A patient presents with a rare disease that prevents the tissue of his kidneys from properly responding to Parathyroid Hormone. Which of the following symptoms is the most likely to occur?

A. Patient will have a significant increase in blood Ca2+ levels.

B. Patient may suffer a decrease in osteoclast levels. C. The patient may suffer blood Calcium Phosphate

crystal development. D. The patient may see an decrease in calcium

absorption within the kidneys. E. There will be no symptoms as Parathyroid Hormone

does not affect the kidneys.

Which of the following could theoretically contribute to a case of Hypercalcemia?

(High levels of calcium in the blood)a.Overproduction of parathyroid hormoneb.Overproduction of calcitoninc.Increased osteoblast functiond.Decreased osteoclast functione.A and Cf.B and D

The hormone calcitonin works by…

A. Increasing the activity of kidney cells to a greater concentration of calcium into waste urine.

B. Stimulating endochondral ossification by “supercharging” osteoblasts

C. Decreasing osteoclast function allowing for more bone build-up and less breakdown

D. Activating the parathyroid gland to secrete PTH.E. Transform a traditional dairy cow into

“SUPERCOW”

Which medication would be most beneficial for treating Osteoporosis in

an otherwise healthy female?

A. Birth Control PillB. CorticosteroidsC. Thyroid replacement hormones D. Antacids containing aluminum E. Estrogen supplements

What event is this chart most likely describing?

A. Osteoblast cell division during pregnancyB. Epithelial cell division following injuryC. Chondrocyte cell division during appositional bone growthD. Fat cell division during exerciseE. Neutrophil cell division in response to allergies

What process is described by the following actions: mitosis stops, growth and migration

increase, endocytosis and phagocytosis increase and mitosis increases to 20 times its normal rate?

A. Development of a blastula from a zygoteB. Wound healing in epithelial tissueC. Inflammation response of mast cellsD. Bone remodeling

Your 21 year-old roommate returns from dance practice and complains of a sharp pain on the side of her right foot that started after she landed a particularly difficult jump. After x-rays are taken, it becomes clear that she has a Jones fracture of the fifth metatarsal, a fracture occurring between the epiphysis and diaphysis. The orthopedist suggests intramedullary screw fixation and subsequent use of a bone stimulator in order to expedite healing. Why might these things help bone healing?

A. The region of the fracture will be difficult to heal with rest aloneB. Your roommate is no longer growing, so it is less likely that her bones will heal themselves quickly enough for

your roommate, who lives an active lifestyleC. Bone stimulation, an external electrical current applied to the skin near the site of the break, could be increasing

osteoclast function.D. Bone stimulation could be increasing osteoblast function.E. Stimulation and disruption of tissue caused by the screw will “prompt” bone growth in the fractured area, thus

healing the breakF. It will be fun for your roommate to tell airport security guards that here is a metal screw in her foot and that is

why she sets off metal detectors. G. (A), (B), (C), and (E)H. (A) and (D)I. (A), (B), (D), and (E)

QUESTION:Often times following a bone fracture, the bone is healed with a thicker callus that is characterized by a “bump” underneath the skin. However, after a period of time the “bump” eventually disappears. Explain how the process of bone repair and remodeling may cause this.

Question: By which method does a Holocrine Secretor type gland secrete?

Choices:A. Secretion accumulates at apex of cell and is then pinched

off.B. By exocytosis.

C. The secretion accumulates inside and then a needlecyte comes along and pops the cell.

D. The whole cell is broken off and secreted.

E. Crine holes form in the cell membrane and the cell pushes out the secretion through the holes.

This type of connective tissue, referred to as Wharton’s jelly in the umbilicalcord, is rarely found in adult organs.

A. areolar tissue

B. mucous tissue

C. dense regular connective tissue

D. reticular tissue

Units contained within perimysium are called…

• (a) Lacunae• (b) Fascicles• (c) Vesicles• (d) T-tubules• (e) Popsicles

?

Which of the following apical modifications is characteristic of epithelial cells lining the small intestine?

(A) Microvilli(B) Axoneme(C) Cilia(D) Villi(E) Stereocilia

Enzymatic glands are…a) acinar, granular, with central rounder nucleib) tubular, granular, with central rounder nucleic) acinar, not granular, with peripheral squished

nucleid) tubular, not granular with peripheral squished

nucleie)

Q:

The primary organic compound found in the lamellae of bone is:

a. Collagen type IV

b. Elastin

c. Collagen type II

d. Collagen type I

What is line that bisects the light band in muscle?

A) A band

B) I band

C) Z line

D) H band

E) M line

Which of the following is composed of smooth muscle?

A.) Upper EsophagusB.) HeartC.) TongueD.) Biceps MuscleE.) Walls of the visceral organs

Which of the following is not an example of a collagen disorder?

a. Rheumatoid arthritisb. Cystic fibrosisc. Scurvyd. Dermatosporaxis (aka rubber puppy

disorder)

Which of the following is least likely to be associated with recurrent

muscle cramping?a. Increased calcitonin secretion

b. Increased PTH secretionc. A diet low in calcium

d. Motor neurons overly sensitive to acetycholine

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) Osteoclasts, which break down existing bone, are multi-nucleated as a result of monocyte fusion

b) Skeletal myocytes are striated and under voluntary control while cardiac muscle fibers are striated and involuntary

c) Vitamin C is an important cofactor in protein translation during monocyte selective gene expression

d) Type IV collagen forms networks appropriate for the basal lamina of epithelial cells

Which of the following cell types is NOT derived from mesenchymal cells?

A.Unilocular adipocyteB.FibroblastC.OsteoblastD.OsteoclastE.ChondroblastF. Multilocular adipocyte

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a serous cell:

A. Round NucleusB. Acinar in ShapeC. Partial Loss of Cytosol upon secretionD. GranularE. All of the above are characteristics of

serous cells