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189 Selected Bibiliography Anblagan, R., (1992): Landslide Hazard Evalution and Zonation mapping in Mountainous Terrain. Engineering Geology, Vol. 32, pp. 209-277. Anbalagan, R., Singh, B., Chakraborty, D. and Kohli, A., (2007): A Field Manual for Landslide Investigations, DST, New Delhi. Anbalagan, R., Kohli, A. and Chakraborty, D., (2008): Geotechnical evaluation of Harmony landslide on KarnaprayagGwaldam Road, Uttarakhand Himalaya. Current Science 94(12, 25), pp. 1613-1619. Ananthraman, M.S., Sehgal, R.K., (1998): Geomorphological appraisal of landslides in Garhwal and Kumaun Himalaya (U.P.), in- Puran Ch. Pandey, Ravindra K. Pande, Rajnish Pandey (Edts.) The Himalayan Environment Issues and challenge. Atkinson, E.T., (1980): Geology of the Himalayas, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi. Atkinsin, E.T., (1973): The Himalayan Gazetter, Vol.2(1), Cosmo Publication, New Delhi. Annonymous, (2004): USGS Science for a changing world, Landslides Types and Processes. US Geological Survey. Annonymous, (20003): Landslide Types, Govt. of British Columbia, BC Geological Survey, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Resources. Bell, R. and Glade, T.(2004) : Quantitative Risk Analysis for land and slide Examples from Bidudalur, NW Iceland, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 4, pp.117-131. Bali, R,. Yudhbir, Sharma, A.K., Ranhotra, P.S. (2002): Landslide Hazard Micro-zonation of Tawaghat, Sobla Area, Kumaun Himalaya. In- C. C. Pant and A.K. Sharma (Edts.) Aspect of Geology and environment of the Himalaya, Gyanodaya Prakashan Nainital. Bali, R. (1998): Evidences of hill slope instability around microhydel projects in part of Pithoragarh district, Kumaun Himalaya. In Proceeding 13 th Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibbet workshop. Peshawar Pakistan. pp. 25-27. Bhandari, R.K., (1998): Eco Development in the garhwal Himalaya with particular reference to Field Study and Monitoring of landslides and development of Innovative Central measures report DOEn. Bhandari, R.K., Gupta, C., (1985): Problems of Landslides in the Himalaya and Future Directions; In- J.S. Singh (Edts.) Environmental Regeneration in Himalaya, concepts and strategies, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital. Bhandari, R.K., (2002): Ocular Geomorphology and Some Simple Measurements in Lanndslide Hazard MAPPING, WIHG, Dehradun, pp.40-45. Bhandari, R.K. (2006): The Indian Landslide Scenario Strategic Issues and Action Points. First Indian Disaster Management Congress Delhi. Estelar

Transcript of A Field Manual for Estelarshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32236/1/bibliography.pdf190...

Page 1: A Field Manual for Estelarshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/32236/1/bibliography.pdf190 Bhandari, R.K., (2004): Landslide Hazard Zonation: Some Thoughts, In-K.S. Valdiya (Edts)

189

Selected Bibiliography

Anblagan, R., (1992): Landslide Hazard Evalution and Zonation mapping in Mountainous

Terrain. Engineering Geology, Vol. 32, pp. 209-277.

Anbalagan, R., Singh, B., Chakraborty, D. and Kohli, A., (2007): A Field Manual for

Landslide Investigations, DST, New Delhi.

Anbalagan, R., Kohli, A. and Chakraborty, D., (2008): Geotechnical evaluation of Harmony

landslide on Karnaprayag–Gwaldam Road, Uttarakhand Himalaya. Current Science 94(12,

25), pp. 1613-1619.

Ananthraman, M.S., Sehgal, R.K., (1998): Geomorphological appraisal of landslides in

Garhwal and Kumaun Himalaya (U.P.), in- Puran Ch. Pandey, Ravindra K. Pande, Rajnish

Pandey (Edts.) The Himalayan Environment Issues and challenge.

Atkinson, E.T., (1980): Geology of the Himalayas, Cosmo Publication, New Delhi.

Atkinsin, E.T., (1973): The Himalayan Gazetter, Vol.2(1), Cosmo Publication, New Delhi.

Annonymous, (2004): USGS Science for a changing world, Landslides Types and

Processes. US Geological Survey.

Annonymous, (20003): Landslide Types, Govt. of British Columbia, BC Geological

Survey, Ministry of Energy, Mines and Resources.

Bell, R. and Glade, T.(2004) : Quantitative Risk Analysis for land and slide – Examples from

Bidudalur, NW Iceland, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 4, pp.117-131.

Bali, R,. Yudhbir, Sharma, A.K., Ranhotra, P.S. (2002): Landslide Hazard Micro-zonation

of Tawaghat, Sobla Area, Kumaun Himalaya. In- C. C. Pant and A.K. Sharma (Edts.)

Aspect of Geology and environment of the Himalaya, Gyanodaya Prakashan Nainital.

Bali, R. (1998): Evidences of hill slope instability around microhydel projects in part of

Pithoragarh district, Kumaun Himalaya. In Proceeding 13th

Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibbet

workshop. Peshawar Pakistan. pp. 25-27.

Bhandari, R.K., (1998): Eco Development in the garhwal Himalaya with particular reference

to Field Study and Monitoring of landslides and development of Innovative Central measures

report DOEn.

Bhandari, R.K., Gupta, C., (1985): Problems of Landslides in the Himalaya and Future

Directions; In- J.S. Singh (Edts.) Environmental Regeneration in Himalaya, concepts and

strategies, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital.

Bhandari, R.K., (2002): Ocular Geomorphology and Some Simple Measurements in

Lanndslide Hazard MAPPING, WIHG, Dehradun, pp.40-45.

Bhandari, R.K. (2006): The Indian Landslide Scenario Strategic Issues and Action Points.

First Indian Disaster Management Congress Delhi.

Estelar

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ANNEXURE-IA The CODIFICATION SCHEME ADOPTED FOR VARIOUS

THEMES

A. Base Map

a) Base Poly

River Name River Code

01

02

03

S.No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 River Name Character 30

2 River Code Character 02

b) Base Line

Line Name Line Code

Main route road under 01

All other road 02

Rail (if any) 03

Corridor boundary line 04

(ridge line /watershed boundary line

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Line Name Character 25

2 Line Code Character 02

c) Base Point

Point Name Point Code

Village Name 01

Spring 02

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Point Name Character 40

2 Point Code Character 02

Estelar

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B. Lithological Map

Litho. Name Point Code

Shale 01

Siltstone 02

Sandstone 03

Limestone 04

Shale with sandstone / limestone / dolomite 05

Slate 06

Phyllite 07

Quartzite 08

Quartzite alternating with Shale/Slate /Phyllite 09

Quartzite alternating with Schist 10

Schist 11

Schist with Slate / Phyllite 12

Dolomite / marble 13

Granites 14

Gneiss 15

Basic / Metabasic / Ultra basic 16

Volcanics / Meta volcanics 17

Boulder conglomerate 18

Volcanics / Meta volcanics 19

Boulder conglomerate 20

Sandstone with Shale/ Siltstone 19

Unconsolidated Sediments / materials 20

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Litho. Name Character 40

2 Litho. Code Character 02

C. Rock Weathering Map

Weath. Name Weath. Code (ID)

Low 01

Moderate 02

High 03

Very High 04

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Nil 05

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Weath. Name Character 30

2 Weath. Code Character 02

B. Soil Map

a) Soil Texture

Soil Name Soil Code

Sandy skeletal soil 01

Loamy skeletal soil 02

Sandy soil 03

Silty soil 04

Clayey soil 05

Loamy soil 06

Rock outcrop 07

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Soil Name Character 30

2 Soil Code Character 02

b) Soil Depth

Depth Name Depth Code

0-25 cm (shallow) 01

25-50 cm (moderate) 02

50-100 cm (deep) 03

> 100 cm (very deep) 04

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Soil depth Name Character 30

2 Soil depth Code Character 02

E. Geomorphologic map

Geom. Name Geom. Poly-Code

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Low dissected denudo-structural hill 01

Moderately dissected denudo – structural 02

Hill 03

Highly dissected denudo – structural hill 04

Alluvial Fans 05

River Terraces 06

Flood plain 07

Valley 08

Toe removal / erosion /cutting (by river)

(If slope-dip relation is already shown in geomorphology, it

gets the following ID. Otherwise as an individual layer, separate

ID is given in slope-dip parameter code).

Dip Facets parallel to slope} Reference 01a

Dip Facets opposite to slope} to road 02a

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Geom. Name Character 30

2 Geom. Code Character 02

F. Slope map

Slope – Name Slope – Code

0-15 01

15-25 02

25-30 03

30-35 04

35-40 05

40-45 06

45-60 07

> 60 08

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Slope Name Character 10

2 Slope Code Character 02

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G. Slope Aspects Map

ASP. Name ASP- Code

North facing 01

South facing 02

NE facing 03

NW facing 04

SE facing 05

SW facing 06

East facing 07

West facing 08

Flat 09

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 ASPECCT Name Character 20

2 ASPECT Code Character 02

H. Slope Morphology Map

SI.morph. name SI.Morph.Code

Convex 01

Concave 02

Straight 03

*Break in slope 04

*If break in slope is a line, it should be made as separate cover.

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Morph - Name Character 20

2 Morph - Code Character 02

I. Lineament Map

a) Lineament type

Lineament name Lineament – Code

Minor Lineament 01

Major Lineament 02

Mega Lineament 03

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

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1 Lin - Name Character 25

2 Lin - Code Character 02

b) Density (Modeling Stage)

Den. Name Den. - Code

Very low 01

Low 02

Moderate 03

High 04

Very High 05

Nil 06

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Density Name Character 25

2 Density Code Character 02

c) Intersection (Modeling Stage)

Intersection name Int- Code

Very low 01

Low 02

Moderate 03

High 04

Very High 05

Nil 06

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Int Name Character 25

2 Int Code Character 02

J. Fault Map

a) Fault type

Fault name Fault – Code

Minor fault 01

Major fault 02

Mega fault 03

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Thrust 04

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Fault Name Character 25

2 Fault Code Character 02

b) Prox Fault (Modeling Stage)

Fault name Fault – Code

0-250m 01

250-500 m 02

500-750 m 03

> 750 m 04

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Prox Name Character 25/ 15

2 Prox Code Character 02

K. Land use map

Land use name Land- Code

Dense Vegetation (more than 40% 01

Canopy) Medium Vegetation (10 to 40 % canopy) 02

Degraded Vegetation (less than 10% canopy) 03

Scrub/ grass land 04

Forest blank 05

Barren land (rocky) 06

Barren land (non – rocky, wasteland) 07

Agricultural land 08

Built up area 09

River sand 10

Water body 11

Snow covered area 12

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Land use Name Character 25

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2 Land use Code Character 02

L. Anthropogenic factor map

Anthro. Name Anthro – Code

Road / slope cutting 01

Mining 02

Toe removal / erosion / cutting (by river) 03

(As it is a natural phenomenon, it should be shown in geomorphology).

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Anthro Name Character 15

2 Anthro Code Character 02

M. Landslide (Active & Old Landslide)

Landslide name Landslide – code

Active slide 01

Old slide 02

S. No. Field Name Field Type Width

1 Slide name Character 15

2 Slide code Character 02

Trunk streams (main river) were depicted as a single line passing through the center

as a requirement of digitization. The base details were generated in three different layers, viz.,

Base- poly, baseline and Base- point Roads were shown in Baseline layer, settlement was

shown in base-point layer and major river was shown in Base- poly layer in polygon feature

type. The lineaments and faults were classified as per length. All the sheets were edge

matched and in some of the themes the maps of entire area were generated and thereafter

clipped sheet- wise, in order to integrate the thematic maps of each individual map sheet for

generating Landslide Hazard Zonation ( LHZ) and Landslide Hazard Management (LHM)

maps.

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ANNEXURE-IB PARAMETERES AND THEIR CATEGORIES AND THEIR

RELATIVE RANKING IN TERMS OF THEIR INFLUUENCE TO LANDSLDES

RANK SCALE 1-10, 1- LEAST INFLUENCE, 10-HIGHEST INFLUENCE

Parameters Average Rank Category of

Parameters

Ranks

Rock Weathering 5.5 Low

Moderate

High

Very High

Very low to nil

2

5

8

10

1

Soil Texture 4.5 Sandy skeletal soil

Loamy skeletal soil

Sandy soil

Silty soil

Clayey soil

Loamy soil

Rock outcrop

1

2

2.5

7

10

4

1

Slope Aspects 4 North facing

South facing

NE facing

NW facing

SE facing

SW facing

East facing

West facing

1

10

3

2

6

4

5

2

Slope Morphology 3 Convex

Concave

Straight

Break in slope

7

4

2

9

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ANNEXURE-IC PARAMETERES AND THEIR CATEGORIES AND THEIR

RELATIVE RANKING IN TERMS OF THEIR INFLUUENCE TO LANDSLIES

RANK SCALE 1-10, 1- LEAST INFLUENCE, 10-HIGHEST INFLUENCE

Parameters Average Rank Category of

Parameters

Rank

Slope-Dip

(Bedding, joint)

Relation

9 Dip Facets parallel to

slope

Dip Facets opposite to

slope

10

1

Geomophology 8.5 Low dissected denudo-

structural hill

Moderately dissected

denudo-structural hill

Highly dissected

denudo-structural hill

Alluvial fans, uplifted

river terraces

River terraces

Flood plain

Valley

Toe

removal/erosion/cutting

(by river)

3

6

8.5

4

1

1

1

9

Density of

Lineaments

8 Absolute value of

numbers in considered in

1 km grid

Drainage Density 7.5 Very low

Low

Moderate

High

Very high

Nil

2

3

6

8

10

1

Intersection of 7.2 Absolute value of

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Lineament numbers in considered in

1 km grid

Landuse 7 Dense vegetation (>40%

canopy cover)

Medium vegetation (10-

40% canopy cover)

Degraded vegetation

(<10% canopy cover)

Scrub land/grass land

Forest blank

Barren land (rocky)

Barren land (non rocky)

Agricultural land

Built-up land

River sand

Snow covered area

1

4

7

6

7.5

8

9

2

3

1

5

Soil Depth 6 0-25 cm (shallow)

25-50 cm (moderate)

50-100 cm (deep)

>100 cm (very deep)

2

3

5

7

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ANNEXURE IIA –FINAL WEIGHTS FOR DATA INTEGRATION DERIVED FROM

PAIR WISE COMPARISON

Parameters Weight Category Weight

Alluvial fans, uplifted

river terraces

River terraces

Flood plain

Valley

Toe

removal/erosion/cutting

(by river)

18.25

4.17

4.17

4.28

100

Density of

Lineaments

47.04 *

Drainage Density 37.93 **

Intersection of

Lineament

32.12 *

Landuse 25.24 Dense vegetation

(>40% canopy cover)

Medium vegetation

(10-40% canopy cover)

Degraded vegetation

(<10% canopy cover)

Scrub land/grass land

Forest blank

Barren land (rocky)

Barren land (non rocky)

Agricultural land

Built-up land

River sand

Snow covered area

5.87

16.33

45.88

33.16

52.11

70.11

100

8.15

11.50

5.87

22.95

Soil Depth 18.79 0-25 cm (shallow)

25-50 cm (moderate)

50-100 cm (deep)

>100 cm (very deep)

10.48

34.27

72.87

100

Rock Weathering 17.41 Low 13.48

Estelar

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Moderate

High

Very High

Very low to nil

41.25

66.59

100

6.69

Soil Texture 12.08 Sandy skeletal soil

Loamy skeletal soil

Sandy soil

Silty soil

Clayey soil

Loamy soil

Rock outcrop

8.51

12.37

15.13

76.19

100

35.22

8.51

Slope Aspect 11.23 North facing

South facing

NE facing

NW facing

SE facing

SW facing

East facing

West facing

6.36

100

14.24

9.15

60.57

21.64

31.04

9.15

Slope Morphology 6.32 Convex

Concave

Straight

Break in slope

58.24

31.85

9.97

100

* Lineaments are mapped as a line feature and are subjected to density analysis.

Densities computations are done on a 1km x 1km grid both based on length of

lineaments are number of lineament for Mega, Major, Minor lineaments and are

integrated to form lineament density layer. Mega (length greater than 1500 m), major

(length 500-1500 m) and minor (0-500 m) lineaments are taking a weightage of 50,30

and 20 respectively. A weightage of 40 was given to lineament density based on

length and a weightage of 60 was given to lineament density based on number.

Estelar

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Influence of mega lineament in handle by considering a buffer of 100 m around it like

major fault.

Similarly intersections of lineaments in 1 km X 1 Km are counted to generate

intersection of lineament layer.

** Drainage network is subjected to density analysis. Density computations are

done 500 m X 500 m grid, both based on length and number of drainage lines and are

integrated to from drainage density layer, with a weightage of 40 for length based

drainage density and a weightage of 60 for number based drainage density.

Estelar

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RANK SCALE 1-10, 1- LEAST INFLUENCE, 10-HIGHEST INFLUENCE

Parameters Average

Rank

Category of Parameters Ranks

Proximity to Fault 10 Length Buffer

distance

on either side

Minor fault 0-500m 50m

Major fault 500-1500m 100m

Mega fault >1500m 150m

Thrust 200m

4

6

8

10

Slope 9.5 0-15

15-25

25-30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-60

>60

1

2

6

7

9

9.5

8

7.5

Lithology 9.3 Shale

Siltstone

Sandstone

Limestone

Shale with Sand

Stone/Limestone/Dolomite

Slate

Phyllite

Quartzite

Quartzite alternating with

Shale/Slate/Phyllite

Quartzite alternating with Schist

Schist

Schist with Slate/Phyllite

Dolomite/marble

Granties

7

6

4

3

8

7

7

1

6

6

7

8

2

2

Estelar

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Gneiss

Basic/Metabasic/Ultrabasic

Volcanics/Meta volcanics

Boulder conglomerate/Semi-

consolidated sediments

Sandstone with shale/siltstone

Unconsolidated Sediments/Materials

2

3

3

9

7

10

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ANNEXURE-IIB: FINAL WEIGHTS FOR DATA INTEGRATION DERIVED

FROM PAIR WISE COMPARISON

Parameters Weight Category Weight

Proximity to Fault 100 Length Buffer distance

23.47

48.62

70.58

100

Minor fault 0-500m 50m

Major fault 500-1500m 100m

Mega fault >1500m 150m

Thrust 200m

Slope 91.15 0-15

15-25

25-30

30-35

35-40

40-45

45-60

>60

6.58

8.64

25.18

39.27

83.94

100

61.94

47.79

Lithology 84.63 Unconsolidated Sediments/Materials

Boulder conglomerate/Semi-consolidated

sediments

Shale with Sand stone/Limestone/Dolomite;

Schist with Slate/Phyllite

Shale; Slate; Phyllite; Schist; Sandstone with

shale/siltstone

Siltstone; quartzite alternating with

Shale/Slate/Phyllite; quartzite alternating with

Schist

Sandstone

Limestone; basic/metabasic/ultrabasic;

volcanic/ meta volcanics

Dolomite/marble; granites; gneiss

Quartzite

100

85.91

64.81

58.58

21.09

14.91

10.54

7.59

5.74

Slope-Dip

(Bedding, joint)

Relation

72.96 Dip facets parallel to slope

Dip facets opposite to slope

100

0

Estelar

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Geomorphology 61.73 Low dissected denudo structural hill

Moderately dissected denudo structural hill

Highly dissected denudo structural hill

23.44

43.16

78.98

Estelar

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ANNEXURE-III: LANDSLIDE MANAGEMENT RULES

PARAMETERS SUGGESTED MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES

Dense Vegetation Forest conservation and channelisation

Medium Vegetation Afforestation, forest conservation and

channelisation

Degraded Vegetation/Forest Blank with

25-450 slope and softer rocks

Slope modification and afforestation

Degraded Vegetation/Forest Blank with

25-450 slope and harder rocks

Afforestation and channelisation

Degraded Vegetation/Forest blank with

softer and harder rocks having slope less

than 250 and more than 45

0

Bio-technical measures

Scrub/Grassland with 25-450 slope and

softer rocks

Slope-modification, bio-technical

measures, controlled grazing and grassland

development

Scrub/Grassland with 25-450 slope and

harder rocks

Bio-technical measures and controlled

grazing

Scrub/Grassland with softer and harder

rocks, slope less than 250 and more than

450

Grassland development and channelisation

Barren land rocky with softer rocks

between 25-450 slope

Slope modification, terrace cultivation and

grassland development

Barren land rocky with harder rocks

between 25-450 slope

Retention wall with drain holes and bio-

technical measures

Barren land rocky (both harder and softer

rocks) and slope below 250 and above 45

0

Channelisation and bio-technical measures

Agricultural land Soil conservation

River Sand; Snow covered area; built up

areas falling in moderate hazard zone;

mining; all low and very low hazard zones

Planned developmental activity

Active Slides and Barren land non-rocky

(25-450 slope)

Retention wall with drain boles,

channelisation, slope modification and bio-

technical measures

Barren land non-rocky with slope less than Channelisation and bio-technical measures

Estelar

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250 and more than 45

0

Road/Slope cutting Retention wall with slope modification

along the Buffer zone (25m each side)

Slope-Bedding Dip parallel towards the

road

Retention wall with drain holes and

channel diversion, anchoring and bolting

Toe removal River training

Built up area in high, very high and severe

hazards in softer rocks and 25-450

slope

Slope modifications as required and avoid

further constructional activity

Estelar

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ANNEXURE- IV IRS-1B, LISS-II geocoded FCC data of 14.10.1991(A) and IRS-1D,

LISS-III geocoded FCC data 10.10.1999 (B) covering sheet No. 62B/8

respectively

(A) (B)

Estelar

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ANNEXURE-V IRS-1D, LISS-III geocoded FCC data of 10.10.1999(A) and IRS-1D,

LISS-III geocoded FCC data 10.10.1999(B) covering sheet No. 62B/12 and 62B/16

respectively

(A) (B)

Estelar