qghng}ilbgi}am jr igr enzabog akalag}x'

]à ioa ne }à àznax+ eznl }à ebzx} ittaizigha ne }à @akkagax

bg ]àxxikr }n }à za}qzg ne }à Ozaacx eznl ]znr+ wix xqttnxam

}n ja i tazbnm ne ijnq} }wn `qgmzam raizx' ]àxa àznax waza

jakbauam }n ja i gnjka ziha ne jabgox+ tnxxaxxbgo i xqtaz`qlig

}`nqo` gn} i mbubga gi}qza+ igm xqtazbnz }n nzmbgizr lag bg

x}zago}` ne jnmr igm ozai}gaxx ne xnqk'

Ilngo }à àznax }`zaa x}igm hngxtbhqnqxkr enz}`6 @azhqkax+ }à

gi}bngik àzn ne Ozaaha3 ]àxaqx+ }à àzn ne I}}bhi3 igm Lbgnx+

cbgo ne Hza}a+ }à tzbghbtik enqgmaz ne Ozahbig kiw igm

hbubkbvi}bng'

@azhqkax wix }à xng ne Vaqx (Fqtb}az" igm Ikhlagi3 jq} }à

faiknqx igoaz ne @azi (Fqgn" zibxam qt ioibgx} `bl ig nttngag}

igm i lix}az bg }à tazxng ne Aqzrx}àqx i} w`nxa jbmmbgo }à

ozai}ax} ne ikk àznax wix }n ih`baua }`nxa wngmazeqk kijnqzx

w`bh` ebkkam }à w`nka wnzkm wb}` `bx eila' Bg }àxa iza

zaikbvam+ ng i liogbebhag} xhika+ }à }wn ozai} njfah}x ne

ighbag} àznbxl+ }à max}zqh}bng ne t`rxbhik igm lnzik aubk+ igm

}à ihyqbxb}bng ne waik}` igm tnwaz' Xqh`+ enz bgx}igha+ iza }à

kijnqzx bg w`bh` à max}znrx }à }azzbjka Galaig kbng igm Kazgaig

`rmzi+ hizzbax nee }à obzmka ne Izax eznl @bttnkr}a+ yqaag ne

}à Ilivngx+ igm xabvax }à onkmag ittkax ne }à @axtazbmax+

oqizmam jr i `qgmzam,àimam mziong'

]àxaqx wix i xng ne IAoaqx+ cbgo ne I}àgx+ igm ne IA}`zi+

miqo`}az ne Tb}}àqx+ cbgo ne ]znavag' Ilngo `bx ligr lalnzijka

ih`baualag}x }à lnx} eilnqx wix `bx makbuazigha ne I}àgx eznl

}à ezbo`}eqk }zbjq}a bltnxam qtng b} jr Lbgnx enz }à lqzmaz ne

`bx xng' ]`bx hngxbx}am ne xauag rnq}`x igm xauag libmagx w`nl

}à I}àgbigx waza hnltakkam }n xagm auazr gbga raizx }n Hza}a+

}àza }n ja maunqzam jr }à Lbgn}iqz+ i lngx}az wb}` i `qlig jnmr

igm i jqkk/x àim+ w`bh` Lbgnx cat} hnghaikam bg ig bgap}zbhijka


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0

kijrzbg}`' ]à }`bzm x`bt wix ikzaimr ng }à tnbg} ne xibkbgo

wb}` b}x hizon ne bggnhag} ubh}blx+ wàg ]àxaqx neeazam }n on

wb}` }àl+ `ntbgo }n tq} ig agm enz auaz }n }à `nzzbjka }zbjq}a'

Izbimga+ }à miqo`}az ne Lbgnx+ jahila agilnqzam ne }à àzn+ igm

ìubgo xqttkbam `bl wb}` i hkqa }n }ziha }à wbgmbgox ne }à

kijrzbg}`+ ]àxaqx xqhhaamam bg cbkkbgo }à lngx}az+ igm bg

}zihcbgo `bx wir nq} ne }à livr kibz' ]àxaqx+ ng `bx za}qzg+

jahila cbgo ne I}}bhi+ igm tznhaamam }n kir }à enqgmi}bngx ne

}à eq}qza ozai}gaxx ne }à hnqg}zr' @a qgb}am bg}n nga

tnkb}bhik jnmr }à }wakua bgmatagmag} x}i}ax bg}n w`bh` Hahzntx

ìm mbubmam I}}bhi+ igm lima I}àgx }à hitb}ik ne }à gaw

cbgomnl' @a }àg mbubmam }à hb}bvagx bg}n }`zaa hkixxax+

gilakr+ AQTI]ZBMIA+ nz gnjkax3 OANLNZB+ nz `qxjigmlag3 igm

MALBQZOB+ nz iz}bxigx'

Lbgnx+ cbgo ne Hza}a+ w`nxa `bx}nzr bx hnggah}am wb}` }ì} ne

]àxaqx+ ittaizx+ kbca `bl+ }à zatzaxag}i}bua ne ig `bx}nzbhik

igm hbubk x}i}a ne kbea' Lbgnx bx xibm }n ìua zahabuam }à kiwx

ne Hza}a bllambi}akr eznl Vaqx3 igm }zimb}bngx qgbenzlkr tzaxag}

`bl ix cbgo ne }à xai' Tnxxaxxbgo i gqlaznqx ekaa}+ à zamqham

}à xqzznqgmbgo bxkigmx+ axtahbikkr }à Hrhkimax+ qgmaz `bxmnlbgbng+ igm hkaizam }à xai ne tbzi}ax'

]à unrioa ne }à Izongiq}x igm }à ]znfig wiz waza }à lnx}

lalnzijka ag}aztzbxax qgmaz}icag jr hnkkah}bua jnmbax ne àznax'

]à Izongiq}x mazbuam }àbz gila eznl }à Izon+ i x`bt jqbk} Enz

}à imuag}qzazx jr Fixng+ qgmaz }à xqtazbg}agmagha ne I}àgi

(Lbgazui"' ]àr aljizcam bg }à ìzjnqz ne Bnkhqx bg ]àxxikr

enz }à tqztnxa ne nj}ibgbgo }à onkmag ekaaha w`bh` wix

tzaxazuam bg IAi bg Hnkh`bx+ ng }à aix}azg x`nzax ne }à Jkihc

Xai+ qgmaz }à oqizmbigx`bt ne i xkaatkaxx mziong' ]à lnx}

zagnwgam àznax ne }à ioa }nnc tiz} bg }à aptamb}bng' Ilngo

}àl waza @azhqkax igm ]àxaqx+ ix wakk ix }à tzbghbtik kaimazx

bg }à ]znfig wiz3 jq} Fixng bx }à hag}zik eboqza igm }à zaik

àzn ne }à ag}aztzbxa' Qtng izzbubgo i} IAi+ ie}az ligr

imuag}qzax+ cbgo IA}ax tznlbxam }n makbuaz }n Fixng }à onkmag

ekaaha+ tznubmam à rncam }wn ebza,jzai}`bgo npag wb}` jzivag

eaa}+ igm tazenzlam n}àz wngmazeqk maamx' @aza+ ikxn+ ix bg }à

kaoagm ne ]àxaqx+ knua tkiram i tznlbgag} tiz}' Lamai+ }à

miqo`}az ne IA}ax+ w`n wix xcbkkam bg liobh igm xqtazgi}qzik

iz}x+ eqzgbxàm Fixng wb}` }à laigx ne ihhnltkbx`bgo }à kijnqzx

bltnxam qtng `bl3 igm ix àz ei}àz x}bkk makiram }n xqzzagmaz

}à ekaaha+ xà hix} }à mziong ixkaat mqzbgo }à gbo`}+ xabvam

}à ekaaha+ igm xibkam iwir bg }à Izon wb}` àz jaknuam Fixng'

]à ]znfig wiz wix }à ozai}ax} ne ikk }à àznbh ih`baualag}x'

B} enzlam }à xqjfah} ne bggqlazijka atbh tnalx+ igm ìx jaagbllnz}ikbxam jr }à oagbqx ne @nlaz' Tizbx+ xng ne Tzbil+ cbgo

ne ]znr+ ijqxam }à `nxtb}ikb}r ne Lagakiqx+ cbgo ne Xtiz}i+ jr

hizzrbgo nee `bx wbea @akag+ }à lnx} jaiq}beqk wnlig ne }à ioa'

Ikk }à Ozahbig tzbghax knncam qtng }à nq}zioa ix nga hnllb}}am

ioibgx} }àlxakuax' Zaxtngmbgo }n }à hikk ne Lagakiqx+ }àr

ixxaljkam bg izlx+ akah}am `bx jzn}àz Ioilalgng+ cbgo ne

Lrhagia+ kaimaz ne }à aptamb}bng+ igm xibkam ihznxx }à IAoaig

bg gaizkr 9:44 x`btx }n zahnuaz }à eib}`kaxx eibz nga' Xauazik

ne }à hngeamazi}a àznax aphakkam Ioilalgng bg eila' Ilngo }àl


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2

Ih`bkkax+ h`bae ne }à ]àxxikbig Lrzlbmngx+ x}nnm tza,albgag} bg

x}zago}`+ jaiq}r+ igm uiknqz3 w`bkx} Qkrxxax+ cbgo ne B}ìhi3

xqztixxam ikk }à zax} bg }à lag}ik yqikb}bax ne hnqgxak igm

aknyqagha' Ilngo }à ]znfigx+ @ah}nz+ nga ne }à xngx ne Tzbil+

wix lnx} mbx}bgoqbxàm enz àznbh yqikb}bax igm enzlam i x}zbcbgo

hng}zix} }n `bx ìgmxnla jq} aeealbgi}a jzn}àz Tizbx' Gap} }n

@ah}nz bg uiknqz x}nnm IAgaix+ xng ne Igh`bxax igm It`znmb}a

(Uagqx"' Auag }à onmx }nnc tiz} bg }à hng}ax}+ aghnqziobgo

}àbz eiunqzb}a àznax+ igm xnla}blax ebo`}bgo jr }àbz xbma nz

bg }àbz x}aim'

B} wix gn} }bkk }à }ag}` raiz ne }à wiz }ì} ]znr rbakmam }n

}à bgaub}ijka mahzaa ne ei}a3 igm b} bx }`bx raiz w`bh` enzlx

}à xqjfah} ne }à Bkbim' Ih`bkkax+ neeagmam jr Ioilalgng+

ijx}ibgx eznl }à wiz3 igm bg `bx ijxagha }à Ozaacx iza gn li}h`

enz @ah}nz' ]à ]znfigx mzbua }àl jihc bg}n }àbz hilt+ igm iza

ikzaimr xa}}bgo ebza }n }àbz x`btx+ wàg Ih`bkkax obuax `bx

izlnqz }n `bx ezbagm Ti}znhkqx+ igm ikknwx `bl }n hìzoa i} }à

àim ne }à Lrzlbmngx' Ti}znhkqx zatqkxax }à ]znfigx eznl }à

x`btx+ jq} }à onm Itnkkn bx ioibgx} `bl+ igm à eikkx qgmaz }à

xtaiz ne @ah}nz' Maxbza }n iuagoa }à mai}` ne `bx ezbagm tznuaxlnza tnwazeqk bg }à jzaix} ne Ih`bkkax }ìg igoaz ioibgx}

Ioilalgng' @a ittaizx ioibg bg }à ebakm bg gaw igm onzoanqx

izlnqz+ enzoam enz `bl jr }à onm @at`zix}qx (Uqkhig" i} }à

tziraz ne ]à}bx' ]à ]znfigx ekr jaenza `bl+ igm+ ik}`nqo`

Ih`bkkax bx iwiza }ì} `bx nwg mai}` lqx} xtaambkr enkknw }ì} ne

}à ]znfig àzn+ à xkirx @ah}nz bg xbgoka hnlji}'

]à Bkbim hknxax wb}` }à jqzbik ne @ah}nz' ]à mai}` ne

Ih`bkkax igm }à hit}qza ne ]znr waza zaki}am bg ki}az tnalx'

]à àzn ne xn ligr ih`baualag}x tazbxàx jr ig izznw x`n} jr }à

qgwizkbca Tizbx+ jq} mbzah}am jr }à ìgm ne Itnkkn' ]à gnjkax}

hnlji}ig}x ìm gnw eikkag ng ab}àz xbma+ igm enzha ne izlx ìm

tznuam qgijka }n ihhnltkbx` wì} x}zi}ioal i} kago}` aeeah}x' B}

bx Qkrxxax w`n gnw x}atx bg}n }à enzaoznqgm igm jahnlax }à zaik

hngyqaznz ne ]znr' Jr `bx imubha i wnnmag `nzxa bx jqbk}+ bg

w`nxa bgxbma à igm n}àz àznax hnghaik }àlxakuax' ]à

bgei}qi}am ]znfigx imlb} }à `nzxa wb}`bg }àbz wikkx' Bg }à

maim ne gbo`} }à Ozaacx zqx` nq} igm ntag }à oi}ax }n }àbz

hnlzimax' ]znr bx makbuazam nuaz }n }à xwnzm+ igm b}x oknzr

xbgcx bg ixàx' ]à eikk ne ]znr bx tkiham bg }à raiz 990= J'H'

]à za}qzg ne }à Ozahbig kaimazx eznl ]znr enzlx ign}àz xazbax

ne tna}bhik kaoagmx' Xauazik laa} wb}` }ziobhik agmx' Ioilalgng

bx lqzmazam ng `bx izzbuik i} Lrhagia+ jr `bx wbea Hkr}ialgax}zi

igm àz tizilnqz IAobx}`qx' Jq} ne }àxa wigmazbgox }à lnx}

hakajzi}am igm bg}azax}bgo iza }`nxa ne Qkrxxax+ w`bh` enzl }à

xqjfah} ne }à Nmrxxar' Ie}az }wag}r raizx/ ijxagha à izzbuaxi} kago}` bg B}ìhi+ wàza à xkirx }à gqlaznqx xqb}nzx w`n

maunqzam `bx xqjx}igha igm hng}agmam enz }à ìgm ne `bx wbea

Tagaknta'

]à @nlazbh tnalx lqx} gn} ja zaoizmam ix i zahnzm ne `bx}nzbhik

tazxngx igm auag}x+ jq}+ i} }à xila }bla+ }àr tzaxag} i

uikqijka tbh}qza ne }à bgx}b}q}bngx igm liggazx ne }à aizkbax}

cgnwg x}i}a ne Ozahbig xnhba}r'


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94

Bg }à @aznbh ioa Ozaaha wix ikzaimr mbubmam bg}n i gqljaz ne

bgmatagmag} x}i}ax+ aih` onuazgam jr b}x nwg cbgo' ]à iq}`nzb}r

ne }à cbgo wix gn} kblb}am jr igr kiwx3 `bx tnwaz zaxaljkam }ì}

ne }à ti}zbizh`x bg }à Nkm ]ax}ilag}3 igm enz }à apazhbxa ne

b} à wix zaxtngxbjka ngkr }n Vaqx+ igm gn} }n `bx tantka' Jq}

}`nqo` }à cbgo wix gn} zax}zibgam bg }à apazhbxa ne `bx tnwaz

jr igr tnxb}bua kiwx+ `bx iq}`nzb}r wix tzih}bhikkr kblb}am jr

}à JNQKA3 nz hnqghbk ne h`baex+ igm }à Ionzi+ nz oagazik

ixxaljkr ne ezaalag' ]àxa }wn jnmbax+ ne kb}}ka ihhnqg} bg }à

@aznbh ioa+ jahila bg }à Zatqjkbhig ioa }à xnka matnxb}nzbax ne

tnkb}bhik tnwaz'

]à Ozaacx bg }à @aznbh ioa waza mbubmam bg}n }à }`zaa hkixxax

ne gnjkax+ hnllng ezaalag+ igm xkiuax' ]à gnjkax waza zibxam

eiz ijnua }à zax} ne }à hnllqgb}r bg `ngnqz+ tnwaz+ igm waik}`'

]àr waza mbx}bgoqbxàm jr }àbz wizkbca tznwaxx+ }àbz kizoa

ax}i}ax+ igm }àbz gqlaznqx xkiuax' ]à hngmb}bng ne }à oagazik

lixx ne ezaalag bx zizakr lag}bngam' ]àr tnxxaxxam tnz}bngx ne

kigm ix }àbz nwg tzntaz}r+ w`bh` }àr hqk}bui}am }àlxakuax3 jq}

}àza wix ign}àz hkixx ne tnnz ezaalag+ hikkam ]à}ax+ w`n ìm

gn kigm ne }àbz nwg+ igm w`n wnzcam enz `bza ng }à ax}i}ax nen}àzx' Xkiuazr wix gn} xn tzauikag} bg }à @aznbh ioa ix i} i

ki}az }bla+ igm ittaizx bg i kaxx nmbnqx ixtah}' ]à gnjkax

iknga tnxxaxxam xkiuax+ igm }àr }zai}am }àl wb}` i maozaa ne

cbgmgaxx w`bh` ezayqag}kr xahqzam enz }à lix}azx }àbz

ieeah}bngi}a i}}ih`lag}'

Xnhba}r wix lizcam jr xbltkbhb}r ne liggazx' ]à cbgox igm

gnjkax mbm gn} hngxbmaz b} maznoi}nzr }n }àbz mbogb}r }n ihyqbza

xcbkk bg }à ligqik iz}x' Qkrxxax bx zatzaxag}am ix jqbkmbgo `bx

nwg jam,hìljaz igm hngx}zqh}bgo `bx nwg zie}+ igm à jnix}x ne

jabgo ig aphakkag} lnwaz igm tknqo`lig' Kbca Axiq+ w`n lima

xiunqzr lai} enz `bx ei}àz Bxiih+ }à @aznbh h`baex tzatizam

}àbz nwg laikx igm tzbmam }àlxakuax ng }àbz xcbkk bg hnncazr'

Cbgox igm tzbui}a tazxngx tiz}nnc ne }à xila ennm+ w`bh` wix ne

}à xbltkax} cbgm' Jaae+ lq}}ng+ igm oni}/x ekax` waza }à

nzmbgizr lai}x+ igm hàaxa+ eknqz+ igm xnla}blax ezqb}x+ ikxn

enzlam tiz} ne }à jigyqa}3 wbga wix mzqgc mbkq}am wb}` wi}az+

igm }à ag}az}ibglag}x waza gauaz mbxoziham jr bg}altazigha+ kbca

}`nxa ne nqz gnz}àzg ighax}nzx' ]à agfnrlag} ne }à jigyqa}

wix àbo`}agam jr }à xngo igm }à migha+ igm }à h`baex }nnc

lnza makbo`} bg }à kirx ne }à lbgx}zak }ìg bg }à aphb}bgo

bgekqagha ne }à wbga'

]à wbuax igm miqo`}azx ne }à h`baex+ bg kbca liggaz+ mbm gn}

maal b} jagai}` }àl }n mbxhìzoa uizbnqx mq}bax w`bh` waza

ie}azwizmx zaoizmam ix lagbik' Gn} ngkr mn wa ebgm }àl

hngx}ig}kr altknram bg waiubgo+ xtbggbgo igm aljznbmazr+ jq} kbca}à miqo`}azx ne }à ti}zbizh`x }àr ea}h` wi}az eznl }à wakk

igm ixxbx} }àbz xkiuax bg wix`bgo oizlag}x bg }à zbuaz'

Auag i} }`bx aizkr ioa }à Ozaacx ìm lima hngxbmazijka imuighax

bg hbubkbvi}bng' ]àr waza hnkkah}am bg enz}bebam }nwgx+ w`bh`

waza xqzznqgmam jr wikkx igm imnzgam wb}` tikihax igm }altkax'

]à lixxbua zqbgx ne Lrhagia igm }à xhqkt}qzam kbngx ng }à oi}a

ne }`bx hb}r jakngo }n }à @aznbh ioa+ igm x}bkk aphb}a }à

wngmaz ne }à ja`nkmaz' Hnllazha+ `nwauaz+ wix kb}}ka


11/174



99

hqk}bui}am+ igm wix gn} lqh` ax}aalam' B} wix maalam lnza

`ngnqzijka enz i lig }n agzbh` `blxake jr znjjazr igm tbzihr }ìg

jr }à iz}x ne taiha' Hnbgam lngar bx gn} lag}bngam bg }à tnalx

ne @nlaz' _à}àz }à Ozaacx waza ihyqibg}am i} }`bx aizkr

tazbnm wb}` }à iz} ne wzb}bgo bx i yqax}bng w`bh` ìx obuag zbxa

}n lqh` mbxtq}a+ igm lqx} zalibg qgma}azlbgam3 jq} tna}zr wix

hqk}bui}am wb}` xqhhaxx+ }`nqo` ra} hngebgam }n atbh x}zibgx+ nz

}à gizzi}bng ne }à aptknb}x igm imuag}qzax ne }à @aznbh

h`baex' ]à jizm xqgo `bx nwg xngo+ igm wix ikwirx zahabuam wb}`

wakhnla igm `ngnqz bg }à tikihax ne }à gnjkax'

Bg }à ji}}ka+ ix matbh}am jr @nlaz+ }à h`baex iza }à ngkr

bltnz}ig} hnlji}ig}x+ w`bka }à tantka iza ig iklnx} qxakaxx

lixx+ ezayqag}kr tq} }n znq} jr }à tznwaxx ne i xbgoka àzn'

]à h`bae bx lnqg}am bg i wiz hìzbn}+ igm x}igmx jr }à xbma ne

`bx hìzbn}aaz+ w`n bx ezayqag}kr i ezbagm'

H@IT]AZ BBB'

OAGAZIK XQZUAR NE ]@A OZAAC TANTKA,,GI]BNGIK BGX]B]Q]BNGX'

]à Ozaacx+ ix wa ìua ikzaimr xaag+ waza mbubmam bg}n ligr

bgmatagmag} hnllqgb}bax+ jq} xauazik hiqxax jnqgm }àl }noa}àz

ix nga tantka' Ne }àxa }à lnx} bltnz}ig} waza hnllqgb}r ne

jknnm igm kigoqioa,,hnllqgb}r ne zakbobnqx zb}ax igm eax}buikx,,

igm hnllqgb}r ne liggazx igm hìzih}az'

Ikk }à Ozaacx waza maxhagmam eznl }à xila ighax}nz igm xtnca

}à xila kigoqioa' ]àr ikk maxhzbjam lag igm hb}bax w`bh` waza

gn} Ozahbig jr }à }azl JIZJIZBIG' ]`bx wnzm ìx tixxam bg}n nqz

nwg kigoqioa+ jq} wb}` i uazr mbeeazag} bmai3 enz }à Ozaacx

ittkbam b} bgmbxhzblbgi}akr }n auazr enzabogaz+ }n }à hbubkbvam

bgìjb}ig}x ne Aort} igm Tazxbi+ ix wakk ix }n }à zqma }zbjax ne

Xhr}`bi igm Oiqk'

]à xahngm jngm ne qgbng wix i hnllqgb}r ne zakbobnqx zb}ax igm

eax}buikx' Eznl }à aizkbax} }blax }à Ozaacx ittaiz }n ìua

wnzx`bttam }à xila onmx3 jq} nzbobgikkr }àza waza gn zakbobnqx

laa}bgox hnllng }n }à w`nka gi}bng' Xqh` laa}bgox waza ne

ozimqik oznw}`+ jabgo enzlam jr i gqljaz ne gabo`jnqzbgo }nwgx+

w`bh` ag}azam bg}n ig ixxnhbi}bng enz }à tazbnmbhik hakajzi}bng

ne haz}ibg zakbobnqx zb}ax' Ne }àxa }à lnx} hakajzi}am wix }à

ILT@BH]RNGBH HNQGHBK' B} ihyqbzam b}x xqtazbnzb}r nuaz n}àz

xblbkiz ixxnhbi}bngx jr }à waik}` igm ozigmaqz ne }à Makt`big

}altka+ ne w`bh` b} wix }à ittnbg}am oqizmbig' B} àkm }wn

laa}bgox auazr raiz+ nga bg }à xtzbgo i} }à }altka ne Itnkkn i}Makt`b+ igm }à n}àz bg }à iq}qlg i} }à }altka ne Mala}az

(Hazax" i} ]àzlntrkia' B}x laljazx+ w`n waza hikkam }à

Ilt`bh}rngx+ hngxbx}am ne xihzam matq}bax xag} eznl }wakua

}zbjax+ aih` ne w`bh` hng}ibgam xauazik bgmatagmag} hb}bax nz

x}i}ax' Jq} }à Hnqghbk wix gauaz hngxbmazam ix i gi}bngik

hngozaxx+ w`nxa mq}r b} wix }n tzn}ah} igm maeagm }à hnllng

bg}azax}x ne Ozaaha3 igm b} wix ngkr wàg }à zbo`}x ne }à

Makt`big onm ìm jaag ubnki}am }ì} b} bguncam }à ibm ne }à

uizbnqx laljazx ne }à kaioqa'


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9:

]à Nkrltbh Oilax waza ne ozai}az aeebhihr }ìg }à ilt`bh}rngbh

hnqghbk bg tznln}bgo i xtbzb} ne qgbng ilngo }à uizbnqx jzighàx

ne }à Ozaac ziha+ igm bg caatbgo ikbua i eaakbgo ne }àbz hnllng

nzbobg' ]àr waza ntag }n ikk tazxngx w`n hnqkm tznua }àbz

@akkagbh jknnm+ igm waza ezayqag}am jr xtah}i}nzx eznl ikk tiz}x

ne }à Ozahbig wnzkm' ]àr waza hakajzi}am i} Nkrltbi+ ng }à

jigcx ne }à Iktàqx+ bg }à }azzb}nzr ne Akbx' ]à nzbobg ne

}à eax}buik bx knx} bg njxhqzb}r3 jq} b} bx xibm }n ìua jaag

zaubuam jr Bt`b}qx+ cbgo ne Akbx+ igm Krhqzoqx }à Xtiz}ig

kaobxki}nz+ bg }à raiz ??5 J'H'3 igm+ ihhnzmbgokr+ wàg }à

Ozaacx i} i ki}az }bla jaoig }n qxa }à Nkrltbh hng}ax} ix i

h`zngnknobhik azi+ }`bx raiz wix zaoizmam ix }à ebzx} Nkrltbim'

B} wix hakajzi}am i} }à agm ne auazr enqz raizx+ igm }à

bg}azuik w`bh` akitxam ja}waag aih` hakajzi}bng wix hikkam ig

Nkrltbim' ]à w`nka eax}buik wix qgmaz }à ligioalag} ne }à

Akaigx+ w`n ittnbg}am xnla ne }àbz nwg gqljaz }n tzaxbma ix

fqmoax+ qgmaz }à gila ne }à @akkignmbhia' Mqzbgo }à lng}` bg

w`bh` b} wix hakajzi}am ikk `nx}bkb}bax waza xqxtagmam }`znqo`nq}

Ozaaha' I} ebzx} }à eax}buik wix hngebgam }n i xbgoka mir+ igm

hngxbx}am ne gn}`bgo lnza }ìg i li}h` ne zqggazx bg }à x}imbql3jq} bg hnqzxa ne }bla xn ligr n}àz hng}ax}x waza bg}znmqham+

}ì} }à oilax nhhqtbam ebua mirx' ]àr hnltzbxam uizbnqx }zbikx

ne x}zago}` igm xcbkk+ xqh` ix wzax}kbgo jnpbgo+ }à Tighzi}bql

(jnpbgo igm wzax}kbgo hnljbgam"+ igm }à hnltkbhi}am Tag}i}`kql

(bghkqmbgo fqltbgo+ zqggbgo+ }à yqnb}+ }à fiuakbg+ igm

wzax}kbgo"+ jq} gn hnlji}x wb}` igr cbgm ne waitngx' ]àza waza

ikxn `nzxa,zihax igm hìzbn},zihax3 igm }à hìzbn},ziha+ wb}`

enqz eqkk,oznwg `nzxax+ jahila nga ne }à lnx} tntqkiz igm

hakajzi}am ne ikk }à li}hàx'

]à ngkr tzbva obuag }n }à hngyqaznz wix i oizkigm ne wbkm

nkbua3 jq} }`bx wix uikqam ix nga ne }à maizax} mbx}bgh}bngx bg

kbea' ]n ìua `bx gila tznhkiblam ix ubh}nz jaenza ixxaljkam

@akkix wix ig njfah} ne iljb}bng wb}` }à gnjkax} igm }à

waik}`bax} ne }à Ozaacx' Xqh` i tazxng wix hngxbmazam }n ìua

hngeazzam auazkix}bgo oknzr qtng `bx eilbkr igm `bx hnqg}zr+ igm

wix zawizmam jr `bx eakknw,hb}bvagx wb}` mbx}bgoqbxàm `ngnqzx'

Mqzbgo }à xbp}` hag}qzr jaenza }à H`zbx}big azi }`zaa n}àz

gi}bngik eax}buikx,,}à Tr}`big+ Galaig+ igm Bx}`lbig oilax,,

w`bh` waza i} ebzx} ngkr knhik jahila ntag }n }à w`nka gi}bng'

]à Tr}`big oilax waza hakajzi}am bg auazr }`bzm Nkrltbh raiz+ ng

}à Hbzzìaig tkibg bg T`nhbx+ qgmaz }à xqtazbg}agmagha ne }à

Ilt`bh}rngx' ]à oilax hngxbx}am gn} ngkr ne li}hàx bg

orlgix}bhx igm ne `nzxa igm hìzbn} zihax+ jq} ikxn ne hng}ax}x

bg lqxbh igm tna}zr' ]àr xnng ihyqbzam hakajzb}r+ igm jahila

xahngm ngkr }n }à ozai} Nkrltbh eax}buik' ]à Galaig igmBx}`lbig oilax nhhqzzam lnza ezayqag}kr }ìg }à Nkrltbh igm

Tr}`big' ]àr waza hakajzi}am ngha bg }wn raizx,,}à Galaig bg

}à uikkar ne Galai ja}waag T`kbqx igm Hkangia,,igm }à Bx}`lbig

jr }à Hnzbg}`bigx+ ng }àbz bx}`lqx+ bg `ngnqz ne Tnxabmng

(Gat}qga"' Ix bg }à Tr}`big eax}buik+ hng}ax}x bg lqxbh igm bg

tna}zr+ ix wakk ix orlgix}bhx igm hìzbn},zihax+ enzlam tiz} ne

}àxa oilax' Ik}`nqo` }à enqz ozai} eax}buikx ne w`bh` wa ìua

jaag xtaicbgo ìm gn bgekqagha bg tznln}bgo }à tnkb}bhik qgbng

ne Ozaaha+ }àr gauaz}àkaxx waza ne ozai} bltnz}igha bg licbgo


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}à uizbnqx xah}bngx ne }à ziha eaak }ì} }àr waza ikk laljazx

ne nga eilbkr+ igm bg halag}bgo }àl }noa}àz jr hnllng

xrlti}`bax igm }à agfnrlag} ne hnllng tkaixqzax' ]à ezayqag}

nhhqzzagha ne }àxa eax}buikx+ enz nga wix hakajzi}am auazr oaiz+

}agmam }n }à xila zaxqk}'

]à Ozaacx waza }`qx iggqikkr zalbgmam ne }àbz hnllng nzbobg+

igm ne }à ozai} mbx}bgh}bng w`bh` apbx}am ja}waag }àl igm

jizjizbigx' Gnz lqx} wa enzoa} }à bghbmag}ik imuig}ioax w`bh`

i}}agmam }àl' ]à hnghnqzxa ne xn kizoa i gqljaz ne tazxngx

eznl auazr tiz} ne }à Ozahbig wnzkm ieenzmam }n }à lazhìg}

nttnz}qgb}bax enz }zieebh+ igm }n }à iz}bx} igm }à kb}azizr lig

}à jax} laigx ne licbgo }àbz wnzcx cgnwg' Mqzbgo }à }bla ne

}à oilax i jqxr hnllazha wix hizzbam ng3 igm bg i xtihbnqx ìkk

ittzntzbi}am enz }à tqztnxa+ }à tna}x+ t`bknxntàzx+ igm

`bx}nzbigx waza ihhqx}nlam }n zaim }àbz lnx} zahag} wnzcx'

]à ìjb} ne hngxqk}bgo }à xila nzihkax bg nzmaz }n ixhaz}ibg

}à wbkk ne }à onmx wix ign}àz jngm ne qgbng' B} wix }à

qgbuazxik tzih}bha ne }à Ozaacx }n qgmaz}ica gn li}}az ne

bltnz}igha wb}`nq} ebzx} ixcbgo }à imubha ne }à onmx3 igm }àzawaza ligr xihzam xtn}x bg w`bh` }à onmx waza ikwirx zaimr }n

obua ig igxwaz }n tbnqx wnzx`bttazx' ]à nzihka ne Itnkkn i}

Makt`b xqztixxam ikk }à zax} bg bltnz}igha+ igm wix zaoizmam

wb}` uagazi}bng bg auazr tiz} ne }à Ozahbig wnzkm' Bg }à

hag}za ne }à }altka ne Makt`b }àza wix i xlikk ntagbgo bg }à

oznqgm+ eznl w`bh` b} wix xibm }ì} i haz}ibg oix nz uitnqz

ixhagmam' _àgauaz }à nzihka wix }n ja hngxqk}am+ i ubzobg

tzbax}axx hikkam TR]@BI }nnc àz xai} qtng i }zbtnm w`bh` wix

tkiham nuaz }à hìxl' ]à ixhagmbgo uitnqz ieeah}am àz jzibg+

igm }à wnzmx w`bh` xà q}}azam bg }`bx aphb}am hngmb}bng waza

jakbauam }n ja }à igxwaz ne Itnkkn }n `bx wnzx`bttazx' ]àr

waza ikwirx bg àpila}az uazxa+ igm waza zauazag}kr }icag mnwg jr

}à i}}agmig} tzbax}x' Lnx} ne }à igxwazx waza ayqbunhik nz

njxhqza3 jq} }à hzamb} ne }à nzihka hng}bgqam qgbltibzam kngo

ie}az }à mnwgeikk ne Ozahbig bgmatagmagha'

I eqz}àz akalag} ne qgbng ilngo }à Ozaacx wix }à xblbkizb}r ne

liggazx igm hìzih}az' B} bx }zqa }à mbeeazagha bg }`bx zaxtah}

ja}waag }à tnkbxàm bgìjb}ig}x ne I}àgx igm }à zqma

lnqg}ibgaazx ne Ihizgigbi wix lizcam igm x}zbcbgo3 jq} be wa

hnltiza }à }wn wb}` enzabog hng}altnzizbax+ }à hng}zix} ja}waag

}àl igm }à ki}}az bx x}bkk lnza x}zbcbgo' Ijxnkq}a maxtn}bxl

`qlig xihzbebhax+ tnkroilr+ makbjazi}a lq}bki}bng ne }à tazxng

ix i tqgbx`lag}+ igm xakkbgo ne h`bkmzag bg}n xkiuazr+ apbx}am bg

xnla tiz} nz n}àz ne }à jizjizbig wnzkm+ jq} iza gn} enqgm bg

igr hb}r ne Ozaaha bg }à `bx}nzbhik }blax'

]à akalag}x ne qgbng ne w`bh` wa ìua jaag xtaicbgo ngkr jnqgm

}à Ozaacx }noa}àz bg hnllng eaakbgox igm xag}blag}x6 }àr

gauaz tznmqham igr tnkb}bhik qgbng' ]à bgmatagmag} xnuazabog}r

ne aih` hb}r wix i eqgmilag}ik gn}bng bg }à Ozaac lbgm' ]`bx

x}zngokr znn}am eaakbgo maxazuax tiz}bhqkiz gn}bha' Hizakaxx

zaimazx ne `bx}nzr iza }alt}am }n xqttnxa }ì} }à }azzb}nzr ne

Ozaaha wix mbubmam ilngo hnltizi}buakr xlikk gqljaz ne

bgmatagmag} x}i}ax+ xqh` ix I}}bhi+ Izhimbi+ Jnan}bi+ T`nhbx+

Knhzbx+ igm }à kbca3 jq} }`bx bx i lnx} xazbnqx lbx}ica+ igm


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9=

kaimx }n i }n}ik lbxittzaàgxbng ne Ozaac `bx}nzr' Auazr

xatizi}a hb}r wix qxqikkr ig bgmatagmag} x}i}a+ igm hngxayqag}kr

aih` ne }à }azzb}nzbax maxhzbjam qgmaz }à oagazik gilax ne

Izhimbi+ Jnan}bi+ T`nhbx+ igm Knhzbx+ hng}ibgam gqlaznqx

tnkb}bhik hnllqgb}bax bgmatagmag} ne nga ign}àz' I}}bhi+ b} bx

}zqa+ enzlam i xbgoka x}i}a+ igm b}x mbeeazag} }nwgx zahnogbxam

I}àgx ix }àbz hitb}ik igm }à xnqzha ne xqtzala tnwaz3 jq} }`bx

bx ig aphat}bng }n }à oagazik zqka'

H@IT]AZ BU'

AIZKR @BX]NZR NE TAKNTNGGAXQX IGM XTIZ]I+ MN_G ]N ]@A AGM NE ]@A

LAXXAGBIG _IZX+ J'H' 550'

Bg }à àznbh ioa Takntnggaxqx wix nhhqtbam jr }zbjax ne Mnzbig

hngyqaznzx' ]àr ìm gn xìza bg }à oknzbax ne }à @aznbh ioa3

}àbz gila mnax gn} nhhqz bg }à Bkbim+ igm }àr iza ngkr ngha

lag}bngam bg }à Nmrxxar3 jq} }àr waza max}bgam }n enzl bg

`bx}nzbhik }blax nga ne }à lnx} bltnz}ig} akalag}x ne }à Ozaacgi}bng' Bxxqbgo eznl }àbz lnqg}ibg mbx}zbh} ja}waag ]àxxikr+

Knhzbx igm T`nhbx+ }àr nuazzig }à ozai}az tiz} ne Takntnggaxqx+

max}znram }à ighbag} Ihìaig lngizh`bax igm aptakkam nz zamqham

}n xqjfah}bng }à nzbobgik bgìjb}ig}x ne }à kigm+ ne w`bh` }àr

jahila }à qgmbxtq}am lix}azx' ]`bx jzbae x}i}alag} hng}ibgx ikk

}ì} wa cgnw enz haz}ibg zaxtah}bgo }`bx hakajzi}am auag}+ w`bh`

}à ighbag} wzb}azx tkiham abo`}r raizx ie}az }à ]znfig wiz

(J'H' 994="' ]à kaoagmizr ihhnqg} ne }à hngyqax} ne

Takntnggaxqx zig ix enkknwx6,,]à Mnzbigx waza kam jr }à

@azihkbmia+ nz maxhagmig}x ne }à lbo`}r àzn @azhqkax' @agha

}`bx lbozi}bng bx hikkam }à Za}qzg ne }à @azihkbmia' ]à

h`bkmzag ne @azhqkax ìm kngo jaag eqob}buax qtng }à eiha ne }à

aiz}`' ]àr ìm lima ligr i}}alt}x }n zaoibg tnxxaxxbng ne }à

mnlbgbngx bg }à Takntnggaxqx+ ne w`bh` }àbz ozai} xbza ìm jaag

matzbuam jr Aqzrx}àqx+ jq} `b}àz}n wb}`nq} xqhhaxx' Bg }àbz

kix} i}}alt} @rkkqx+ }à xng ne @azhqkax+ ìm tazbxàm bg xbgoka

hnlji} wb}` Ahàlqx ne ]aoai3 igm }à @azihkbmia ìm jahnla jnqgm

jr i xnkalg hnltih} }n zagnqgha }àbz ag}aztzbxa enz i `qgmzam

raizx' ]`bx tazbnm ìm gnw aptbzam3 igm }à ozai},ozigmxngx ne

@rkkqx,,]alagqx+ Hzaxt`ng}ax+ igm Izbx}nmalqx,,zaxnkuam }n lica i

ezax` i}}alt} }n zahnuaz }àbz jbz}`zbo`}' ]àr waza ixxbx}am bg

}à ag}aztzbxa jr }à Mnzbigx' ]`bx tantka axtnqxam }àbz hiqxa

bg hngxayqagha ne }à ibm w`bh` @azhqkax `blxake ìm zagmazam }n

}à Mnzbig cbgo+ IAoblbqx+ wàg }à ki}}az wix ìzm tzaxxam bg i

hng}ax} wb}` }à Kitb}ìa' ]à bguimazx waza wizgam jr ig nzihka

gn} }n ag}az Takntnggaxqx jr }à Bx}`lqx ne Hnzbg}`+ jq} ihznxx

}à lnq}` ne }à Hnzbg}`big oqke' ]à bgìjb}ig}x ne }àgnz}àzg hnix} ne }à oqke waza eiunqzijka }n }àbz ag}aztzbxa'

Nprkqx+ cbgo ne }à IA}nkbigx+ jahila }àbz oqbma3 igm eznl

Giqtih}qx }àr hznxxam nuaz }n Takntnggaxqx' I xbgoka ji}}ka

mahbmam }à hng}ax}' ]bxilagqx+ }à xng ne Nzax}ax+ wix maeai}am

igm za}bzam wb}` i tnz}bng ne `bx Ihìaig xqjfah}x }n }à

gnz}àzg hnix} ne Takntnggaxqx+ }àg nhhqtbam jr }à Bngbigx' @a

aptakkam }à Bngbigx+ igm }nnc tnxxaxxbng ne }à hnqg}zr+ w`bh`

hng}bgqam àghaenz}` }n ja bgìjb}am jr }à Ihìaigx+ igm }n ja

hikkam ie}az }àl' ]à Bngbigx wb}`mzaw }n I}}bhi+ igm }à


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91

ozai}az tiz} ne }àl ie}azwizmx albozi}am }n Ixbi Lbgnz'

]à @azihkbmia igm }à Mnzbigx gnw mbubmam ja}waag }àl }à

mnlbgbngx ne ]bxilagqx igm ne }à n}àz Ihìaig tzbghax' ]à

cbgomnl ne Akbx wix obuag }n Nprkqx ix i zahnltagxa enz `bx

xazubhax ix }àbz oqbma3 igm b} wix iozaam }ì} ]alagqx+

Hzaxt`ng}ax+ igm Aqzrx}àgax igm Tznhkax+ }à bgeig} xngx ne

Izbx}nmalqx (w`n ìm mbam i} Giqtih}qx"+ x`nqkm mziw kn}x enz

Izonx+ Xtiz}i+ igm Laxxagbi' Izonx eakk }n ]alagqx+ Xtiz}i }n

Aqzrx}àgax igm Tznhkax+ igm Laxxagbi }n Hzaxt`ng}ax'

Xqh` iza }à libg eai}qzax ne }à kaoagm ne }à Za}qzg ne }à

@azihkbmia' Bg nzmaz }n lica }à x}nzr lnza x}zbcbgo igm

bltzaxxbua+ b} hnltzaxxax bg}n i xbgoka atnh` auag}x w`bh`

tznjijkr nhhqtbam xauazik oagazi}bngx' B} bx bg b}xake

bltznjijka }ì} }à jziua Ihìaigx yqba}kr xqjlb}}am }n }à

Mnzbig bguimazx ie}az i lnlag}izr x}zqooka' _a ìua+ lnzanuaz+

ligr bgmbhi}bngx }ì} xqh` wix gn} }à eih}+ igm }ì} b} wix ngkr

ozimqikkr igm ie}az i kngo tzn}zih}am hng}ax} }ì} }à Mnzbigx

jahila qgmbxtq}am lix}azx ne }à ozai}az tiz} ne Takntnggaxqx'

Izonx wix nzbobgikkr }à h`bae Mnzbig x}i}a bg Takntnggaxqx+ jq}

i} }à }bla ne }à ebzx} Nkrltbim b}x tnwaz ìm jaag xqttkig}am

jr }ì} ne Xtiz}i' ]à tznozaxx ne Xtiz}i eznl }à xahngm }n }à

ebzx} tkiha ilngo }à x}i}ax bg }à tagbgxqki wix libgkr nwbgo }n

}à lbkb}izr mbxhbtkbga igm zbonznqx }zibgbgo ne b}x hb}bvagx'

]à xbgoqkiz hngx}b}q}bng ne Xtiz}i wix qgigblnqxkr ixhzbjam jr

}à ighbag}x }n }à kaobxki}nz Krhqzoqx+ jq} }àza waza mbeeazag}

x}nzbax zaxtah}bgo `bx mi}a+ jbz}`+ }ziuakx+ kaobxki}bng+ igm

mai}`' @bx lnx} tznjijka mi}a `nwauaz bx J'H' ??5+ bg w`bh` raiz

à bx xibm }n ìua ixxbx}am Bt`b}qx bg zax}nzbgo }à Nkrltbh

oilax' @a wix }à xng ne Aqgnlqx+ nga ne }à }wn cbgox w`n

zabogam }noa}àz bg Xtiz}i' Ng }à mai}` ne `bx ei}àz+ `bx

akmaz jzn}àz+ Tnkrmah}ax+ xqhhaamam }n }à hznwg+ jq} mbam xnng

ie}azwizmx+ kaiubgo `bx yqaag wb}` h`bkm' ]à iljb}bnqx wnlig

neeazam }n max}znr }à h`bkm+ be Krhqzoqx wnqkm xìza }à }`znga

wb}` àz' Krhqzoqx tza}agmam }n hngxag}3 jq} ix xnng ix xà ìm

obuag jbz}` }n i xng+ à tzaxag}am `bl bg }à lizca},tkiha ix }à

eq}qza cbgo ne Xtiz}i' ]à rnqgo cbgo/x ln}àz }nnc zauagoa qtng

Krhqzoqx jr ihhqxbgo `bl ne ag}az}ibgbgo maxbogx ioibgx} `bx

gatàw/x kbea' @azaqtng à zaxnkuam }n wb}`mziw eznl `bx gi}bua

hnqg}zr igm }n ubxb} enzabog kigmx' @a wix ijxag} ligr raizx+

igm bx xibm }n ìua altknram `bx }bla bg x}qmrbgo }à

bgx}b}q}bngx ne n}àz gi}bngx+ bg nzmaz }n maubxa i xrx}al ne

kiwx igm zaoqki}bngx w`bh` lbo`} makbuaz Xtiz}i eznl }à aubkx

qgmaz w`bh` b} ìm kngo jaag xqeeazbgo' Mqzbgo `bx ijxagha }à

rnqgo cbgo ìm oznwg qt+ igm ixxqlam }à zabgx ne onuazglag}3 jq}

}à mbxnzmazx ne }à x}i}a ìm laig}bla jahnla wnzxa }ìg auaz+igm ikk tiz}bax kngoam enz i }azlbgi}bng }n }àbz tzaxag}

xqeeazbgox' Ihhnzmbgokr }à za}qzg ne Krhqzoqx wix ìbkam wb}`

makbo`}+ igm à enqgm }à tantka jn}` zaimr igm wbkkbgo }n xqjlb}

}n ig ag}bza hìgoa bg }àbz onuazglag} igm bgx}b}q}bngx' @a gnw

xa} `blxake }n wnzc }n hizzr `bx kngo tznfah}am zaenzlx bg}n

aeeah}3 jq} jaenza à hnllagham `bx izmqnqx }ixc à hngxqk}am }à

Makt`big nzihka+ eznl w`bh` à zahabuam x}zngo ixxqzighax ne

mbubga xqttnz}' ]`qx aghnqzioam jr }à onm+ à xqmmagkr

tzaxag}am `blxake bg }à lizca},tkiha+ xqzznqgmam jr }`bz}r ne


16/174



95

}à lnx} mbx}bgoqbxàm Xtiz}igx bg izlx' @bx zaenzlx waza gn}

hizzbam bg}n aeeah} wb}`nq} ubnkag} nttnxb}bng+ igm bg nga ne }à

}qlqk}x w`bh` }àr aphb}am+ `bx ara bx xibm }n ìua jaag x}zqhc

nq} jr i tixxbngi}a rnq}`' Jq} à ebgikkr }zbqltàm nuaz ikk

njx}ihkax+ igm xqhhaamam bg nj}ibgbgo }à xqjlbxxbng ne ikk

hkixxax bg }à hnllqgb}r }n `bx gaw hngx}b}q}bng' @bx kix} ih}

wix }n xihzbebha `blxake enz }à wakeiza ne `bx hnqg}zr' @iubgo

nj}ibgam eznl }à tantka i xnkalg ni}` }n lica gn ik}azi}bngx bg

`bx kiwx jaenza `bx za}qzg+ à yqb}}am Xtiz}i enz auaz' @a xa}

nq} ng i fnqzgar }n Makt`b+ wàza à nj}ibgam ig nzihka eznl }à

onm+ ittznubgo ne ikk à ìm mnga+ igm tznlbxbgo tznxtazb}r }n

}à Xtiz}igx ix kngo ix }àr tzaxazuam `bx kiwx' _`b}àz à wag}

ie}azwizmx+ igm `nw igm wàza à mbam+ gnjnmr hnqkm }akk' @a

uigbxàm eznl aiz}` kbca i onm+ kaiubgo gn }zihax ja`bgm `bl jq}

`bx xtbzb}6 igm `bx ozi}aeqk hnqg}zrlag `ngnqzam `bl wb}` i

}altka+ igm wnzx`bttam `bl wb}` iggqik xihzbebhax mnwg }n }à

ki}ax} }blax'

]à tntqki}bng ne Kihngbi wix mbubmam bg}n }à }`zaa hkixxax ne

Xtiz}igx+ Tazbnahb igm @akn}x'

B' ]à XTIZ]IGX waza }à maxhagmig}x ne }à kaimbgo Mnzbighngyqaznzx' ]àr enzlam }à xnuazabog tnwaz ne }à x}i}a+ igm

}àr iknga waza akbobjka }n `ngnqzx igm tqjkbh neebhax' ]àr

kbuam bg Xtiz}i b}xake igm waza ikk xqjfah} }n }à mbxhbtkbga ne

Krhqzoqx' ]àr waza mbubmam bg}n }`zaa }zbjax+,,}à @RKKABX+ }à

TILT@BKB+ igm }à MRLIGAX+,,w`bh` waza gn}+ `nwauaz+ tahqkbiz }n

Xtiz}i+ jq} apbx}am bg ikk }à Mnzbig x}i}ax'

BB' ]à TAZBNAHB waza tazxngikkr ezaa+ jq} tnkb}bhikkr xqjfah}

}n }à Xtiz}igx' S]`bx wnzm xbogbebax kb}azikkr M_AKKAZX IZNQGM

]@A HB]R+ igm wix oagazikkr qxam }n bgmbhi}a }à bgìjb}ig}x bg

}à hnqg}zr mbx}zbh}x+ w`n tnxxaxxam bgeazbnz tnkb}bhik

tzbubkaoax }n }à hb}bvagx w`n kbuam bg }à hb}r'\ ]àr

tnxxaxxam gn xìza bg }à onuazglag}+ igm waza jnqgm }n njar }à

hnlligmx ne }à Xtiz}ig liobx}zi}ax' ]àr ittaiz }n ìua jaag

}à maxhagmig}x ne }à nkm Ihìaig tntqki}bng ne }à hnqg}zr+ igm

}àr waza mbx}zbjq}am bg}n i `qgmzam }nwgx`btx+ w`bh` waza xtzaim

}`znqo` }à w`nka ne Kihngbi'

BBB' ]à @AKN]X waza xazex jnqgm }n }à xnbk+ w`bh` }àr }bkkam

enz }à jagaeb} ne }à Xtiz}ig tzntzba}nzx' ]àbz hngmb}bng wix

uazr mbeeazag} eznl }ì} ne }à nzmbgizr xkiuax bg ig}byqb}r+ igm

lnza xblbkiz }n }à ubkkigioa ne }à lbmmka ioax' ]àr kbuam bg

}à zqzik ubkkioax+ ix }à Tazbnahb mbm bg }à }nwgx+ hqk}bui}bgo

}à kigmx igm tirbgo nuaz }à zag} }n }àbz lix}azx bg Xtiz}i+

jq} agfnrbgo }àbz `nlax+ wbuax+ igm eilbkbax+ itiz} eznl }àbz

lix}az/x tazxngik xqtazbg}agmagha' ]àr ittaiz }n ìua jaag

gauaz xnkm+ igm }àr ihhnltigbam }à Xtiz}igx }n }à ebakm ix

kbo`} izlam }znntx' Jq} w`bka }àbz hngmb}bng wix bg }àxa

zaxtah}x xqtazbnz }n }ì} ne }à nzmbgizr xkiuax bg n}àz tiz}xne Ozaaha+ b} wix aljb}}azam jr }à eih} }ì} }àr waza gn}

x}zigoazx kbca }à ki}}az+ jq} waza ne }à xila ziha igm xtnca

}à xila kigoqioa ix }àbz lix}azx+ jabgo tznjijkr }à

maxhagmig}x ne }à nkm bgìjb}ig}x+ w`n ìm neeazam }à lnx}

njx}bgi}a zaxbx}igha }n }à Mnzbigx+ igm ìm }àzaenza jaag

zamqham }n xkiuazr' Ix }àbz gqljazx bghzaixam+ }àr jahila

njfah}x ne xqxtbhbng }n }àbz lix}azx+ igm waza xqjfah}am }n }à

lnx} wig}ng igm nttzaxxbua hzqak}r'


17/174



9?

]à eqgh}bngx ne }à Xtiz}ig onuazglag} waza mbx}zbjq}am ilngo

}wn cbgox+ i xagi}a ne }`bz}r laljazx+ i tntqkiz ixxaljkr+ igm ig

apahq}bua mbzah}nzr ne ebua lag hikkam }à At`nzx'

I} }à àim ne }à x}i}a waza }à }wn àzamb}izr cbgox' ]à

apbx}agha ne i tibz ne cbgox wix tahqkbiz }n Xtiz}i+ igm bx xibm

}n ìua izbxag eznl }à ihhbmag}ik hbzhqlx}igha ne Izbx}nmalqx

ìubgo kae} }wbg xngx+ Aqzrx}àgax igm Tznhkax' ]`bx mbubxbng ne

}à znrik tnwaz gi}qzikkr }agmam }n waicag b}x bgekqagha igm }n

tznmqha faiknqxbax igm mbxxagxbngx ja}waag }à }wn cbgox' ]à

znrik tnwaz wix ng }à mahkbga mqzbgo }à w`nka `bx}nzbhik

tazbnm+ igm }à iq}`nzb}r ne }à cbgox wix ozimqikkr qxqztam jr

}à At`nzx+ w`n i} kago}` nj}ibgam }à ag}bza hng}znk ne }à

onuazglag}+ igm zamqham }à cbgox }n i x}i}a ne `qlbkbi}bng igm

matagmagha'

]à Xagi}a+ hikkam OAZQXBI+ nz }à HNQGHBK NE AKMAZX+ hngxbx}am

ne }`bz}r laljazx+ ilngo w`nl }à }wn cbgox waza bghkqmam' ]àr

waza njkboam }n ja qtwizmx ne xbp}r raizx ne ioa+ igm }àr àkm

}àbz neebha enz kbea' ]àr tnxxaxxam hngxbmazijka tnwaz igm

waza }à ngkr zaik hàhc qtng }à iq}`nzb}r ne }à At`nzx' ]àrmbxhqxxam igm tzatizam ikk laixqzax w`bh` waza }n ja jznqo`}

jaenza }à tntqkiz ixxaljkr+ igm }àr ìm xnla xìza bg }à

oagazik imlbgbx}zi}bng ne }à x}i}a' Jq} }à lnx} bltnz}ig} ne

}àbz eqgh}bngx wix+ }ì} }àr waza fqmoax bg ikk hzblbgik hixax

ieeah}bgo }à kbea ne i Xtiz}ig hb}bvag'

]à Tntqkiz Ixxaljkr wix ne kb}}ka bltnz}igha+ igm ittaizx }n

ìua jaag qxqikkr xqllngam ngkr ix i li}}az ne enzl enz }à

akah}bng ne haz}ibg liobx}zi}ax+ enz tixxbgo kiwx+ igm enz

ma}azlbgbgo qtng taiha igm wiz' B} wnqkm ittaiz }ì} ntag

mbxhqxxbng wix gn} ikknwam igm }ì} }à ixxaljkr zizakr hila }n i

mbubxbng'

]à At`nzx waza ne ki}az nzbobg+ igm mbm gn} apbx} bg }à

nzbobgik hngx}b}q}bng ne Krhqzoqx' ]àr lir ja zaoizmam ix }à

zatzaxag}i}buax ne }à tntqkiz ixxaljkr' ]àr waza akah}am

iggqikkr eznl }à oagazik jnmr ne Xtiz}ig hb}bvagx+ igm xaal }n

ìua jaag nzbobgikkr ittnbg}am }n tzn}ah} }à bg}azax}x igm

kbjaz}bax ne }à tantka ioibgx} }à aghznih`lag}x ne }à cbgox

igm }à xagi}a' ]àr hnzzaxtngm bg ligr zaxtah}x }n }à }zbjqgax

ne }à tantka i} Znla' ]àbz eqgh}bngx waza i} ebzx} kblb}am igm

ne xlikk bltnz}igha3 jq} bg }à agm }à w`nka tnkb}bhik tnwaz

jahila hag}zam bg }àbz ìgmx'

]à Xtiz}ig onuazglag} wix bg zaikb}r i hknxa nkboizh`r+ bg w`bh`

}à cbgox igm }à xagi}a+ ix wakk ix }à tantka+ waza ikbca

xqjfah} }n }à bzzaxtngxbjka iq}`nzb}r ne }à ebua At`nzx'

]à lnx} bltnz}ig} tiz} ne }à kaobxki}bng ne Krhqzoqx mbm gn}

zaki}a }n }à tnkb}bhik hngx}b}q}bng ne Xtiz}i+ jq} }n }à

mbxhbtkbga igm amqhi}bng ne }à hb}bvagx' B} wix }àxa w`bh`

oiua Xtiz}i àz tahqkbiz hìzih}az+ igm mbx}bgoqbxàm àz bg xn

x}zbcbgo i liggaz eznl ikk }à n}àz x}i}ax ne Ozaaha' ]à

tnxb}bng ne }à Xtiz}igx+ xqzznqgmam jr gqlaznqx agalbax+ w`nl

}àr àkm bg xqjfah}bng jr }à xwnzm iknga+ hnltakkam }àl }n ja

i gi}bng ne xnkmbazx' Krhqzoqx ma}azlbgam }ì} }àr x`nqkm ja


18/174


19/174



92

}rzig} Mbngrxbqx enqgm b} uazr qgtiki}ijka3 jq}+ ix }à hnnc }nkm

`bl+ }à jzn}` wix gn}`bgo wb}`nq} }à xaixngbgo ne ei}boqa igm

`qgoaz'

]à Xtiz}ig wnlag bg }àbz aizkbaz raizx waza xqjfah}am }n i

hnqzxa ne }zibgbgo iklnx} ix zbonznqx ix }ì} ne }à lag+ igm

hng}agmam wb}` aih` n}àz bg zqggbgo+ wzax}kbgo igm jnpbgo' I}

}à ioa ne }wag}r i Xtiz}ig wnlig qxqikkr lizzbam+ igm xà wix gn

kngoaz xqjfah}am }n }à tqjkbh mbxhbtkbga' Ik}`nqo` xà agfnram

kb}}ka ne àz `qxjigm/x xnhba}r+ xà wix }zai}am jr `bl wb}` maat

zaxtah}+ igm wix ikknwam i ozai}az maozaa ne kbjaz}r }ìg wix

}nkazi}am bg n}àz Ozahbig x}i}ax' @agha xà }nnc i kbuakr

bg}azax} bg }à wakeiza igm oknzr ne àz gi}bua kigm+ igm wix

igbli}am jr ig aizgax} igm kne}r xtbzb} ne ti}zbn}bxl' ]à

Xtiz}ig ln}àz ìm zaixng }n ja tznqm ne àzxake igm ne àz

h`bkmzag' _àg i wnlig ne ign}àz hnqg}zr xibm }n Onzon+ }à

wbea ne Kangbmix+ *]à Xtiz}ig wnlag iknga zqka }à lag+* xà

zatkbam+ *]à Xtiz}ig wnlag iknga jzbgo enz}` lag'* ]àbz

`qxjigmx igm }àbz xngx waza ebzam jr }àbz xrlti}`r }n maamx ne

àznbxl' *Za}qzg ab}àz wb}` rnqz x`bakm+ nz qtng b}+* wix }àbz

ap`nz}i}bng }n }àbz xngx wàg onbgo }n ji}}ka'

Krhqzoqx bx xibm }n ìua mbubmam }à kigm jakngobgo }n }à

Xtiz}igx bg}n 2444 ayqik kn}x igm }à zalibgmaz ne Kihngbi bg}n

84+444 ayqik kn}x+ igm }n ìua ixxbogam }n aih` Xtiz}ig hb}bvag

nga ne }à enzlaz ne }àxa kn}x+ igm }n aih` Tazbnahqx nga ne }à

ki}}az'

Gab}àz onkm gnz xbkuaz lngar wix ikknwam bg Xtiz}i+ igm gn}`bgo

jq} jizx ne bzng tixxam bg aphìgoa enz auazr hnllnmb}r' Ix }à

Xtiz}igx waza gn} tazlb}}am }n agoioa bg hnllazha+ igm ikk kqpqzr

igm mbxtkir bg mzaxx+ eqzgb}qza+ igm ennm wix enzjbmmag+ }àr ìm

uazr kb}}ka nhhixbng enz i hbzhqki}bgo lambql+ igm bzng lngar wix

enqgm xqeebhbag} enz }àbz eaw wig}x' Jq} }`bx tzn`bjb}bng ne

}à tzahbnqx la}ikx ngkr lima }à Xtiz}igx lnza igpbnqx }n nj}ibg

}àl3 igm auag bg }à }blax ne }àbz ozai}ax} oknzr }à Xtiz}igx

waza }à lnx} uagik ne }à Ozaacx+ igm hnqkm zizakr zaxbx} }à

}alt}i}bng ne i jzbja'

]à kaobxki}bng ne Krhqzoqx wix enkknwam jr bltnz}ig} zaxqk}x'

B} lima }à Xtiz}igx i jnmr ne tzneaxxbngik xnkmbazx+ ikk }zibgam

igm wakk mbxhbtkbgam+ i} i }bla wàg lbkb}izr }zibgbgo igm

mbxhbtkbga waza kb}}ka cgnwg+ igm iklnx} qgtzih}bxam bg }à n}àz

x}i}ax ne Ozaaha' ]à hngxayqagha wix }à zitbm oznw}` ne }à

tnkb}bhik tnwaz ne Xtiz}i+ igm }à xqjfqoi}bng ne }à

gabo`jnqzbgo x}i}ax' I} }à }bla ne Krhqzoqx }à Xtiz}igx àkm

ngkr i xlikk tnz}bng ne Kihngbi6 }àr waza lazakr i oizzbxng bg

}à àiz} ne ig agalr/x hnqg}zr' ]àbz ebzx} njfah} wix }n lica}àlxakuax lix}azx ne Kihngbi+ bg w`bh` }àr ebgikkr xqhhaamam

ie}az i xauaza x}zqooka' ]àr gap} }qzgam }àbz izlx ioibgx} }à

Laxxagbigx+ Izhimbigx+ igm Izobuax' Ne }àxa wizx }à }wn wioam

ioibgx} Laxxagbi waza }à lnx} hakajzi}am igm }à lnx} bltnz}ig}'

]àr waza jn}` kngo tzn}zih}am igm njx}bgi}akr hng}ax}am' ]àr

jn}` agmam bg }à ubh}nzr ne Xtiz}i+ igm bg }à xqjfqoi}bng ne

Laxxagbi' ]àxa eih}x iza jarngm mbxtq}a3 jq} ne }à ma}ibkx wa

ìua gn }zqx}wnz}`r gizzi}bua'


20/174



:4

]à EBZX] LAXXAGBIG _IZ kix}am eznl J'H' ?=8 }n ?:=' Mqzbgo }à

ebzx} enqz raizx }à Kihamialngbigx lima kb}}ka tznozaxx3 jq} bg

}à ebe}` i ozai} ji}}ka wix enqo`}+ igm ik}`nqo` b}x zaxqk} wix

bgmahbxbua+ }à Laxxagbigx mbm gn} uag}qza }n zbxc ign}àz

agoioalag}+ igm za}bzam }n }à x}zngokr enz}bebam lnqg}ibg ne

B}`nla' Bg }àbz mbx}zaxx }àr xag} }n hngxqk} }à nzihka i}

Makt`b+ igm zahabuam }à ittikkbgo igxwaz }ì} }à xikui}bng ne

Laxxagbi zayqbzam }à xihzbebha ne i ubzobg ne }à znrik `nqxa }n

}à onmx ne }à knwaz wnzkm' Izbx}nmalqx+ w`n bx }à Laxxagbig

àzn ne }à ebzx} wiz+ xkaw `bx nwg miqo`}az+ w`bh` xn

mbxàiz}agam }à Xtiz}igx+ }ì} }àr ijx}ibgam eznl i}}ihcbgo }à

Laxxagbigx enz xnla raizx' Bg }à }`bz}aag}` raiz ne }à wiz }à

Xtiz}ig cbgo lizhàm ioibgx} B}`nla+ igm i xahngm ozai} ji}}ka

wix enqo`}+ jq} }à zaxqk} wix ioibg bgmahbxbua' ]à Laxxagbig

cbgo eakk bg }à ih}bng3 igm Izbx}nmalqx+ w`n wix h`nxag cbgo bg

`bx tkiha+ tznxahq}am }à wiz wb}` ubonqz' Bg }à ebe}` raiz ne

`bx zabog i }`bzm ozai} ji}}ka wix enqo`}' ]`bx }bla }à

Laxxagbigx oibgam i mahbxbua ubh}nzr+ igm }à Kihamialngbigx waza

mzbuag jihc bg}n }àbz nwg }azzb}nzr' ]àr gnw xag} }n ixc

imubha ne }à Makt`big nzihka+ igm waza tznlbxam xqhhaxx qtng

qxbgo x}zi}ioal' ]àr }àzaenza ìm zahnqzxa }n eziqm6 igm i}}à xila }bla uizbnqx tznmbobax mbxliram }à jnkm xtbzb} ne

Izbx}nmalqx' @bx miqo`}az }nn ittaizam }n `bl bg i mzail+ x`nwam

`bl àz wnqgmx+ igm jahcngam `bl iwir' Xaabgo }ì} `bx hnqg}zr

wix mnnlam }n max}zqh}bng+ Izbx}nmalqx xkaw `blxake ng `bx

miqo`}az/x }nlj' X`nz}kr ie}azwizmx+ bg }à }wag}ba}` raiz ne

}à wiz+ }à Laxxagbigx ijigmngam B}`nla+ w`bh` }à

Kihamialngbigx zivam }n }à oznqgm+ igm }à w`nka hnqg}zr jahila

xqjfah} }n Xtiz}i' Ligr ne }à bgìjb}ig}x ekam bg}n n}àz

hnqg}zbax3 jq} }`nxa w`n zalibgam waza zamqham }n }à hngmb}bng

ne @akn}x+ igm waza hnltakkam }n tir }n }àbz lix}azx ìke ne }à

tznmqha ne }àbz kigmx'

Enz }`bz}r,gbga raizx }à Laxxagbigx agmqzam }`bx maozimbgo rnca'

I} }à agm ne }`bx }bla }àr }nnc qt izlx ioibgx} }àbz

nttzaxxnzx' ]à XAHNGM LAXXAGBIG _IZ kix}am eznl J'H' 501 }n

550' B}x àzn bx Izbx}nlagax+ w`nxa wngmazeqk aptknb}x enzl }à

ozai} xqjfah} ne }`bx wiz' B} wnqkm ittaiz }ì} lnx} ne }à

x}i}ax bg Takntnggaxqx }nnc tiz} bg }à x}zqooka' ]à ebzx}

ji}}ka wix enqo`} jaenza }à izzbuik ne }à ikkbax ng ab}àz

xbma+ igm+ }`nqo` b} wix bgmahbxbua+ }à uiknqz ne Izbx}nlagax

x}zqhc eaiz bg}n }à àiz}x ne }à Xtiz}igx' ]n ezbo`}ag }à

agalr x}bkk lnza+ }à àzn hznxxam }à ezng}baz+ ag}azam Xtiz}i

jr gbo`}+ igm ieebpam i x`bakm }n }à }altka ne I}àgi (Lbgazui"+

wb}` }à bgxhzbt}bng+ *Mambhi}am jr Izbx}nlagax }n }à onmmaxx

eznl }à Xtiz}ig xtnbkx'* ]à Xtiz}igx bg ikizl xag} }n Makt`b

enz imubha' ]à onm jima }àl ittkr }n I}àgx enz i kaimaz'

Eaizbgo }n mbxnjar }à nzihka+ jq} wb}` }à ubaw ne zagmazbgo gnzaik ixxbx}igha+ }à I}àgbigx xag} ]rz}iaqx+ i kila lig igm i

xh`nnklix}az' ]à Xtiz}igx zahabuam }àbz gaw kaimaz wb}` mqa

`ngnqz3 igm à wix gn} kngo bg fqx}berbgo }à hzamb} ne }à

nzihka' @bx liz}bik xngox znqxam }àbz eibg}bgo hnqzioa3 igm xn

aeebhihbnqx waza `bx tnalx }ì} }n }àl bx libgkr ixhzbjam }à

ebgik xqhhaxx ne }à Xtiz}ig izlx'

Aghnqzioam jr }à x}zibgx ne ]rz}iaqx+ }à Xtiz}igx ioibg lizhàm

ioibgx} }à Laxxagbigx' Jq} }àr waza gn} i} ebzx} xqhhaxxeqk'


21/174



:9

I ozai} ji}}ka wix enqo`} i} }à Jniz/x Oziua bg }à tkibg ne

X}agrhkazqx+ bg w`bh` }àr waza maeai}am wb}` ozai} knxx' Bg }à

}`bzm raiz ne }à wiz ign}àz ozai} ji}}ka wix enqo`}+ bg w`bh`

}à Laxxagbigx xqeeazam i xbogik maeai}' Xn ozaa} wix }àbz

knxx+ }ì} Izbx}nlagax gn kngoaz uag}qzam }n laa} }à Xtiz}igx bg

}à ntag ebakm' Enkknwbgo }à apiltka ne }à Laxxagbig kaimazx

bg }à enzlaz wiz+ à za}bzam }n }à lnqg}ibg enz}zaxx ne Bzi'

]à Xtiz}igx aghiltam i} }à enn} ne }à lnqg}ibg3 jq}

Izbx}nlagax ezayqag}kr xikkbam eznl }à enz}zaxx+ igm ziuioam }à

kigmx ne Kihngbi wb}` ebza igm xwnzm' B} bx qggahaxxizr }n

zaki}a ikk }à wngmazeqk aptknb}x ne }`bx àzn bg `bx uizbnqx

bghqzxbngx' ]`zbha wix à }icag tzbxngaz3 ng }wn nhhixbngx à

jqzx} `bx jngmx+ jq} ng }à }`bzm à wix hizzbam }n Xtiz}i+ igm

}`znwg wb}` `bx ebe}r hnltigbngx bg}n i maat tb}+ hikkam Haimix'

@bx hnlzimax waza ikk cbkkam jr }à eikk3 jq} Izbx}nlagax zaihàm

}à jn}}nl qg`qz}' @a xiw+ `nwauaz+ gn laigx ne axhita+ igm ìm

zaxbogam `blxake }n mai}`3 jq} ng }à }`bzm mir tazhabubgo i enp

hzaatbgo ilngo }à jnmbax+ à ozixtam b}x }ibk+ igm+ enkknwbgo

}à igblik ix b} x}zqookam }n axhita+ mbxhnuazam ig ntagbgo bg

}à znhc+ igm ng }à gap} mir wix i} Bzi }n }à xqztzbxa ikbca ne

ezbagmx igm enax' Jq} `bx xbgoka tznwaxx wix gn} xqeebhbag} }niuaz} }à zqbg ne `bx hnqg}zr' Nga gbo`} }à Xtiz}igx xqztzbxam

Bzi+ w`bka Izbx}nlagax wix mbxijkam jr i wnqgm3 jq} à hnkkah}am

}à jziuax} ne `bx enkknwazx+ igm enzham `bx wir }`znqo` }à

agalr' Ligr ne }à Laxxagbigx wag} }n Zàobql+ bg B}ikr+ qgmaz

}à xngx ne Izbx}nlagax+ jq} }à àzn `blxake ebgbxàm `bx mirx

bg Z`nmax'

]à xahngm Laxxagbig wiz wix }azlbgi}am jr }à hnltka}a

xqjfqoi}bng ne }à Laxxagbigx+ w`n ioibg jahila }à xazex ne

}àbz hngyqaznzx' Bg }`bx hngmb}bng }àr zalibgam }bkk }à

zax}nzi}bng ne }àbz bgmatagmagha jr Atilbgngmix bg }à raiz 852

J'H' Mqzbgo }à w`nka ne }à bg}azuagbgo tazbnm }à Laxxagbigx

mbxittaiz eznl `bx}nzr' ]à hnqg}zr hikkam Laxxagbi bg }à lit

jahila i tnz}bng ne Kihngbi+ w`bh` }`qx ap}agmam ihznxx }à xnq}`

ne Taktnggaxqx eznl }à aix}azg }n }à wax}azg xai'

H@IT]AZ U'

]@A AIZKR @BX]NZR NE I]@AGX+ MN_G ]N ]@A AX]IJKBX@LAG] NE

MALNHZIHR JR HKBX]@AGAX+ J'H' 194'

Xtiz}i wix }à ngkr x}i}a bg Ozaaha w`bh` hng}bgqam }n za}ibg }à

cbgokr enzl ne onuazglag} mqzbgo }à jzbkkbig} tazbnm ne Ozahbig

`bx}nzr' Bg ikk n}àz tiz}x ne Ozaaha znrik}r ìm jaag ijnkbxàm

i} ix aizkr ioa+ igm uizbnqx enzlx ne zatqjkbhig onuazglag}ax}ijkbxàm bg b}x x}aim' ]à ijnkb}bng ne znrik}r wix ebzx}

enkknwam jr ig Nkboizh`r nz }à onuazglag} ne }à Eaw'

Malnhzihr+ nz }à onuazglag} ne }à Ligr+ wix ne ki}az oznw}`'

B} wix gn} eznl }à tantka }ì} }à nkboizh`bax zahabuam }àbz

ebzx} igm ozai}ax} jknw' ]àr waza oagazikkr nuaz}`znwg jr }à

qxqztazx+ }n w`nl }à Ozaacx oiua }à gila ne ]RZIG]X' S]à

Ozaac wnzm ]rzig} mnax gn} hnzzaxtngm bg laigbgo }n }à xila wnzm

bg }à Agokbx` kigoqioa' B} xbogbebax xbltkr ig bzzaxtngxbjka

zqkaz+ igm lir+ }àzaenza+ ja lnza hnzzah}kr zagmazam jr }à }azl


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::

Maxtn}'\

]à zbxa ne }à ]rzig}x xaalx }n ìua }icag tkiha ijnq} }à xila

}bla bg i kizoa gqljaz ne }à Ozaac hb}bax' Bg lnx} hixax }àr

jakngoam }n }à gnjkax+ igm }àr oagazikkr jahila lix}azx ne }à

x}i}a jr axtnqxbgo }à hiqxa ne }à hnllngik}r+ igm qxbgo }à

x}zago}` ne }à tantka }n tq} mnwg }à nkboizh`r jr enzha' I}

ebzx} }àr waza tntqkiz wb}` }à oagazik jnmr ne }à hb}bvagx+

w`n waza okim }n xaa }à `qlbkbi}bng ne }àbz enzlaz lix}azx'

Jq} mbxhng}ag} xnng jaoig }n izbxa3 }à }rzig} ìm zahnqzxa }n

ubnkagha }n yqakk mbxieeah}bng3 igm }à onuazglag} jahila bg

zaikb}r i }rziggr bg }à lnmazg xagxa ne }à wnzm'

Ligr ne }à }rzig}x bg Ozaaha waza tq} mnwg jr }à

Kihamialngbigx' ]à Xtiz}ig onuazglag} wix axxag}bikkr ig

nkboizh`r+ igm }à Xtiz}igx waza ikwirx zaimr }n kagm }àbz

tnwazeqk ibm bg eiunqz ne }à onuazglag} ne }à Eaw' @agha }àr

}nnc ig ih}bua tiz} bg }à nuaz}`znw ne }à maxtn}x+ wb}` }à

bg}ag}bng ne ax}ijkbx`bgo }à ighbag} nkboizh`r bg }àbz tkiha'

Jq} }`bx zizakr ìttagam3 igm }àr enqgm b} bltnxxbjka bg lnx}

hixax }n zabgx}i}a }à enzlaz jnmr ne gnjkax bg }àbz ighbag}tzbubkaoax' ]à ki}}az+ b} bx }zqa+ i}}alt}am }n zaoibg }àl igm

waza xqttnz}am bg }àbz i}}alt}x jr Xtiz}i' @agha iznxa i gaw

x}zqooka' ]à ebzx} hng}ax} ie}az }à ijnkb}bng ne znrik}r wix

ja}waag nkboizh`r igm }à maxtn}+ }à gap} wix ja}waag nkboizh`r

igm malnhzihr'

]à `bx}nzr ne I}àgx ieenzmx }à lnx} x}zbcbgo bkkqx}zi}bng ne

}à mbeeazag} zaunkq}bngx ne w`bh` wa ìua jaag xtaicbgo'

Kb}}ka bx cgnwg ne I}àgx jaenza }à ioa ne Xnkng' B}x kaoagmizr

}ikax iza eaw+ b}x `bx}nzbhik eih}x x}bkk eawaz' Hahzntx+ }à

ebzx} zqkaz ne I}}bhi+ bx xibm }n ìua mbubmam }à hnqg}zr bg}n

}wakua mbx}zbh}x+ w`bh` iza zatzaxag}am ix bgmatagmag}

hnllqgb}bax+ aih` onuazgam jr i xatizi}a cbgo' ]àr waza

ie}azwizmx qgb}am bg}n i xbgoka x}i}a+ ìubgo I}àgx ix b}x

hitb}ik igm }à xai} ne onuazglag}' I} wì} }bla }`bx bltnz}ig}

qgbng wix aeeah}am higgn} ja ma}azlbgam3 jq} b} bx ixhzbjam }n

]àxaqx+ ix }à gi}bngik àzn ne }à I}àgbig tantka'

I eaw oagazi}bngx ie}az ]àxaqx+ }à Mnzbigx iza xibm }n ìua

bguimam I}}bhi' Ig nzihka mahkizam }ì} }àr wnqkm ja ubh}nzbnqx

be }àr xtizam }à kbea ne }à I}àgbig Cbgo3 wàzaqtng Hnmzqx+

w`n }àg zabogam i} I}àgx+ zaxnkuam }n xihzbebha `blxake enz }à

wakeiza ne `bx hnqg}zr' Ihhnzmbgokr à wag} bg}n }à bguimazx/

hilt bg mbxoqbxa+ tznuncam i yqizzak wb}` nga ne }à Mnzbig

xnkmbazx igm wix cbkkam jr }à ki}}az' Qtng kaizgbgo }à mai}`

ne }à I}àgbig cbgo+ }à Mnzbigx za}bzam eznl I}}bhi wb}`nq}x}zbcbgo i jknw6 igm }à I}àgbigx+ eznl zaxtah} }n }à lalnzr

ne Hnmzqx+ ijnkbxàm }à }b}ka ne cbgo+ igm xqjx}b}q}am enz b}

}ì} ne Izh`ng nz Zqkaz' ]à neebha+ `nwauaz+ wix àkm enz kbea+

igm wix hngebgam }n }à eilbkr ne Hnmzqx' @bx xng Lamng wix }à

ebzx} izh`ng+ igm à wix enkknwam bg }à mbogb}r jr akauag

laljazx ne }à eilbkr bg xqhhaxxbng' Jq} xnng ie}az }à

ihhaxxbng Ikhliang+ }à }`bz}aag}` bg maxhag} eznl Lamng+ ign}àz

hìgoa wix bg}znmqham+ igm }à mqzi}bng ne }à izh`ngx`bt wix

kblb}am }n }ag raizx (J'H' ?1:"' ]à mbogb}r wix x}bkk hngebgam


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25/174



:1

apnzjb}ig} zi}ax ne bg}azax} qtng }à xahqzb}r ne }àbz tzntaz}r

igm }àbz tazxngx' Be }à tzbghbtik igm bg}azax} ne }à maj}

waza gn} tibm+ }à hzamb}nz ìm }à tnwaz ne xabvbgo }à tazxng

ix wakk ix }à kigm ne `bx maj}nz+ igm ne qxbgo `bl ix i xkiua'

Ligr ìm }`qx jaag }nzg eznl }àbz `nlax igm xnkm }n jizjizbig

lix}azx+ w`bka n}àzx waza hqk}bui}bgo ix xkiuax }à kigmx ne

}àbz waik}`r hzamb}nzx bg I}}bhi' Li}}azx ìm i} kago}` zaihàm

i hzbxbx3 }à apbx}bgo kiwx hnqkm gn kngoaz ja agenzham3 igm }à

tnnz waza zaimr }n zbxa bg ntag bgxqzzah}bng ioibgx} }à zbh`'

Bg }àxa ikizlbgo hbzhqlx}ighax }à zqkbgo nkboizh`r waza njkboam

}n ìua zahnqzxa }n Xnkng3 igm }àr }àzaenza h`nxa `bl Izh`ng bg

J'H' 12=+ bguax}bgo `bl qgmaz }ì} }b}ka wb}` qgkblb}am tnwazx }n

aeeah} igr hìgoax à lbo`} hngxbmaz jagaebhbik }n }à x}i}a'

@bx ittnbg}lag} wix ìbkam wb}` xi}bxeih}bng jr }à tnnz3 igm ikk

tiz}bax waza wbkkbgo }n ihhat} `bx lambi}bng igm zaenzlx'

Xnkng hnllagham `bx qgmaz}icbgo jr zakbaubgo }à tnnzaz hkixx ne

maj}nzx eznl }àbz apbx}bgo mbx}zaxx' @a highakkam ikk hng}zih}x

jr w`bh` }à kigm nz tazxng ne i maj}nz ìm jaag obuag ix

xahqzb}r3 igm à enzjim enz }à eq}qza ikk knigx bg w`bh` }àtazxng ne }à maj}nz wix tkamoam' @a gap} tznhaamam }n mziw qt i

gaw hngx}b}q}bng igm i gaw hnma ne kiwx' Ix i tzakblbgizr x}at

à zataikam ikk }à kiwx ne Mzihn+ aphat} }`nxa zaki}bgo }n

lqzmaz' @a }àg lima i gaw hkixxbebhi}bng ne }à hb}bvagx+

mbx}zbjq}bgo }àl bg}n enqz hkixxax ihhnzmbgo }n }à ilnqg} ne

}àbz tzntaz}r+ }`qx licbgo waik}` igm gn} jbz}` }à }b}ka }n }à

`ngnqzx igm neebhax ne }à x}i}a' ]à ebzx} hkixx hngxbx}am ne

}`nxa w`nxa iggqik bghnla wix ayqik }n 144 lamblgb ne hnzg igm

qtwizmx+ igm waza hikkam TAG]IHNXBNLAMBLGB' S]à lamblgqx wix

nga jqxàk igm i ìke'\ ]à xahngm hkixx hngxbx}am ne }`nxa

w`nxa bghnlax zigoam ja}waag 844 igm 144 lamblgb igm waza hikkam

CGBO@]X+ eznl }àbz jabgo ijka }n eqzgbx` i wiz,`nzxa' ]à }`bzm

hkixx hngxbx}am ne }`nxa w`n zahabuam ja}waag :44 igm 844

lamblgb+ igm waza hikkam VAQOB]IA eznl }àbz jabgo ijka }n caat i

rnca ne npag enz }à tknqo`' ]à enqz}` hkixx+ hikkam ]@A]AX+

bghkqmam ikk w`nxa tzntaz}r eakk x`nz} ne :44 lamblgb' ]à ebzx}

hkixx waza iknga akbobjka }n }à izh`ngx`bt igm }à `boàz

neebhax ne }à x}i}a' ]à xahngm igm }`bzm hkixxax ebkkam

bgeazbnz tnx}x+ igm waza kbijka }n lbkb}izr xazubha+ }à enzlaz

ix `nzxalag+ igm }à ki}}az ix àiur,izlam xnkmbazx ng enn}' ]à

enqz}` hkixx waza aphkqmam eznl ikk tqjkbh neebhax+ igm xazuam bg

}à izlr ngkr ix kbo`},izlam }znntx' Xnkng+ `nwauaz+ ikknwam

}àl }n ua}n bg }à tqjkbh ixxaljkr+ wàza }àr lqx} ìua

hngx}b}q}am jr eiz }à kizoax} gqljaz' @a oiua }à ixxaljkr }à

zbo`} ne akah}bgo }à izh`ngx igm }à n}àz neebhazx ne }à

x}i}a3 igm à ikxn lima }à izh`ngx ihhnqg}ijka }n }à ixxaljkr

i} }à aptbzi}bng ne }àbz raiz ne neebha'

]`bx ap}agxbng ne }à mq}bax ne }à tqjkbh ixxaljkr kam }n }à

bgx}b}q}bng ne i gaw jnmr' Xnkng hzai}am }à Xagi}a+ nz Hnqghbk

ne Enqz @qgmzam wb}` }à xtahbik njfah} ne tzatizbgo ikk li}}azx

enz }à mbxhqxxbng ne }à tqjkbh ixxaljkr+ ne tzaxbmbgo i} b}x

laa}bgox+ igm ne hizzrbgo b}x zaxnkq}bngx bg}n aeeah}' Gn

xqjfah} hnqkm ja bg}znmqham jaenza }à tantka+ aphat} jr i

tzaubnqx zaxnkq}bng ne }à Xagi}a' ]à laljazx ne }à Xagi}a

waza akah}am jr }à tqjkbh ixxaljkr+ nga `qgmzam eznl aih` ne }à


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:5

enqz ighbag} }zbjax+ w`bh` waza kae} qg}nqhàm jr Xnkng' ]àr

àkm }àbz neebha enz i raiz+ igm waza ihhnqg}ijka i} b}x

aptbzi}bng }n }à tqjkbh ixxaljkr enz }à liggaz bg w`bh` }àr

ìm mbxhìzoam }àbz mq}bax'

]à Xagi}a ne }à Izantioqx SB} zahabuam b}x gila eznl b}x tkiha

ne laa}bgo+ w`bh` wix i znhcr albgagha nttnxb}a }à Ihzntnkbx+

hikkam }à `bkk ne Izax (Lizx @bkk"\+ bx xibm jr xnla wzb}azx }n

ìua jaag bgx}b}q}am jr Xnkng3 jq} b} apbx}am kngo jaenza `bx

}bla+ igm lir ja zaoizmam ix }à zatzaxag}i}bua ne }à Hnqghbk ne

H`baex bg }à @aznbh ioa' Xnkng agkizoam b}x tnwazx+ igm

bg}zqx}am b} wb}` }à oagazik xqtazubxbng ne }à bgx}b}q}bngx igm

kiwx ne }à x}i}a+ igm bltnxam qtng b} }à mq}r ne bgxtah}bgo }à

kbuax igm nhhqti}bngx ne }à hb}bvagx' Ikk izh`ngx jahila

laljazx ne b} i} }à aptbzi}bng ne }àbz raiz ne neebha'

Xnkng kibm ngkr }à enqgmi}bng ne }à I}àgbig malnhzihr jr

obubgo }à tnnzaz hkixxax i un}a bg }à tntqkiz ixxaljkr+ igm jr

agkizobgo }à tnwaz ne }à ki}}az3 jq} à kae} }à onuazglag}

aphkqxbuakr bg }à ìgmx ne }à waik}`r' Enz ligr raizx ie}az

`bx }bla }à onuazglag} hng}bgqam }n ja ig nkboizh`r+ jq} wixapazhbxam wb}` lnza lnmazi}bng igm fqx}bha }ìg enzlazkr'

Xnkng agih}am gqlaznqx kiwx+ hng}ibgbgo zaoqki}bngx ng iklnx} ikk

xqjfah}x hnggah}am wb}` }à tqjkbh igm tzbui}a kbea ne }à

hb}bvagx' @a aghnqzioam }zima igm ligqeih}qzax+ igm bgub}am

enzabogazx }n xa}}ka bg I}àgx jr }à tznlbxa ne tzn}ah}bng igm

jr uikqijka tzbubkaoax' ]n mbxhnqzioa bmkagaxx i xng wix gn}

njkboam }n xqttnz} `bx ei}àz bg nkm ioa+ be }à ki}}az ìm

gaokah}am }n }aih` `bl xnla }zima nz nhhqti}bng'

Xnkng tqgbxàm }àe} jr hnltakkbgo }à oqbk}r tiz}r }n zax}nza

mnqjka }à uikqa ne }à tzntaz}r x}nkag' @a enzjima xtaicbgo

aubk ab}àz ne }à maim nz ne }à kbubgo'

Xnkng bx xibm }n ìua jaag iwiza }ì} à ìm kae} ligr

bltazeah}bngx bg `bx kiwx' @a maxhzbjam }àl gn} ix }à jax}

kiwx w`bh` à hnqkm maubxa+ jq} ix }à jax} w`bh` }à I}àgbigx

hnqkm zahabua' @iubgo jnqgm }à onuazglag} igm tantka ne I}àgx

jr i xnkalg ni}` }n njxazua `bx bgx}b}q}bngx enz i} kaix} }ag

raizx+ à kae} I}àgx igm }ziuakkam bg enzabog kigmx' Mqzbgo `bx

ijxagha }à nkm mbxxagxbngx ja}waag }à Tkibg+ }à X`nza+ igm }à

Lnqg}ibg jznca nq} iezax` wb}` lnza ubnkagha }ìg auaz' ]à

ebzx} wix àimam jr Krhqzoqx+ }à xahngm jr Laoihkax+ ig

Ikhliangbm+ igm }à }`bzm jr Tbxbx}zi}qx+ }à hnqxbg ne Xnkng'

Ne }àxa kaimazx+ Tbxbx}zi}qx wix }à ijkax} igm }à lnx}

migoaznqx' @a ìm axtnqxam }à hiqxa ne }à tnnzax} ne }à }`zaa

hkixxax+ bg nzmaz }n oibg tntqkizb}r+ igm }n lica `blxake lix}azne I}àgx' Xnkng ng `bx za}qzg }n I}àgx ma}ah}am }à iljb}bnqx

maxbogx ne `bx cbgxlig+ igm i}}alt}am }n mbxqima `bl eznl }àl'

Ebgmbgo `bx zalngx}zighax ezqb}kaxx+ à gap} magnqgham `bx

tznfah}x bg uazxax immzaxxam }n }à tantka' Eaw+ `nwauaz+ oiua

igr àam }n `bx wizgbgox6 igm Tbxbx}zi}qx+ i} kago}` ebgmbgo `bx

xhàlax zbta enz ih}bng+ ìm zahnqzxa }n i lalnzijka x}zi}aoal }n

xahqza `bx njfah}' Nga mir à ittaizam bg }à lizca},tkiha bg i

hìzbn}+ `bx lqkax igm `bx nwg tazxng jkaambgo wb}` wnqgmx

bgekbh}am wb}` `bx nwg ìgmx' ]àxa à ap`bjb}am }n }à tantka+


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:?

}akkbgo }àl }ì} à ìm jaag gaizkr lqzmazam bg hngxayqagha ne

maeagmbgo }àbz zbo`}x' ]à tntqkiz bgmbogi}bng wix aphb}am3 igm

i oqizm ne ebe}r hkqjlag wix ozig}am `bl enz `bx eq}qza xahqzb}r'

@a ozimqikkr bghzaixam }à gqljaz ne `bx oqizm igm xnng enqgm

`blxake x}zngo agnqo` }n }`znw nee }à lixc igm xabva }à

Ihzntnkbx (J'H' 154"' Laoihkax igm }à Ikhliangbmia kae} }à

hb}r' Xnkng iknga ìm }à hnqzioa }n nttnxa }à qxqzti}bng+ igm

qtjzibmam }à tantka wb}` }àbz hnwizmbha igm }àbz }zaihàzr'

*Rnq lbo`}+* xibm à+ *wb}` aixa ìua hzqxàm }à }rzig} bg }à

jqm3 jq} gn}`bgo gnw zalibgx jq} }n tkqhc `bl qt jr }à znn}x'*

Jq} gn nga zaxtngmam }n `bx ittaik' @a zaeqxam }n ekr3 igm wàg

`bx ezbagmx ixcam `bl ng wì} à zakbam enz tzn}ah}bng+ *Ng lr

nkm ioa+* wix `bx zatkr' B} bx hzamb}ijka }n Tbxbx}zi}qx }ì} à

kae} `bx ioam zaki}bua qglnkax}am+ igm auag ixcam `bx imubha bg

}à imlbgbx}zi}bng ne }à onuazglag}' Xnkng mbm gn} kngo xqzubua

}à nuaz}`znw ne }à hngx}b}q}bng' @a mbam i raiz nz }wn

ie}azwizmx i} }à imuigham ioa ne abo`}r' @bx ixàx iza xibm }n

ìua jaag xhi}}azam jr `bx nwg mbzah}bng znqgm }à bxkigm ne

Xikilbx+ w`bh` à ìm wng enz }à I}àgbig tantka'

Tbxbx}zi}qx `nwauaz mbm gn} za}ibg `bx tnwaz kngo' ]à kaimazxne }à eih}bngx ne }à X`nza igm }à Tkibg hnljbgam igm mznua }à

qxqztaz bg}n apbka' Jq} }à X`nza igm }à Tkibg ìubgo

yqizzakkam+ Tbxbx}zi}qx wix zahikkam igm ioibg jahila lix}az ne

I}àgx' Ign}àz zaunkq}bng x`nz}kr ie}azwizmx mznua `bl bg}n

apbka i xahngm }bla+ igm à zalibgam ijznim }ag raizx' I}

kago}`+ wb}` }à ixxbx}igha ne lazhagizbax eznl n}àz Ozahbig

x}i}ax igm wb}` }à ibm ne `bx tiz}bxigx bg I}àgx+ à jahila

lix}az ne I}àgx enz }à }`bzm }bla+ igm àghaenz}` hng}bgqam bg

tnxxaxxbng ne }à xqtzala tnwaz }bkk }à mir ne `bx mai}`' Ix

xnng ix à wix ebzlkr ax}ijkbxàm bg }à onuazglag}+ `bx

imlbgbx}zi}bng wix lizcam jr lbkmgaxx igm ayqb}r' @a libg}ibgam

}à bgx}b}q}bngx ne Xnkng+ }icbgo hiza+ `nwauaz+ }ì} }à `boàx}

neebhax x`nqkm ikwirx ja àkm jr xnla laljazx ne `bx nwg eilbkr'

@a gn} ngkr agenzham x}zbh} njambagha }n }à kiwx+ jq} `blxake

xa} }à apiltka ne xqjlb}}bgo }n }àl' Jabgo ihhqxam ne lqzmaz+

à mbxmibgam }n }ica imuig}ioa ne `bx iq}`nzb}r+ igm wag} bg

tazxng }n tkaim `bx hiqxa jaenza }à Izantioqx+ wàza `bx ihhqxaz

mbm gn} uag}qza }n ittaiz' @a hnqz}am tntqkizb}r jr kizoaxxax }n

}à hb}bvagx igm jr }`znwbgo ntag `bx oizmagx }n }à tnnz' @a

imnzgam I}àgx wb}` ligr tqjkbh jqbkmbgox' @a hnllagham ng i

x}qtagmnqx xhika i }altka }n }à Nkrltbig Vaqx+ w`bh` zalibgam

qgebgbxàm enz hag}qzbax+ igm wix i} kago}` hnltka}am jr }à

altaznz @imzbig' @a wix i ti}zng ne kb}azi}qza+ ix wakk ix ne

}à iz}x' @a bx xibm }n ìua jaag }à ebzx} tazxng bg Ozaaha w`n

hnkkah}am i kbjzizr+ w`bh` à }`zaw ntag }n }à tqjkbh3 igm }n

`bl tnx}azb}r bx bgmaj}am enz }à hnkkah}bng ne }à @nlazbh

tnalx' Ng }à w`nka b} higgn} ja magbam }ì} à lima i wbxa igmgnjka qxa ne `bx tnwaz'

Tbxbx}zi}qx mbam i} ig imuigham ioa bg 1:? J'H'+ }`bz}r,}`zaa

raizx ie}az `bx ebzx} qxqzti}bng' @a }zigxlb}}am }à xnuazabog

tnwaz }n `bx xngx+ @bttbix igm @bttizh`qx+ w`n hngmqh}am }à

onuazglag} ng }à xila tzbghbtkax ix }àbz ei}àz' @bttizh`qx

bgàzb}am `bx ei}àz/x kb}azizr }ix}ax' @a bgub}am xauazik

mbx}bgoqbxàm tna}x+ xqh` ix Igihzang igm Xblngbmax+ }n `bx

hnqz}' ]à tantka ittaiz }n ìua jaag hng}ag}am wb}` }àbz zqka3


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84

}n oqizm }`bx bgx}b}q}bng eznl ijqxa' ]à xagi}a igm }à

ahhkaxbi ìm ebzx} }n ma}azlbga jr i xtahbik un}a wà}àz }à

xiea}r ne }à x}i}a zayqbzam xqh` i x}at }n ja }icag' Be }àr

mahbmam bg }à ieebzli}bua+ i mir wix ebpam enz }à un}bgo+ igm

aih` hb}bvag wzn}a qtng i }bka nz nrx}az,xàkk SNX]ZIHNG+ wàgha

}à gila NX]ZIHBXL\ }à gila ne }à tazxng w`nl à wbxàm }n

jigbx`' ]à un}ax waza }àg hnkkah}am+ Igm be b} wix enqgm }ì}

5444 ìm jaag zahnzmam ioibgx} igr nga tazxng+ à wix njkboam }n

wb}`mziw eznl }à hb}r wb}`bg }ag mirx6 be }à gqljaz ne un}ax

mbm gn} ilnqg} }n 5444+ gn}`bgo wix mnga'

]à izbx}nhzi}bhik tiz}r+ agzioam i} }àxa zaenzlx hikkam bg }à

ixxbx}igha ne Hkanlagax+ cbgo ne }à Kihamialngbigx' I}àgx wix

lagiham jr enzabog agalbax igm mbx}zih}am jr tiz}r x}zqookax'

Hkbx}àgax wix i} ebzx} hnltakkam }n za}bza eznl I}àgx3 jq} }à

tantka znxa bg izlx ioibgx} Hkanlagax+ aptakkam }à

Kihamialngbigx+ w`n ìm }icag tnxxaxxbng ne }à hb}r+ igm

zahikkam Hkbx}àgax' ]àzaqtng Hkanlagax hnkkah}am i

Takntnggaxbig izlr bg nzmaz }n ax}ijkbx` Bxionzix ix i }rzig}

nuaz }à I}àgbigx+ igm i} }à xila }bla à hnghaz}am laixqzax

wb}` }à ]àjigx igm }à Hìkhbmbigx ne Aqjnai enz i xblqk}iganqxi}}ihc qtng I}}bhi' ]à Takntnggaxbig izlr+ hnlligmam jr }à }wn

cbgox+ Hkanlagax igm Malizi}qx+ ag}azam I}}bhi+ igm imuigham ix

eiz ix Akaqxbx3 jq} wàg }à ikkbax jahila iwiza ne }à njfah}

enz w`bh` }àr ìm jaag xqllngam+ }àr zaeqxam }n lizh` eiz}àz+

igm x}zngokr tzn}ax}am ioibgx} }à i}}alt} }n ax}ijkbx` i }rziggr

i} I}àgx' ]àbz zalngx}zighax jabgo xahngmam jr Malizi}qx+

Hkanlagax enqgm b} gahaxxizr }n ijigmng }à aptamb}bng igm za}qzg

`nla' I} i ki}az tazbnm (J'H' =29" Hkanlagax }nnc zauagoa qtng

Malizi}qx jr tazxqimbgo }à Xtiz}igx }n matnxa `bl qtng }à

oznqgm ne bkkaob}blihr' ]à apbkam cbgo }nnc zaeqoa i} }à

Tazxbig hnqz}'

]à qgaptah}am za}zai} ne }à Takntnggaxbig izlr makbuazam }à

I}àgbigx eznl }àbz lnx} enzlbmijka agalr+ igm }àr knx} gn }bla

bg }qzgbgo }àbz izlx ioibgx} }àbz n}àz enax' Lizh`bgo bg}n

Jnan}bi+ }àr maeai}am }à ]àjigx igm }àg hznxxam nuaz bg}n

Aqjnai+ wàza }àr oibgam i mahbxbua ubh}nzr nuaz }à

Hìkhbmbigx' Bg nzmaz }n xahqza }àbz mnlbgbng bg Aqjnai+ igm i}

}à xila }bla }n tznubma enz }àbz tnnzaz hb}bvagx+ }à I}àgbigx

mbx}zbjq}am }à ax}i}ax ne }à waik}`r Hìkhbmbig kigmnwgazx

ilngo =444 ne }àbz hb}bvagx+ w`n xa}}kam bg }à hnqg}zr qgmaz

}à gila ne HKAZQHB'

]à xqhhaxxax ne I}àgx aphb}am }à faiknqxr ne }à Xtiz}igx+ igm

}àr gnw zaxnkuam }n lica i }`bzm i}}alt} }n nuaz}`znw }à

I}àgbig malnhzihr' ]àr ìm laig}bla mbxhnuazam }à mahat}bng

w`bh` ìm jaag tzih}bxam qtng }àl jr }à Makt`bh nzihka3 Igm}àr bgub}am @bttbix }n hnla eznl Xboaql }n Xtiz}i+ bg nzmaz }n

zax}nza `bl }n I}àgx' ]à aptazbagha ne }à kix} hiltibog ìm

}iqo`} }àl }ì} }àr hnqkm gn} hikhqki}a qtng }à hn,ntazi}bng

ne }àbz ikkbax wb}`nq} ebzx} nj}ibgbgo }àbz ittznuik ne }à

tznfah}3 igm }àr }àzaenza xqllngam matq}bax eznl ikk }àbz

ikkbax }n laa} i} Xtiz}i+ bg nzmaz }n ma}azlbga zaxtah}bgo }à

zax}nzi}bng ne @bttbix' Jq} }à tzntnxik wix zahabuam wb}`

qgbuazxik zatqogigha3 igm }à Xtiz}igx enqgm b} gahaxxizr }n

ijigmng }àbz tznfah}' @bttbix za}qzgam }n Xboaql+ igm


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ie}azwizmx tznhaamam }n }à hnqz} ne Mizbqx'

I}àgx ìm gnw ag}azam qtng àz oknzbnqx hizaaz' ]à

bgx}b}q}bngx ne Hkbx}àgax ìm obuag àz hb}bvagx i tazxngik

bg}azax} bg }à wakeiza igm }à ozigmaqz ne }àbz hnqg}zr' I

xtbzb} ne }à wizlax} ti}zbn}bxl zitbmkr xtzigo qt ilngo }àl3

igm }à `bx}nzr ne }à Tazxbig wizx+ w`bh` enkknwam iklnx}

bllambi}akr+ ap`bjb}x i x}zbcbgo tznne ne }à àznbh xihzbebhax

w`bh` }àr waza tzatizam }n lica enz }à kbjaz}r igm bgmatagmagha

ne }àbz x}i}a'

H@IT]AZ UB'

]@A OZAAC HNKNGBAX'

]à uix} gqljaz ne }à Ozaac hnkngbax+ }àbz wbma,xtzaim

mbeeqxbng nuaz ikk tiz}x ne }à Lamb}azzigaig+ w`bh` }`qx jahila

i cbgm ne Ozahbig kica+ igm }àbz zitbm oznw}` bg waik}`+ tnwaz+

igm bg}akkboagha+ ieenzm }à lnx} x}zbcbgo tznnex ne }àozai}gaxx ne }`bx wngmazeqk tantka' Hbubk mbxxagxbngx igm i

zamqgmig} tntqki}bng waza }à h`bae hiqxax ne }à nzbobg ne lnx}

ne }à Ozaac hnkngbax' ]àr waza qxqikkr qgmaz}icag wb}` }à

ittznji}bng ne }à hb}bax eznl w`bh` }àr bxxqam+ igm qgmaz }à

ligioalag} ne kaimazx ittnbg}am jr }àl' Jq} i Ozaac hnkngr wix

ikwirx hngxbmazam tnkb}bhikkr bgmatagmag} ne }à ln}àz,hb}r igm

alighbti}am eznl b}x hng}znk' ]à ngkr hnggapbng ja}waag }àl

wix nga ne ebkbik ieeah}bng igm ne hnllng zakbobnqx }bax' Iklnx}

auazr hnkngbik Ozaac hb}r wix jqbk} qtng }à xai,hnix}+ igm }à

xb}a qxqikkr xakah}am hng}ibgam i `bkk xqeebhbag}kr kne}r }n enzl

ig ihzntnkbx'

]à Ozahbig hnkngbax lir ja izzigoam bg enqz oznqtx6 9' ]`nxa

enqgmam bg Ixbi Lbgnz igm }à imfnbgbgo bxkigmx3 :' ]`nxa bg }à

wax}azg tiz}x ne }à Lamb}azzigaig+ bg B}ikr+ Xbhbkr+ Oiqk+ igm

Xtibg3 8' ]`nxa bg Iezbhi3 =' ]`nxa bg Atbzqx+ Lihamngbi+ igm

]`ziha'

9' ]à aizkbax} Ozaac hnkngbax waza }`nxa enqgmam ng }à wax}azg

x`nzax ne Ixbi Lbgnz' ]àr waza mbubmam bg}n }`zaa ozai} lixxax+

aih` jaizbgo }à gila ne }ì} xah}bng ne }à Ozaac ziha wb}`

w`bh` }àr hkiblam ieebgb}r' ]à IAnkbh hb}bax hnuazam }à

gnz}àzg tiz} ne }`bx hnix}+ }noa}àz wb}` }à bxkigmx ne Kaxjnx

igm ]agamnx3 }à Bngbigx nhhqtbam }à hag}za+ wb}` }à bxkigmx ne

H`bnx igm Xilnx3 igm }à Mnzbigx }à xnq}àzg tnz}bng+ wb}` }à

bxkigmx ne Z`nmax igm Hnx' Lnx} ne }àxa hnkngbax waza enqgmam

bg hngxayqagha ne }à hìgoax bg }à tntqki}bng ne Ozaaha w`bhì}}agmam }à hngyqax} ne Takntnggaxqx jr }à Mnzbigx' ]à Bngbh

hb}bax waza aizkr mbx}bgoqbxàm jr i xtbzb} ne hnllazhbik

ag}aztzbxa+ igm xnng znxa xqtazbnz bg waik}` igm bg tnwaz }n

}àbz IAnkbig igm Mnzbig gabo`jnqzx' Ilngo }à Bngbh hb}bax

}àlxakuax Lbka}qx igm Atàxqx waza }à lnx} eknqzbx`bgo+ Ozahbig

kb}azi}qza }nnc b}x zbxa bg }à IAnkbh igm Bngbh hb}bax ne Ixbi

Lbgnz' @nlaz wix tznjijkr i gi}bua ne Xlrzgi' Krzbh tna}zr

eknqzbxàm bg }à bxkigm ne Kaxjnx+ wàza Xitt`n igm Ikhiaqx waza

jnzg' ]à Bngbh hb}bax waza ikxn }à xai}x ne }à aizkbax}


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8:

xh`nnkx ne Ozahbig t`bknxnt`r' ]ìkax+ w`n enqgmam }à Bngbh

xh`nnk ne t`bknxnt`r+ wix i gi}bua ne Lbka}qx' @ikbhizgixxqx wix

nga ne }à lnx} bltnz}ig} ne }à Mnzbh hb}bax+ ne w`bh` @aznmn}qx

wix i gi}bua+ }`nqo` à wzn}a bg }à Bngbh mbikah}'

:' ]à aizkbax} Ozahbig xa}}kalag} bg B}ikr wix Hqlia bg

Hiltigbi+ xb}qi}am gaiz Hita Lbxagql+ ng }à ]rzzàgbig xai' B}

bx xibm }n ìua jaag i fnbg} hnkngr eznl }à IAnkbh Hrla bg Ixbi

igm eznl Hìkhbx bg Aqjnai+ igm }n ìua jaag enqgmam+ ihhnzmbgo

}n }à hnllng h`zngnknor+ bg J'H' 9414' Hqlia wix enz i kngo

}bla }à lnx} eknqzbx`bgo hb}r bg Hiltigbi3 igm b} wix gn} }bkk

b}x mahkbga bg }à ebe}` hag}qzr jaenza }à H`zbx}big azi }ì}

Hitqi znxa bg}n bltnz}igha'

]à aizkbax} Ozahbig xa}}kalag} bg Xbhbkr wix enqgmam bg J'H'

?81' ]à ap}zinzmbgizr eaz}bkb}r ne }à kigm xnng i}}zih}am

gqlaznqx hnkngbx}x eznl uizbnqx tiz}x ne Ozaaha+ igm }àza iznxa

ng }à hnix}x ne Xbhbkr i xqhhaxxbng ne eknqzbx`bgo hb}bax' Ne

}àxa+ Xrzihqxa igm Iozboag}ql+ jn}` Mnzbig hnkngbax+ jahila }à

lnx} tnwazeqk' ]à enzlaz wix enqgmam jr }à Hnzbg}`bigx bg J'H'

?8=+ igm i} }à }bla ne b}x ozai}ax} tznxtazb}r hng}ibgam itntqki}bng ne 144+444 xnqkx+ igm wix xqzznqgmam jr wikkx }wag}r,

}wn lbkax bg hbzhqb}' B}x ozai}gaxx+ `nwauaz+ jakngox }n i ki}az

tazbnm ne Ozahbig `bx}nzr'

]à Ozahbig hnkngbax bg xnq}àzg B}ikr jaoig }n ja tkig}am i}

gaizkr }à xila }bla ix bg Xbhbkr' ]àr auag}qikkr kbgam }à

w`nka xnq}àzg hnix}+ ix eiz ix Hqlia ng }à nga xai igm ]izag}ql

ng }à n}àz' ]àr auag xqztixxam }`nxa bg Xbhbkr bg gqljaz igm

bltnz}igha3 igm xn gqlaznqx igm eknqzbx`bgo mbm }àr jahnla+ }ì}

}à xnq}` ne B}ikr zahabuam }à gila ne Liogi Oziahbi' Ne }àxa+

}wn ne }à aizkbax} igm lnx} tznxtaznqx waza Xrjizbx igm Hzn}ng+

jn}` xb}qi}am qtng }à oqke ne ]izag}ql+ igm jn}` ne Ihìaig

nzbobg' Xrjizbx wix tkig}am bg J'H' ?:4 igm Hzn}ng bg J'H' ?94'

Enz }wn hag}qzbax }àr xaal }n ìua kbuam bg ìzlngr+ igm wa cgnw

xhizhakr igr}`bgo ne }àbz `bx}nzr }bkk }àbz ei}ik hng}ax} bg

J'H' 194+ w`bh` agmam bg }à zqbg ne Xrjizbx' Mqzbgo }à w`nka

ne }`bx tazbnm }àr waza }wn ne }à lnx} eknqzbx`bgo hb}bax bg

ikk @akkix' Xrjizbx bg tiz}bhqkiz i}}ibgam }n ig ap}zinzmbgizr

maozaa ne waik}`+ igm b}x bgìjb}ig}x waza xn gn}nzbnqx enz }àbz

kqpqzr+ aeealbgihr+ igm majiqhàzr+ }ì} }àbz gila ìx jahnla

tznuazjbik enz i unkqt}qizr bg ighbag} igm lnmazg }blax' Hzn}ng

wix }à h`bae xai} ne }à Tr}ìonzaig t`bknxnt`r' Tr}ìoznzix

wix i gi}bua ne Xilnx+ jq} albozi}am }n Hzn}ng+ wàza à la} wb}`

}à lnx} wngmazeqk xqhhaxx bg

A Smaller History of Greece - William Smith

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