A LOOKED BACK:

AGRARIAN REFORM

AGRARIAN REFORM IS CONSIDERED WIDER THAN LAND REFORM. THE TERM

COMPRISES NOT ONLY LAND REFORM (SUCH AS THE REFORM OF TENURE, PRODUCTION AND SUPPORTING SERVICES STRUCTURES) BUT ALSO THE REFORM AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEMENTARY INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK SUCH AS THE ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT, RURAL EDUCATIONAL

AND SOCIAL WELFARE INSTITUTIONS AND NOT LIMITED SIMPLY TO THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE FARMERS TO THE LAND..

A. ROOTS OF LAND OWNERSHIP

PRE-COLONIAL TIMEBARANGAY* PRACTICE OF “STEWARDSHIP”* KAINGIN SYSTEM* FOOD PRODUCTION WAS INTENTED FOR FAMILY CONSUMPTION ONLY* PRACTICE OF TRADING TO FOREIGN TRADERS* MARAGATS CODE* CODE OF LUWARANWAS

SPANISH ERA* PUEBLO* HACIENDA SYSTEM* LAW OF INDIES - REPARTIAMENTOS* ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM* COMPRAS Y VANDALAS SYSTEM* 1865, LAW TO REGISTER LANDS WAS IMPLEMENTED* 1893, LEY HIPOTECARIA OR MORTGAGE LAW* 1894, THE MAURA LAW OR ROYAL DECREE OF 1894* 1896, REVOLUTION OF PEASANTS & FARMERS UPROSE

AMERICAN ERA (1898-1935)* PHILIPPINE BILL OF 1902* TORRENS SYSTEM OF LAND REGISTRATION* LAND REGISTRATION ACT OF 1902 OR ACT NO. 496* CADASTRAL ACT OR ACT NO. 2259* HOMESTEAD PROGRAM WAS INTRODUCED IN 1903* FIRST PUBLIC LAND ACT OR ACT NO. 926* SECOND PUBLIC LAND ACT OF 1919 OR ACT NO. 2874* ACT NO. 141 AMENDED ACT NO. 2874

* FRIAR LAND ACT OR ACT NO. 1120* RICE SHARE TENANCY ACT OF 1933 OR ACT NO. 4054* SUGARCANE TENANCY CONTRACT ACT OF 1933 OR ACT NO. 4113* GROUPS OF PEASANTS UPROSE HEADED BY COLORUM & SAKDALISTAO OF LUZON & NORTHEASTERN MINDANAO* THE UPROSE RESULT TO THE BIRTH OF COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COMMONWEALTH YEARS* LANDLORDS BECAME RICHER AND POWERFUL* TENANTS WERE DEPRIVED OF THEIR RIGHTS* HACIENDAS WERE POORLY & UNJUSTLY

MANAGED* PEASANTS UPRISING BECAME WIDESPREAD ALL OVER THE COUNTRY* GOVERNMENT SOLUTION WAS: - PURCHASING OF FRIARS LAND - PROPERLY IMPLEMENTATION OF HOMESTEAD PROGRAM

JAPANESE ERA* BIRTH OF HUKBALAHAP OR HUKBO NG BAYAN LABAN SA MGA HAPON ON MARCH 29, 1942* HUKBALAHAP ABLE TO GET LANDS

FROM LANDLORDS* AT THE END, THE LANDLORDS RETRIVED THEIR LANDS FROM HUKBALAHAP

B. EVOLUTION OF INITIATIVES ON LAND REFORM 

MANUEL L. QUEZON (1935-1944)*THE RICE OF TENANCY OR RA 4054*COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 461*COMMONWEALTH ACT NO. 608*THE RICE TENANCY ACT (ACT NO.4054)*THE HOMESTEAD PROGRAM CONTINUED THROUGH THE CREATION OF THE NATIONAL LAND SETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION (CA NO. 441) AND TENANCY PROBLEMS WERE COVERED THROUGH CA NOS.461 AND 608.

MANUEL ROXAS (1946-1948)

*THE REPUBLIC ACT NO.34 *PURCHASED OF LAND IN BATANGAS OWNED BYZOBEL - AYALA WERE SOLD TO LANDLESS FARMERS.

ELPIDIO QUIRINO (1948-1953)

*EXECUTIVE ORDER NO.355*THE LAND SETTLEMENT DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (LASEDECO) WAS ESTABLISHED TO ACCELERATE AND EXPAND THE PEASANT RESETT-LEMENT PROGRAM OF THE GOVERNMENT.HOWEVER,DUE TO LIMITED POST-WAR RESOURCES , THE PROGRAM WAS NOT SUCCESFUL.

C. SOWING THE SEEDS OF AGRARIAN REFORM THROUGH STAGES

FIRST STAGE – SHARE TENANCY

*RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953-1957)*R.A. NO. 1199 (1954)*R.A. NO. 1160 (1954)*R.A. NO. 1400 (1955)*R.A NO. 1266 (1955)*AGRICULTURAL CREDIT AND COOPERATIE FIN-ANCING ADMINISTRATION (ACCFA)*FARMERS COOPERATIVES AND MARKETING ASSOCIATIONS (FACOMAs)*NATIONAL RESSETLEMENT AND REHABILITATI-ON ADMINISTRATION (NARRA)

*CARLOS P. GARCIA (1957-1961)

*THERE WAS NO LEGISLATION PASSED IN GARCIA’S TERM BUT HE CONTINUED TO IMPLEMENT THE LAND REFORM PROGRAMS OF PRESIDENT MAGSAYSAY.

*SECOND STAGE – AGRICULTURAL LEASEHOLD

Diosdado Macapagal(1961-1965)“Father of Agrarian Reform”

*Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA No. 3844 was enacted.

*RA NO. 3844 ABOLISHED SHARE TENANCY IN THE PHILIPPINES.

THIRD STAGE – FULL OWNERSHIPFERDINAND E. MARCOS(1965-1986)* CODE OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES OR RA NO. 6389 - AMENDED SEVERAL PROVISION OF AGRICULTURAL LAND REFORM CODE - CREATED DEPARTMENT OF AGRARIAN REFORM - AN AGRARIAN REFORM SPECIAL ACCOUNT IN THE GENERAL FUND WAS CREATED* RA NO. 6390* PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 2 - PUT THE WHOLE COUNTRY UNDER AR* PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 27

* THESE WAS CALLED “ REVOLUTIONARY”* THESE REFORM WAS CHARACTERIZED BY COMPONENTS: LAND TENURE PROGRAM, INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT & HUMAN RESOURCES

D. FULFILLING THE PROMISE OF FULL OWNERSHIP THROUGH THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAMCORAZON C. AQUINO(1986-1992) THE 1987 CONSTITUTION AFFIRMED THAT “THE STATE SHALL PROMOTE COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND AGRARIAN REFORM.’ (ARTICLE 2, SECTION 21)* PROCLAMATION 131INSTITUTED THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM (CARP - PROVIDED THE AGRARIAN REFORM FUND LASTED FROM 1987 - 1997

* EXECUTIVE ORDER (EO) NO. 129 - REORGANIZED, EXPANDED IN POWER & OPERATION OF DAR* EO 228 DECLARED THE FULL OWNERSHIP OF THE LAND* EO 229 LISTASAKA* RA 6657 OR CAR LAW

RA 6657 OR CAR LAWCARP, OR THE COMPREHENSIVE

AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM IS THE REDISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL LANDS TO FARMERS AND OTHER FARMWORKERS WHO ARE LANDLESS

CARP’S VISION IS TO HAVE AN EQUITABLE LAND OWNERSHIP WITH EMPOWERED AGRARIAN REFORM BENEFICIARIES WHO CAN EFFECTIVELY MANAGE THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TO HAVE A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE.

CARP FRAMEWORK

Target distribution (original plan)

10.3 million hectares

Target distribution (diminished on 1996)

8.06 million hectares

On 1998, it did not achieved the target distribution. On 2003, after 15 years of implementation, 6.01 million hectares or 75% only of 8.06 million hectares were distributed.

IMPLEMENTING AND HELPING AGENCIES

Department of Agriculture

Department ofAgrarian Reform

National Irrigation

Administration

National Food Authority

International Rice Research Institute

FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992 – 1998)THIS ADMINISTRATION WAS RECOGNIZED FOR : *BRINGING BACK SUPPORT OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS OF CARP BY BRINGING CERTAIN POLICY GAPS ON LAND ACQUISITION AND DISTRIBUTION, LAND EVALUATION AND CASE RESOLUTION*ENHANCING INTERNAL OPERATING SYSTEM AND STRENGTHENING THE CAPABILITIES OF THE DAR BUREAUCRACY *TAPPING MORE RESOURCES TO HELP IMPLEMENT THE PROGRAM

JOSEPH EJERCITO ESTRADA (1998 – 2001)

MAGKASAKA: MAGKABALIKAT PARA SA KAUNLARANG AGRARYO* DIRECTED TO INVESTORS* AIMS TO ENCOURAGE INVESTORS TO BRING INVESTMENT* REWORKS PERFORMANCE TARGETS

GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO ( 2001 – 2010)BAYAN-ANIHAN*UNITED PEOPLE WORKING TOGETHER FOR THE SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF AR

<FRAMEWORK>* SALIN-LUPA:ACCELARATING LAND TRANSFER & IMPROVING LAND TENURE* KATARUNGAN:PROMPT & FAIR SETTLEMENT OF AGRARIAN DISPUTES & DELIVERY OF AR JUSTICE* BAYANIHAN:BETTER DELIVERY BY THE GOVERNMENT OF APPROPRIATE SUPPORT SERVICES TO ARBS & MOBILIZATION OF ARBS IN THE TRANSPORMATION OF THE AGRARIAN REFORM ZONE INTO PROGRESSIVE FARMING

* KABAYANIHAN OR KONSEHONG BAYAN PARA SA ANIHAN: SYSTEM OF DIALOGUE, CONSULTATION & JOINT PROBLEM SOLVING WITH AR STAKEHOLDERS* KAMALAYAN: AWERNESS OF DAR ARBS & PUBLIC ON AR & ITS CONTRIBUTION IN SOCIAL JUSTICE & DEV’T* KAPIT-BISIG SA KAHIRAPAN AR ZONES (KARZONES): ACHIVING ASSET REFORM, POVERTY EDUCATION. FOOD SUFFICIENCY, GOOD GOVERNANCE, SOCIAL EQUITY & EMPOWERMENT OF ARBS.* GULAYAN MAGSASAKANG AGRARYO* DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL SCHOLAR PROGRAM

COURTESY OF THE TORCH PUBLICATION

BENIGINO SIMEON C. AQUINO III (2010-PRESENT)RA 9700 OR COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM EXTENSION WITH REFORMS(CARPER): AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM (CARP), EXTENDING THE ACQUISITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ALL  AGRICULTURAL LANDS, INSTITUTING NECESSARY REFORMS, AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657, OTHERWISE, KNOWN AS THE COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW (CARL) OF 1988.