1

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE ROLE OF NIGER DELTA

DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC) IN SOCIO - ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF RIVERS STATE

BY

AKINTONDE OLUMIDE JUDE

PG/M.SC/09/53946

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE FOR

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF

SCIENCE (M.SC.) DEGREE IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

MAY 2012

2

CERTIFICATION PAGE

This is to certify that this Research titled “a critical aprraisal of the role of Niger Delta

Development Comission (NDDC) in Socio- economic Development : a case of River

State” is my original work, carried out by me. This thesis has not been submitted to any

University or institution of higher learning for the award of any degree.

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Sign. Date

AKINTONDE O LUMIDE JUDE

PG/M.SC/09/53946

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APPROVAL PAGE

This research work has been read and certified as the original work of Akintonde

Olumide Jude, with registration number PG/MSC/09/53946. This has met the

requirement of the Institute for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu

Campus Enugu, for the award of Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree Development Studies.

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Dr. V.A Onodugo Date

Project Supervisor

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Mr. B.D Umoh Date

Acting Director

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External Examiner Date

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DEDICATION

This Thesis is dedicated to God Almighty who gave me the wisdom, knowledge,

understanding, encouragement and ability to carry out this study.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My appreciation goes to my project supervisor, Dr. V.A Onodugo, for his immense

constructive criticism, inspiring encouragement and useful suggestions in the course of

the study. My also gratitude goes to my Lectures, Institute for Development Studies,

University of Nigeria, Enugu.

I say thank you to Mr. and Mrs. Akintonde for their moral, financial and prayer supports.

I must not fail to acknowledge Mr. and Mrs Aghachi for their moral and spiritual support.

Gratitudes also goes to Joke Vivian David and to my siblings, Tobi Akintonde, Patrick

Akintonde, Damilola Akintonde, Praise Akintonde and Mr. and Mrs. Arowolo, for their

encouragement during the academic studies.

Thanks also go to friends; Ovie Blessed, Moses Johnson, Emmanuel Torvi, Valentine

Chukwumaobi, Yague James, Glory Edem, Comfort and well-wishers whose name may

not have been mentioned, I thank you all.

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ABSTRACT

Niger Delta Region has assumed considerable attention and importance both nationally

and internationally because of its socio-economic challenges and opportunities of rich

ecosystem and tremendous natural resources; especially petroleum and gas that abound

in the Region. On this ground, Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was

established, and officially inaugurated in 2000 with the vision to “offer a lasting solution

to the socio-economic difficulties of the Niger Delta region, and Mission “to facilitate the

rapid even and sustainable development of the Region. To appreciate development, a

physical manifestation of infrastructure is required. It was discovered in the course of the

research that the impact of the projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development

Commission was not strongly felt by the inhabitants of Rivers State especially in the

areas of health, education, employment and skills development. A boost was given to the

commission in the areas of road and land reclamation; the overall score of the quality of

projects delivered by the commission was less than average. The outcome and impact fell

beyond expectation. On the recommendation, the Niger Delta Development commission

is to be prone to community driven development rather than commission driven; and

adherence to the Nigerian public procurement process of selecting contractors. The

Region requires lot more, in terms of basic infrastructure, economic policies and

programmes, and environmental management frameworks which sustain economic and

social development.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title page ……………………………………………………

i

Certification page ……………………………………………………

ii

Dedication ……………………………………………………

iii

Acknowledgment ……………………………………………………

iv

Abstract ……………………………………………………

v

Table of contents ……………………………………………………

vi

List of tables …………………………………………………....

ix

List of figures ……………………………………………………..

x

List of acronyms ……………………………………………………..

xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study ……………………………………………………..

1

1.2 Statement of the problems……………………………………………………..

2

1.3 Objectives of the study ……………………………………………………..

3

1.4 Statement of the Hypotheses ……………………………………………………..

4

8

1.5 Research Questions ……………………………………………………..

5

1.6 Significance of the study ……………………………………………………..

5

1.7 Scope and delimitation of the study………………………………………………

6

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.0 Introduction………………………………………………………………………

8

2.1 Stakeholder theory…………………………………………………………………

8

2.2 System Theory…………………………………………………………………….

15

2.3 Meaning of Development…………………………………………………………

17

2.4 Meaning of Underdevelopment…………………………………………………….

19

2.5 Economic Development and Economic Growth……………………………………

19

2.6 Development Indices

explained…………………………………………………….19

2.7 Development efforts in Nigeria-

……………………………………………………..28

2.8 Causes of Underdevelopment………………………………………………….….

37

2.9 Study Area………………………………..………………………………………

40

2.10 Development Efforts in Niger Delta Region……………………………………….

42

9

2.11 The Niger delta Development Commission………………………………………

44

2.12 The Place of Partners for Sustainable Development Forum……………………..

59

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………

62

3.1 Research design…………………………………………………… ……………..

62

3.2 Sources of data…………………………………………………………………….

62

3.3 Population of the study ……………………………………………………………

63

3.4 Sample size and sampling technique……………………………………………….

63

3.5 Data Collection Instrument s and Method of

Distribution…………………………..63

3.6 Method of Data Analysis…………………………………………………………..

64

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTAION, ANALYSIS AND

INTERPRETATION

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………

66

4.2 Sex………………………………………………………………………………….

67

4.3 Age Distribution…………………………………………………………………….

68

10

4.4 Marital Status…………………………………………………………………………

69

4.5 Educational Background………………………………………………………….

70

4.6 Awareness of the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission…………..

71

4.7 People‟s agitation after the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission…

72

4.8 Project Implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission ……………….

73-47

4.9 Rating of project implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission ……

76

4.10 Implemented Projects and People‟s Demand………………………………………

78

4.11 Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission Projects by Categorization……

79

4.12 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission……………………..

80

4.13 Testing of Hypothesis………………………………………………………………...

82

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary of Findings……………………………………………………………….

85

5.2 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………

88

5.3 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………

88

5.4 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………

92

11

Appendix …………………………………………………………

12

LIST OF TABLES

Table

Page

4.1 Sex ……………………………………………………………………

67

4.2 Age group……………………………………………………………..

68

4.3 Marital Status……………………………………………………...….

69

4.4 Educational Background …………………………………………….

70

4.5 People‟s awareness about the existence of Niger Delta

Development

Commission…………………………….…………………….71

4.6 Level of people‟s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta

Development

Commission…………………………….…………………….72

4.7 People response to projects implemented by Niger Delta

Development Commission in communities…………………………….

….73

4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta

Development

Commission…………………………….…………………….74

4.9 People‟s rating of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission………………………………………………………………..

76

4.10 Implemented projects meeting peoples demand……………………………

78

4.12 People‟s prioritization of Niger Delta Development Commission

Improvement by projects categorization…………………………...............

79

4.13 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission for

future projects…………………………………………………………

80

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

Page

4.1 Sex ……………………………………………………………………

67

4.2 Age group……………………………………………………………..

68

4.3 Marital Status……………………………………………………...….

69

4.4 Educational Background …………………………………………….

70

4.5 People‟s awareness about the existence of Niger Delta

Development

Commission…………………………….…………………….71

4.6 Level of people‟s agitation after the creation of Niger Delta

Development

Commission…………………………….…………………….72

4.7 People response to projects implemented by Niger Delta

Development Commission in communities…………………………….

….73

4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta

Development

Commission…………………………….…………………….74

4.9 People‟s rating of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission………………………………………………………………..

76

4.10 Implemented projects meeting peoples demand……………………………

78

4.12 People‟s prioritization of Niger Delta Development Commission

Improvement by projects categorization…………………………...............

79

4.13 Recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission for

future projects…………………………………………………………

80

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GNP Gross National Product

GNI Gross National Income

HDI Human Development Index

HDR Human Development Report

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MEND Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

NDDB Niger Delta Development Board

NDDC Niger Delta Development Commission

NDR Niger Delta Region

NDRDMP Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan

NEEDS National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

OMPADEC Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission

OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The paradox of poor development, squalor and abject poverty of the Niger Delta region

against the background of its being the main source of the country‟s wealth makes it a

political landmine for the new Nigerian democracy. Widespread indignation and

unprecedented restiveness have in recent past become the main landmarks of the region.

They have contributed to unprecedented tension between the local communities and oil

companies on the one hand, and with the state and Federal Government on the other. The

result has been a general deterioration of both political and social development in the

region. This state of affairs has led to the deep-rooted discontent of communities over

their level of severe underdevelopment.

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However, these minority communities of oil producing areas which received little or no

currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines in the pocket of foreign

multinational and corrupt government officials is characterized by dilapidated

infrastructure, lack of good highways, environmental problems, conflict and unrest.

These problems brought about the demand for their emancipation.

The advent of the democratic governance under the leadership of President Olusegun

Obasanjo in May 1999 has a new mind-set in handling these situations. The concern to

approach the under-development situation of the region led to the establishment of the

Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in December, 2000 with the vision to

“offer a lasting solution to the socio-economic difficulties of the region, and Mission “to

facilitate the rapid ever and sustainable development of the Niger Delta into a region that

is economically prosperous, socially stable, ecologically regenerative and politically

peaceful” (the NDRDMP: 103). One of the statements made by the Mr. President at the

inaugural session of the commission (NDDC) in 2001 was that, “since the inception of

our administration in 1999, we have consistently acknowledged the critical essence of the

Niger Delta region to the economic well being of Nigeria, and committedly striven to

redress the visible underdevelopment and neglect of the past in the region. (the

NDRDMP:34).

This study seeks to evaluate the activities of the Niger Delta Development Commission

(NDDC). Rivers State being one of the nine (9) states in the region is used as a case

study.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

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The problems of Niger Delta region has become a concern as the ethnic groups, most

notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian

government and multinational oil companies in the region.. Their grievances are justified

by the extensive environmental degradation and pollution from oil activities that have

operated in the region since the 1950s.

However, these minority communities of oil producing areas have received little or no

currency from the muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines of the pocket of foreign

multinational and corrupt government officials, environmental remediation measures are

limited and negligible. The region is highly underdeveloped and is one poor even by

Nigerian‟s low standards for quality of life. These are some of the reasons that spurred

the Federal Government of Nigeria to action by creation an interventionist (NDDC) to

offer a last solution to the aforementioned problems and bring about sustainable

development in the region.

Inspite of these many questions have been raised over the years why an agency like

NDDC was created, among them are: what has been their impact? Will it be able to bring

Niger Delta Region to a reasonable destination, what was wrong with the other agencies

of development in the region like the Niger Delta Development Board, The Presidential

Task Force, the Oil Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC) etc? It is

in response of these questions that this study derives its relevance. In particular, it seeks

to evaluate how NDDC‟s activities have impacted on the socio-economic development of

the Region using Rivers State as a case study.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

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I. To ascertain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Niger Delta

Development Commission.

II. To highlight the achievements of the Commission (NDDC) over the past five

years .

III. To make a critical assessments of the stated achievements viz-a-viz its

statutory mandates.

IV. To identify the challenges faced by the commission in the discharge of its

duties over the years. And

V. Make necessary suggestions of viable solutions on identified challenges.

1.4 STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES

The hypotheses drawn are intelligent guesses that will help realize the objectives of the

research. They are stated as follows:

1. H1 Niger Delta Development Commission‟s formation has reduced agitations

from the people of Niger Delta.

Ho The formulation of Niger Delta Development Commission has not

reduced agitation by the people of Niger Delta

2. H1 Corruption and influence from power brokers is a major challenge of

Niger Delta Development Commission towards the attainment of it

objectives.

Ho Corruption and influence from power brokers is not a challenge towards

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the attainment of Niger Delta Development Commission‟s objectives.

3. H1 Niger Delta Development Commission‟s commitments have led to high

rate of employment in Niger Delta.

Ho The commitments of Niger Delta Development Commission do not have any

influence on the rate of employment in Rivers State

4. H1 Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission

have reduced water related problems in Rivers State.

Ho Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission has

no effect on water related problems

5. H1 Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission have increased power generation in Rivers State.

Ho Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission do not have any effect on power generation in Rivers State

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were developed by the researcher as an off shot of the

objectives of this study for the purpose of data collection on the thesis:

I. What let to the formation of the Niger Delta Development commission?

II. What are the achievements of the Niger Delta Development commission?

III. Are the projects implemented goals oriented?

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IV. Has NDDC able to achieve its mandate?

V. What are the challenges facing development in the region?

VI. What are the way forward to the challenges faced by NDDC?

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The problems of the region have become a global concern as the ethnic groups, most

notably the Ijaw and the Ogoni established organizations to confront the Nigerian

government and multinational oil companies in the region. Their grievances are justified

by the extensive environmental degradation, dilapidated infrastructures, and pollution

from oil activities that have operated in the region since the 1950s. However, these

minority communities of oil producing areas have received little or no currency from the

muti-billion dollar a year industry which lines of the pocket of foreign multinational and

corrupt government officials.

It is the researcher‟s opinion and belief therefore, that the findings and recommendations

will:

1. Help private organizations, Community Based Organizations, Faith Based

Organizations, and multinational companies to in corporate social responsibility

decisions.

2. Assist the Niger Delta Development Commission in detecting deviation from

goals and mandate and areas of attention.

3. Influence public opinion, deepen awareness, elicit ownership and generate

support in development process

4. Findings and recommendations will assist future research and serve as reference

document.

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5. The knowledge gained from the studies will provide critical input for appropriate

programmes and projects.

1.7 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The research will consider two scopes: scope in terms of time and context. It terms of

time, the study will focus on the achievements within the last five years. (2005-2010).In

context the areas under focus will be some selected socio-economic development sectors

such as Health, Education, Transportation, Water and Electricity in Rivers State.

The study therefore, will not be interested in the financial assessments or appraisals as it

relate to the budgets that the commission receives or has spent on projects. The

justification for this is the bureaucratic process, and high confidentiality placed on

budgets and financial documents by institutions in Nigeria.

The researcher may encounter the problems stated below in the course of this study.

Some of these are:-

a. The reluctance of the commission and respondent to give information which

they regard as their secret and highly confidential.

b. Some of the data may not be readily available.

c. The time to carry out the study is quite short and insufficient.

d. There may be financial challenges in plunging into the selected area

understudied.

e. Some of the beneficiaries may have very busy schedules which would make

it impossible for the researchers to interview them. They may either be too

busy to be interviewed or not available.

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CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter synthesized theories to generate a better understanding on the study. The

research adopted two theories: Stakeholder and the System theory. The stakeholder

theory underscores the importance of stakeholders in development while the system

theory creates a better understanding on the importance of a well coordinated system in

propelling development. Several literatures have been reviewed to support these.

2.1 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

Stakeholder Theory

The NDRDMP defined stakeholders as such politicians, administrators, service providers,

investors and consumers, and passive/reactive stakeholders; who experience the

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outcomes of the other‟ decisions or actions and benefit or suffer as a result. Other

definition has a narrower scope that is an individual or group who the organization is dependent

on for its continued survival i.e. suppliers, customers, funding agencies. Carroll (1996: 34)

suggests a stakeholder is “an individual, or group who can affect or is affected by the action,

decisions, policies, practices or goals of the organization.

Other literature points out another way to describe stakeholders. Lorca and Garcia-Diez

(2004:6) describe two kinds of stakeholders. Voluntary an involuntary. There are

voluntary stakeholders in a company e.g, shareholders, employees, customers and

suppliers, where the basic principle of stakeholder management is mutual benefit. These

stakeholders contribute directly to the operations of the company and expect to receive

benefits as a result. Involuntary stakeholders are those who may be negatively affected by

the decision. Hence the guiding principle has to be the reduction or avoidance of harm to

these stakeholders and/ or the creation of offsetting benefits.

The study used stakeholder theory as one of the underpinning construct to assist

searching the literature of stakeholder‟s role in socio-economic development. The

stakeholder theory is a theory of organizational management and business ethics that

addresses morals and values in managing an organization. It was originally detailed by R.

Edward Freeman in the book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. It

identifies the groups which are stakeholders of a corporation, and both describes and

recommends methods by which management can give due regard to the interests of those

groups. Stakeholder management and stakeholder engagement are both highlighted in the

stakeholder theory literature as a key to effective decision making.

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Stakeholder theory categorizes stakeholder management in three ways; as descriptive,

instrumental and normative (Donaldoson & Preston 1995:1,6) Hasnas 2008: 115-123).

Firstly, descriptive stakeholder management identifies and describes the relationships that

the corporation or organization has with groups or persons with whom it interacts.

Secondly, instrumental stakeholder management describes the establishing of

connections between the practice of stakeholder management and the resulting

achievement of corporate performance goals. Thirdly, stakeholders‟ management that is

normative focuses on the moral basis for attending to stakeholder issues and emphasis the

intrinsic value to the organization when engaging with stakeholders (Donaldson &

Preston, 1995:65).

The normative stakeholder theory requires an organization to embrace a more ethical,

proactive and interactive approach to stakeholder management. Normative asserts that

“regardless of whether stakeholder management leads to improved financial performance,

managers should manage the business for the benefit of all stakeholders ( Hasanas, 2008:

115).Freeman (2007: 71) suggests that normative theory “assumes that businesses (and

public sector organizations) actually do and should create value for customers. Suppliers,

employees, communities and financiers (or shareholders).”

Stakeholder management emphasizes the importance for decision makers to understand

and consider the context by identifying their stakeholders. Golembiewski (2000: 65)

suggest the concept of stakeholder identifies criteria for specific individuals an/ or groups

as sub environments (in the organization‟s environment) with which the organization

must interact to be effective.

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Stakeholder literature defines stakeholders as either ( e.g shareholders, stockholders,

stockholders, suppliers of materials, staff, customers, members of the public) who are

directs recipients of service, politician). Freeman (2007:41) describes stakeholders as

those who have a “stake” in the actions and identifies two definition for stakeholder

2.1.1 Stakeholders’ interest

President Olusegun Obasanjo (NDRDMP 2005: 9) highlighted his views when he

mentioned “I do hope that all stakeholders and our dependable development partners will

commit to engendering the required synergy to make an unqualified success of the

implementation of the Niger Delta Master Plan.

Regardless of whether the stakeholder is an individual, group or community, it is

important for the organization to understand the various interests and the impacts of their

decisions. Golembiewski (2000: 1) describes levels of stakeholders‟ interest as either a

casual interest or potential to be affected by the organization‟s actions, or an

ownership/governance interests, or a legal claim or a moral claim. Freeman (2007: 49)

points out that the interest of each stakeholder group is multifaceted and inherently

connected to each other and those stakeholders‟ interest are shared. It does not mean their

views are in agreement, but hat each stakeholder has vested interest in seeking a solution.

The NDRDMP 2005: 117, emphasized that undertaking the motivation and constraints of

people as stakeholders in therefore an essential part of good planning. Another

perspective on stakeholder interest is that of Marcoux (2000:124-133) who argues that

mangers - stakeholder relation are non fiduciary in character and that “ it is conceptually

impossible to place the interest of all stakeholders ahead of each other………… and

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impossible to serve the interest of all simultaneously….. as there will always be

confliction views and interest.” However, Wolfe and Putler (2000:64) suggest identifying

what motivates stakeholders will help determine stakeholder group priorities and verify

to what degree there are common priorities.

2.1.2 Stakeholders’ Power and Influence

The contribution of sponk (SID 2001:93) in the Development Magazine was that

progressive advocates of participatory process often aspire to reduce the increasing

concentration of power within representative democracies by empowering citizen within

the deliberative and implementational stages of policy determination and public service

provisioning.

Stakeholders power relates to the level of influence the stakeholder has during the

decision making process and the final decision. (Mitchell et al. (2007:166-178) describe

three characteristics which highlight the power and influence between decision makers

and stakeholders. The first characteristics revolve around whether the stakeholders are

claimants versus influencers. Claimants are deemed to have less power over decision

making than influencers. The second characteristics involves whether there are actual

versus potential relationships, that is actual power from current stakeholder which create

more pressure on decision makers than “potential” stakeholders and any associated

“potentials: relationships. The third characteristic centres on the conflicts and level of

power, dependence reciprocity in relationships and is crucial for decision makers to

understand. These characteristics highlight the importance of dominance reliance and

give and take between the stakeholder and the organization.

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2.1.3 Stakeholders Engagement Process

Stakeholder engagement process can be described as a sub-process within the broader

strategic planning and decision making process and key to effective stakeholder

management. The levels of participation and relative access to power and influence of

various groups within the political system are critical to pattern of development. Political

system must be such as affords the various geo-political communities access to decision

making.

Development requires not only the diversification of the economic base by speeding up

the transition from subsistence agriculture to industrialization using all the resources at

our disposal but also the creation of an atmosphere of brotherhood and solidarity among

the people of the national community.

The OECD (2001) argues that engaging with citizens is a core element of good

governance and benefits include improving the quality of policy making and increasing

accountability and transparency. Gibson et al. (2006: 3, 15) emphasize the benefits for the

organization by describing stakeholder engagement as “the confluence of corporate self

definition and occasional re-definition, impression management and effective relationship

maintenance with important stakeholders.”

Du et al (2010:19) believes that corporations can reap multifaceted business returns from

Corporate Social Responsibility (CRS) and effective stakeholders‟ engagement.

Healy (1997:11) describes stakeholder engagement as an opportunity to share values and

build trust, knowledge and intellectual capital. Boother (1999:33) see it as a way to build

27

consensus, learning and shared meaning social learning and agreed shared meaning are

important factors in developing long term and more immediate decision across multiple

stakeholder groups.

Freeman and Reed (2007:55) highlight two approaches for managing stakeholder

engagement processes. The first describes a stakeholder strategy process which

systematically analyses the relative importance of stakeholder and cooperative potential.

The second involves a stakeholder audit which systematically identifies stakeholder and

assesses the effectives of current organizational strategies. The first approach looks at the

future potentials of stakeholder involvement. Whereas the latter approach identifies the

current state of the objectives, both techniques are highlighted in the strategic

management as importance to decision making.

Rein and Schons (1991: 25) describe another approach of stakeholder input as “the

interactions of individuals, interest groups, social movement, and institutions through

which problematic situations are converted to policy problems, agendas are set, decisions

are make and actions are taken”. Walker et al (2008:645) describe stockholder mapping

and visualization as way to alleviate pressure by identifying stakeholder perspectives, the

value of the interactions, the level of interaction use to engage and the degree to which

stakeholder views can be institutionalized into the final decision.

28

2.2 David Easton System Theory

The System theory was developed by David Easton, a Canadian political scientist.

Systems theory in political science is a highly abstract, partly holistic view of politics,

influenced by cybernetics. The adaptation of system theory to political science was first

conceived in 1953.

Decisions are not made in isolate. They are made in an environment, triggered by demand

and supported by the public or decision makers. It goes into the black box also known as

the transformation box where it is processed and come out as output. For better

understanding of the research work, David Easton‟s systems Analysis of Political Life

has been adopted and fashioned in line with the research. the cohesion and stability of a

political system depends critically on the extent to which its constituent units consider

that they belong together, on the extent to which the system can be seen to be oriented

towards protecting and advancing their individual and collective interest, towards

reducing rather than aggravating such inequalities as exist among them.

In simple terms, Easton's behavioral approach to politics, proposed that a political system

could be seen as a whole (i.e. all part of the system have to function together; greatly

simplifying his model as:

Step 1. Changes in the social or physical environment surrounding a political

system produce "demands" and "supports" for action or the status quo directed as

"inputs" towards the system, through political behavior.

29

Environment Environment Demand Policy/Decisions Support Actions

Feedback loop Environment Environment Environment Environment

Transformation or black box

Easton David (1965) A systems Analysis of

Political Life New York U.S s 32

Step 2, these demands and supporting groups stimulate competition in a system,

leading to decisions or "outputs" directed at some aspect of the surrounding social

or physical environment.

Step 3, after a decision or output is made (e.g., a specific policy), it interacts with

its environment, and if it produces change in the environment, there are

"outcomes."

Step 4, when a new policy interacts with its environment, outcomes may generate

new demands or supports and groups in support or against the policy ("feedback")

or a new policy on some related matter.

Step 5, feedback leads back to Step 1, it's a never ending story.

If the system functions as described, then we have a "stable system that leads to

sustainable development". If the system breaks down, then we have a "dysfunctional

system that leads to underdevelopment and impoverishment ". Easton aspired to make

politics a science; this is, working with highly abstract models that described the

regularities of patterns and processes in political life in general.

Fig 2.2

30

As have been described above, the environment makes up the political, social and

economic environment of the region. The demand and support come from the same

environment by the people. Clement Isong‟s (1985:3) view to this is that, to achieve

development for the people there is the need for a high degree of social mobilization and

psychological involvement by all sections of the population in a first state of

development planning.

The transformation or black box in this context can be referred to Several Government

levels, various institutions that transform the demand and the support from the people

into outputs and outcomes. If there if a proper support from the people in the

environment, then we have a stable polity and sustainable development. If otherwise then

the system breaks down and causes continuous underdevelopment and impoverishment.

2.3 Development

The concept of development has been defined differently by many people, it is important

that we have a working definition for the purpose of this study. Traditionally,

development has been defined by the capacity of a national economy to generate and

sustain an annual increase in its Gross National Income (GNI) at rate of 5% to 7% or

more. The experience of the 1950s and 1960s, when many developing nations did reach

their economic growth targets but the levels of living of the masses of people remained

for the most part unchanged, signals that something was very wrong with the narrow

definition of development.

The concept was redefined to mean the reduction or elimination of poverty, inequality,

and unemployment within the context of a growing economy (Todaro & Smith 2009:15).

31

In support of Todaro‟s redefinition of the concept (Development) Walter Rodney defined

it as a many sided process: at the level of the individual, it implies increased skill and

capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline, responsibility and material well

being. Some of these are virtually moral categories and are more difficult to evaluate

(Rodney 1973:1).

Sometimes, development may be a bit difficult when measuring in numbers of

infrastructure that is why Caplan opined that development may not necessarily be

measured in numbers of hotels, by how many bottles of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola that

are consumed, or how many cars are owned by rich people. Development to him is real

progress meaning Health and Wellbeing of all, education for all, fair reward for labour,

improvement not only of the standard of living but the quality of life (Caplan Pat 1994:1).

To United Nations (UNDP: HDI Report 1996), human development is measured by life

expectancy, adult literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as people‟s

average income which is necessary condition of their freedom of choice. In a broader

sense the notion of human development incorporates all aspects of individual‟s well

being from their health status to their economic and political freedom.

Chamber‟s renounced contribution to development concept made him raised a question

that, if development means change, questions arise about what is good, and what sort of

change matters. Answer can be personally defined and redefined. According to him is not

by listing policies and actions to make the world a better place, especially for the poor,

the argument of this does not go far enough. There is a critical missing link we need add

the personal dimension. This implies stepping back and engaging in critical self

examination. To do better, we have to examine not just the normally defined agenda of

32

development “out there” but our self, how our ideas are formed, how we think, how we

change, and what we do and do not do.

2.4 Underdevelopment

Just as development does not have a definite definition so also is underdevelopment.

Obviously underdevelopment is not absence of development, because every people have

developed in one way or another and to a greater or less extent (Rodney 1973:18). To

Rodney, underdevelopment makes sense only as a means of comparing levels of

development. His explanation was that every society have developed in one way or the

other even thought it may be uneven because some have advanced further by producing

more and becoming wealthier than others.

To Todaro and Smith (2009:15), it is an economic situation in which there are persistent

lower level of living in conjunction with absolute poverty, low income per capita, low

rates of economic growth, low consumption levels, poor health services, high death rates,

high birth rates, dependence on foreign economies, and limited freedom to choose among

activities that satisfy human wants.

2.5 Economic Development and Economic Growth

A clearer picture of the distinction between economic development and economic

growth was made by United Nation‟s Human Development Index Report when its stated

that human development is the end- economic growth a means (HDI Report 1996:1)

2.6 Development Indices

Human capital (Health, education and skills), energy and transportation are vital to

economic growth and development. Health, Education and skills on one hand are closely

related, good health has a better return for education because it is an important factor in

33

school attendance on thee other note education capital is a relying factor for improved in

health investment because many health programmes rely on basic skills often learned at

school including personal hygiene and sanitation.

Energy and transportation are also ingredient for growth and development. Energy

encourages industrialization and transportation is a means for transporting goods and

people from a place to the destination where they are needed.

2.6.1 Transportation and Development

Transport refers to the activity that facilitates physical movement of goods as well as

individuals from one place to another. In business, it is considered as an auxiliary to

trade, that means, it supports trade and industry in carrying raw materials to the place of

production and distributing finished products for consumption. Generally, transporters

carry raw material, finished products, passangers, etc. from one place to another. So it

removes the distance barrier. Now-a-days goods produced at one place are readily

available at distant places. People move freely throughout the world because of transport.

It is associated with every step of our life. Without transport, we, as well as business units

cannot move a singe step.

Importance of Transport

Followings are the benefits of transportation:

Transportation makes available raw materials to manufacturers or producers: Transport

makes it possible to carry raw materials from places where they are available, to places

where they can be processed and assembled into finished goods

Transportation makes available goods to customers: Transport makes possible movement

of goods from one place to another with great ease and speed. Thus, consumers spread in

34

different parts of the country have the benefit of consuming goods produced at distant

places.

It enhances standard of living: Easy means of transport facilitates large-scale production

at low costs. It gives consumers the choice to make use of different quantities of goods at

different prices. So it raises the standard of living of the people.

It helps during emergencies and natural calamities: In times of national crisis, due to war

or internal disturbance, transport helps in quick movement of troops and the supplies

needed in the operation.

It helps in creating of employment: Transport provides employment opportunity to

individuals as drivers, conductors, pilots, cabin crew, captain of the ship, etc. who are

directly engaged in transport business. It also provides employment to people indirectly

in the industries producing various means of transport and other transport equipments.

People can also provide repairing and maintenance services by opening service centres at

convenient locations.

It allows labour mobility: Transport helps a lot in providing mobility to workers. You

may be aware that people from our country go to foreign countries to work in different

industries and factories. Foreigners also come to the country to work. In Nigeria, people

also move from one part to another in search of work. Similarly, it is not always possible

to have workers near the factory. Most industries have their own transport system to

bring the workers from where they reside to the place of work.

It brings nations together: Transport facilitates movement of people from one country to

another. It helps in exchange of cultures, views and practices between the people of

different countries. This brings about greater understanding among people and awareness

35

about different countries. Thus, it helps to promote a feeling of international

brotherhood.

2.6.2 Education and Development

Education in a broad sense is a process by which an individual acquires the physical and

social capabilities demand by the society in which he/she is born into to function.

(Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.)

According to him just as a diseased mind is handicapped in the coordination and direction

of bodily activities, therefore, the single most significant complex of social control tools

for national development is found in the education system be it formal or informal.

Education is the process of learning and knowing, which is not restricted to our school

text-books. It is a holistic process and continues through our life. Even the regular

happenings and events around us educate us, in one or the other way. It would not be an

exaggeration to say that the existence of human beings is fruitless without education. An

educated person has the ability to change the world, as he/she is brimming with

confidence and assured of making the right moves.

Importance of Education

Education makes Better Citizens:- Education makes a worthy contribution to our lives, by

making us responsible citizens. We get to know our history and culture through education

and imbibe those values. Education opens our mind and expands our horizon. It enables

us to understand our duties as a citizen and encourages us to follow them. There is no

denying the fact that an educated person is a better citizen. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010:

www.education_and_national.html.)

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More Education Improves National and State Economy:- Education is futuristic in

character, in so far that it ensures that the one who receives good education gets a secure

future. Our productivity is increased by acquiring new skills and talents through

education. We find ourselves in the most competitive jobs, courtesy the right training and

education. The unemployment rate for individuals with a four year college degree is 5%

lower than those with a high school diploma.2The importance of education is evident by

the dizzy heights we achieve in life. Nearly 75% of countries with the greatest increase in

the percentage of young people with college degrees also showed higher incomes and

lower unemployment.

Education opens New Vistas:- The significance of education, for a great part, lies in its

ability to open new vistas for us. It expands our outlook and teaches us to be tolerant

towards other views. An educated person will find it easier to understand a different point

of view than the one who is uneducated. Education broadens our mental landscape and is

the way forward to greater enlightenment - the ultimate goal of every human in life. It is a

promoter of peace and reducer of conflict. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and-

_national.html.)

Education spreads Awareness:- Awareness is a virtue in itself, given that the lack of

awareness is lamented everywhere. Increasing spending on education balances economic

inequalities and reduces poverty.Education spreads awareness, informing us about our

rights and the services that we can access. On the most basic notes, it teaches us to

differentiate between right and wrong. For most part of our lives, we falter in

dichotomizing right and wrong, but the right education gives us the right answers.

(Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education_and_national.html.)

37

Education Increases Civic Participation:- At every age, those with more education are

more likely to vote. In the 2008 presidential election, among individuals between 25 and

44 years of age who voted, there was a 32% gap between college graduates and high

school graduatesDecision making is an integral part of our life and development of any

nation. Those with more education are more likely to volunteer.7 43% of adults with a

bachelor‟s degree volunteered a median of 54 hours between September 2008 and

September 2009We have to take decisions throughout our lives and sometimes, decision

making can be a very tough and challenging process. It can leave us perplexed and often

wondering, as to what is the right choice. Education is significant, because it enable us to

take the right decisions and prevents losses. (Uwadia Orobosa 2010: www.education-

_and_national.html.)

Bolsters Confidence:- An educated person is a confident person. Education fosters a

positive outlook and allows us to believe in ourselves. Self-belief is the most wanted trait

in a human being and education leads us towards relying on ourselves, making us believe

that we are ready to take on the world.

Education Lowers Health Care Costs:- People with more education are more likely to be

in good health than people of similar age .

2.6.3 Energy and Development

Without the judicial use of energy, man‟s effort to delivery socially and survive the

mutaion of his environment could have been nera impossible. Energy has provided man

with the ability to acqure food, increase his comfort and improve his quality life. It has

supported the technology and Iron and steel fabrication. It has involved the rise of the

38

railroads, the introduction of new hybrid grains, the manufacture, transportation and use

of fertilizer and pesticides; along with extensive irrigation system (Ikoku 1985: 241)

According to a study UN, world energy supplies 1976, indications show that for complete

for complete plants, the cost of installed kilowatt is 2 to 3 times and more from hydro-

electricity that from a conventional thermal plant.

Importance of Energy

Household incomes:-The persistent high levels of unemployment are just one indirect

outcome from the poor quality of energy supplies. The economic health of many

households is also severely constrained by the need of businesses catering to the domestic

market to pass along their higher costs, in the form of increased retail prices of consumer

goods and services. This is another indirect impact of energy on households Enabling

enterprise development, utilizing locally available resources, and creating jobs.

Generating light to permit income generation beyond daylight.

Powering machinery to increase productivity. Providing light for reading or

studying beyond daylight.

Creating a more child-friendly environment (access to clean water, sanitation,

lighting, and space heating/cooling), which can improve attendance in school and

reduce drop-out rates.

Enabling access to media and communications that increase educational

opportunities.

Reducing space Lighting streets to improve women‟s safety.

Providing lighting for home study and the possibility of holding evening classes

Providing access to better medical facilities for maternal care.

39

Allowing for medicine refrigeration, equipment sterilization, and safe disposal by

incineration.

Enabling access to the latest medicines/expertise through renewable energy based

telemedicine systems.

Boosting agricultural productivity, increasing quality instead of quantity of

cultivated land.

Reducing deforestation for traditional fuels, reducing erosion and desertification.

2.6.4 Water and Development

No coherent development strategy can exist if it is at the cost of negating the fundamental

human rights such as the right of water (Molyneux and Lazar 2003:8-9).

Water is a Social Good There is no single, universally accepted definition of social goods

and services. One widely used definition is that social goods are those that have

significant “spillover” benefits or costs. Literacy is a social good, for example, because it

benefits not just literate individuals but also makes possible a higher level of civilization

for all members of a society. Widespread availability of clean and affordable water is a

social good under this definition because such availability improves both individual and

social well-being. Improvements in water quality for one individual means better water

quality for all individuals who share that water-supply system. But social goods can have

private good characteristics as well: more water for one individual can mean less water

for other individuals who share a water-supply system. Access to clean water is

fundamental to survival and critical for reducing the prevalence of many water-related

diseases (UN 1997).

40

Water has Moral, Cultural, and Religious Dimensions Water has more than economic and

ecological importance; it has cultural or symbolic importance as well. It figures

prominently in religious rituals such as baptism and ritual bathing, and in the national

identities of many native peoples (Graz 1998). Water is fundamental for life and wealth.

The human right to water is indispensable for leading a helathy life in human dignity is a

prerequsite fo the ralization of all the human rights Kuntalal (2008:5).

Much of what we make of watr belongs to the domain of human culture. The sybolism of

water lies in peace, life and regeneation, its significance expressed in spiritual, religious

or social rituals imbuting its and its users with meaning and value: water is alwaysa

metaphor of social, economic and political relatiohship in a barometer of the extent to

which identity, power and resources are shared. (Strang, 2004:21).

Importance of water

Water is vital for human survival, health and dignity and fundamental resource for

hauman development. Today mroe that two billion people are affected by water shortages

in over 40 countries. Tranboundary watershed managment dirictly influences human

welfare of large population of the world. There are an estimated 263 major rivers and it is

estmated that 46 percent of the world‟s territory are located in international watershed

basins ( Conca 2006:94)

41

2.7 DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN NIGERIA

There are several reasons why development plan is been undertaken. Michael Todaro and

Stephen Smith (2009:533) contributed to the rationale for development planning in

developing countries by stating four reasons as follows:

Market failure: it is asserted that the permeation of market imperfections and operating in

the developing countries is in the high side. Commodity and factors markets are often

badly organized.

Resource Mobilization and Allocation: Developing economies cannot afford to waste

very limited financial and skilled human resources on unproductive venture.

Foreign Aids: The formulation of detailed development plans has often been necessary

condition for the reception of bilateral and multi-lateral aids.

Attitudinal or Psychological impact: it is often assumed that a detailed statement of

national economic and social objectives in the form of specific development plan can

have important attitudinal or psychological impact on diverse and often fragmented

population. It makes government rely on people for eliminating poverty, promoting good

health and education. It helps mobilizing support of diverse tribes and building national

integrating in the reason for pursuing the same goals.

The following development efforts have been made in Nigeria since independence.

2.7.1 Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria (1945-1956)

The history of conscious planning for development in Nigeria can be traced to the

colonial days. To be specific, it has its origin in 1946 when the colonial government

introduced what it tagged “Ten Year Plan of Development and Welfare for Nigeria”. This

was under the Colonial Development and Welfare Fund. Under this historic Development

42

Plan, a total planned expenditure of an equivalent of N110 million for a period of ten

years was earmarked for the period starting from April 1, 1946 to March 31, 1956

(Ogunjimi, 1997:97). Analyzing the focus of the ten-year. An important conclusion

which one can draw from the analysis of the Colonial Development Plan for Nigeria was

that the plan was meant to serve the interest of the colonial masters rather than that of the

colony (i.e. Nigeria).

2.6.2 Five-year Development Plan for Nigeria (1955-1960)

The Ten year foreign-centered development plan, however, did not run its full term

because, by 1950, the inappropriateness of charting development over a period as long as

ten years in a country experiencing rapid structural changes had become evident.

Consequently, a decision was taken to break the plan period into two five-year sub-

periods and to formulate a new plan for the sub-period 1950-1956. However, the

introduction of a federal system of government affected this revision as each of the

regional governments became autonomous and adopted different economic policies. The

consequence of this, as can be noted from the work of Olaniyi (1998:106), the launching

of a five-year development plan for the period 1955-1960 to be implemented by the

Federal Government for itself. The plans reviewed above constitute the pre-independence

development plans. Whatever their weakness, the fact remains that they constitute the

beginning of the practice of development planning in Nigeria.

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2.6.3 Post Independent Plans

Since independence in 1960, Nigeria has formulated and launched other development

plans, which, of course, were more comprehensive than the pre-independence plans.

They were comprehensive because such plans were conceived and formulated within the

framework of improved system of national accounts. Besides, they covered the

operations of both the public and private sectors of the economy; and, more importantly,

they had their projects related to a number of well-articulated overall economic targets.

Therefore, between 1960 and 1985, there were four development plans in Nigeria which

were referred to as the First, Second, Third and Fourth National Development Plans.

Each of these development plans had its own focus and well-articulated objectives which

had far-reaching effects on the nation‟s developmental aspirations.

2.6.4 The First National Development Plan (1962-1968)

The First National Development Plan was launched in April 1962 and was to cover a

period of six years (1962-68). Under this plan, a total investment expenditure of about

N2.132 billion was proposed. Out of this, public-sector investment was expected to be

about N1.352 billion, while the remaining investment expenditure of N780 million was to

be undertaken by the private sector. The full implementation of this development plan

was however interrupted by two major political events, namely, the military intervention

in 1966 and the 1967-70 civil war. Consequently, the period of the plan was extended to

March 31, 1970. These major interruptions notwithstanding, both the Federal

Government and regional governments recorded a number of landmark achievements

during the development plan period. During the crisis period, the Federal Government

alone successfully executed projects like the Oil Refinery in Port Harcourt, the Paper

44

Mill, the Sugar Mill and the Niger Dam (in Jebba and Bacita respectively), the Niger

Bridge, and ports‟ extension, while it also constructed a number of trunks „A‟ roads. It is

interesting to note that it was also during this period that the first-generation universities

were established: Ibadan and Lagos by the Federal Government, Ahamdu Bello

University by the Northern Nigerian Government , University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN)

by the Eastern Nigerian Government and the University of Ife (now known as the

Obafemi Awolo University) by the Western Nigerian Government.

The federal and regional governments were able to achieve this much in spite of the crisis

because, during the period, the annual capital budgets operated within the development

plan framework. They were employed as the main instrument of control and allocation of

development resources (Ogunjimi, 1997:98). This was in itself made possible by the

existence of a development plan which provided guidelines for meaningful and co-

coordinated development during the plan period despite two political crises.

2.6.5 Second National Development Plan in (1970-1975)

General Yakubu Gowon launched the Second National Development Plan in 1970 on

behalf of the Federal Government and the government of the then twelve states of the

federation. It was launched shortly after the end of the war. Because it was a post-war

development plan, its focus was on the reconstruction of a war-battered economy and the

promotion of economic and social development in the new Nigeria. What this means,

according to Olaniyi (1988:107), is that the philosophy of the plan was consequently

influenced by the exigencies of the war, which include the building of a united, strong

45

and self-reliant nation; a great and dynamic economy; a just egalitarian society; a land of

bright and full opportunities for all citizens; and a free and democratic society.

Like the First National Development Plan, the Second National Development Plan also

recorded a number of major projects, which were successfully executed by both the

federal and state governments. Such projects include the successful construction of many

federal roads; the successful take-off of the National Youth Service Corps scheme; the

introduction of federal scholarship and loan schemes for Nigerian students, etc.

2.6.6 Third National Development Plan (1975-1980)

General Gowon also launched the Third National Development Plan on behalf of all

governments in the country. The plan covered a five-year period from April 1975 to

March 1980. Ayinla (1998:86) describes this plan as a watershed in the evolution of

economic planning in Nigeria. It was a unique development plan because, apart from its

huge initial investment of about N30 billion (which was later revised to N43.3 billion),

extensive consultations with the private sector of the economy were made in the course of

its preparation.

The cardinal objectives of this plan were also part of its uniqueness. Such objectives

include increase in per capital income during the plan period; more even distribution of

income; reduction inn the level of unemployment; diversification of the economy;

balanced development; and indigenization of economic activities. As laudable as the

objectives of this development plan were, the implementation was adversely affected by

the change of government in July 1975, barely three months after the plan was launched.

In particular, the change of government led to a reappraisal of some of the cardinal

46

objectives as contained in the plan. Here, more emphasis was placed on those projects

which were thought to have direct effects on the living standard of the common man.

Sectors that were thus given priority included agriculture, water supply, housing and

health (Olaniyi, 1998:108).

2.6.7 The Fourth National Development Plan (1981-1985)

The Fourth National Development Plan, (1981-85) was launched by President Shehu

Shagari in 1981 on behalf of the Federal Government and the governments of the then

nineteen states of the federal. This was the first plan to be formulated by a democratically

elected government under a new constitution based on the presidential system of

government. As observed by Ogunjimi (1997:100), the plan was intended to further the

process of establishing a solid base for the long-term economic and social development

of Nigeria. Unlike the previous development plans, the fourth plan was the first in which

the local governments were made to participate at two levels. One, they participated at

the level of preparation, and two, they were allowed to have their own separate

programmes under the plan. The capital investment target was N82.2 billion shared

between the public and private sectors with the former putting in about N70.5 billion,

while the latter put in the balance of N11.7 billion.

The Fourth Development Plan was a gain affected by the change of government in 1983

and by yet another change in 1985. These two changes seriously disrupted the

implementation of the programmes of the plan and, consequently, the performance of the

economy during the fourth plan period was generally poor. Whatever the case (success or

failure), it is interesting to note that between 1945 and 1986, the concept of development

47

planning was common: planning for social and economic development in Nigeria.

Beyond the end of this period, this concept gradually faded away and has now become a

thing of the past.

2.6.8 The Journey towards New Development Strategies in Nigeria

It is important to note the real journey towards neglecting the tradition of development

planning in Nigeria started with the Babangida administration. In response to the

problems encountered during the Fourth Development Plan period, the Babangida

administration suspended in October 1988 the idea of a five-year development plan,

which had hitherto almost become well-established traditions. At the end Fourth

Development Plan in December 1985, a one-year economic emergency programme was

instituted in 1986 probably to solve some obvious economic problems left behind by the

Shagari administration. Interestingly, this was later absorbed by an economic policy

christened the Structural Adjustment Programme (SPA). According to the apologist of

SAP, the programme was introduced in 1986 for the economy to have a foundation

before any meaningful planning could be done.

The Babaginda administration then believed that because the economy was largely

indebted, the basis for planning was eroded. The government therefore wanted to do

away with the already practiced medium-term planning and consequently introduced a

perspective known as rolling plan. Based on this, the government decided on a 20-year

perspective plan for the period 1989-2008. According to the philosophy of this rolling

plan, the first phase of the perspective plan would constitute the Fifth National

Development Plan. With this structural change of policy, the five-year planning model

48

was replaced with a three-year rolling plan to be operated along with a 12 to 20 year

perspective plan and the normal operational annual budgets. This plan became

operational with the 1989 budget and it provided the foundation for the three-year rolling

plan (1989-90-91). In order to effectively executive this programme, some fundamental

reforms was the merging of budgetary and planning functions with the sole objective of

minimizing conflict between the two (Ogunjimi, 1997:101; Ayinla, 1998:23; Ilesanmi,

2000:6).

According to the architects of this rolling plan programme, it was considered to be more

suitable for an economy facing uncertainty and rapid change. The rolling plan was meant

to be revised at the each end of each year, at which point estimates, targets and project

were added for an additional year. What this means is that planner revised the 1990-92

three-year rolling plan at the end of 1990, issuing a new plan for 1991-93. In effect, a

plan is renewed at the end of each year, but the number of years remains the same as the

plan rolls forward. According to Ihonvbere (1991), the objectives of the rolling plan were

to reduce inflation and exchange rate instability, maintain infrastructure, achieve

agricultural self-sufficiency, and reduce the burden of structural adjustment on the most

vulnerable groups.

In the same way that the tradition of five-year development plan was jettisoned by the

Babangida administration, the idea of rolling plan was also shelved in 1996 by General

Sani Abacha for Vision 2010, which was launched on September 18, 1996. The

programme was to systematically improve the quality of life of Nigerians in fourteen

years (Ogunjimi, 1997:107). Although not directly related to the transition programme,

49

the work of Vision 2010, a 250-member committee of private-sector representatives,

government ministries, academics, journalists, traditional rulers, trade union leaders and

foreign businessmen, among others, inaugurated by General Abacha on November 27,

1996, was similarly intended to move the country forward. The committee was chaired

by Chief Ernest Shonekan, who headed a short-lived Interim National Government in

1993 before Abacha seized power (Jukwey, 1996).

Vision 2010 submitted its final report to General Abacha on September 30, 1997. The

committee reportedly recommended “large-scale deregulation of the Nigerian economy”,

the release of political detainees and rigorous compliance with the transition programme

(Jukwey). In his October 1, 1997 National Day address, Abacha promised to introduce

the measures required to begin the programme‟s implementation immediately, in the firm

belief that successive administrations will carry it to a successful conclusion with the

support of Nigerian people and friends of the nation (National Day Address, 1997). The

fears of Vission 2010 members that their recommendations would not be implemented

were justified. Funds for the capital projects budgeted for the first half of 1997 were only

released in September, bringing investment in infrastructure and the economy in general

to a virtual halt. Massive lay-off of federal and states‟ employees throughout the country

had caused significant hardship. Pervasive of “failed bank” and “failed contract”

tribunals, which seemed to have been designed to target potential opposition supporters

rather than crack down on “illegal deals”?

50

2.8 CAUSES OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Mokwgo Okoye (1985:69) exclaimed that what we have to show for three decade of

development for roads, brides, flyers, dames, airports and telecommunications have been

awarded over the years which have not always been properly executed. Mokwgo Okoye

(1985:64) made his concern known by saying in spite of our professed commitment to

plans to achieve “a just and egalitarian society, a strong, self reliant nation, full and bright

opportunities of all” “a repaid increase in the steward of living of the average Nigerian”,

the gulf separating the rich and the poor is wandering; our attitude to work and public

property has not improve. It has properly worsened and racketeering has grown

educational tours and other manpower development projects for the benefits of our public

officials and we can seem to be more depended on external forces.

Lin chun (2007:13) raised an important point when he mentioned that the issue is not

whether econosmic in developing countries is justifiable which cannot be seriously

disputed especially in the light of past colonial exploitation and destruction, and indeed

the present global order as well in which their underprivileged position has not been

altered, but what king of development – whether it benefits the many or the few, whether

it enhances freedom and if any organic social tissue of a moral economy and it natural

environment is been scarified in the process.

From our discussion on the history of development plans in Nigeria, it can be seen that

the military intervention in 1966 and its subsequent prolonged rule in Nigeria become the

genesis of truncating the process of adhering to national development planning as a

strategy for economic and social development (Fika, 2004). What the nation has inherited

51

in the absence of well-articulated development plans are budget frauds, road contract

scandals, oil scams and unchallenged or unchecked high level of financial corruption at

all level government in Nigeria. It is, however, imperative to note here that since the re-

commencement of democratic government on May 29, 1999; the administration of

President Olusegun Obasanjo has begun a series of bold economic and political reforms

to put the country back on a sound economic and political footing.

Differences in plans and their implementation:- Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:116) in the same

vein noticed that looking at public sector programme we can read in the development

plans since 1947, a history of misplaced priorities and missed opportunity. Ukwu. I.

Ukwu (1985:116) acknowledged that although Nigeria can be said to have 30 years

experience of development planning has nerve been informed by any articulated vision of

society.

Insufficient and unreliable Data:- often times data that are required for development

planning and policies are not found documented.

Unanticipated Economic disturbance, external and internal: - Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:124)

researched that the problem of managing government operations has many dimensions.

At the highest level the roles have to be assigned to the various units in the system of

performance monitored, directed and coordinated.

Institutional weaknesses:-Taking the country as a whole the main problem in official

policies on development derives from the uncertainty as to what role to accord to

traditional authorities, elites, voluntary organizations and individuals; how to organize,

integrate, and direct the total fund.

52

Lack of political will:- According to Travis D. kiessen ( 2008:9) in his research on

collective management strategy and elite resistance he said in the in the current practice

in Cochabamba, Bolivia local politicians award their supporters within public companies

by allowing them to illegally exploit public companies and protecting them from any

illegal consequences Mokwgo Okoye (1985:65),in his view mentioned that, perhaps the

main reason for our poor performance so far is our mediocre and selfish leadership

couple with lack of psychological mobilization. Ukwu. I. Ukwu (1985:114) lamented that

we are currently counting some of the cost of the greed, corruption and sheer

incompetence of our public management.

53

2.10 DEVELOPMENT EFFORT IN NIGER DELTA

The Niger Delta Region has witnessed several development attempts for many decades

but the most legacy of these schemes did not result into development. Of these efforts

are:

2.10.1 The Niger Delta Development Board

The unique characteristics in Niger Delta spur the Sir Henrry Willinks commission

recommendation of 1958 that the Federal government of Nigeria deserves to give the

region a special attention. In response, the Federal government established the NDDB in

1960 to manage the development challenges of the region. The areas was defined as

Yenagoa province, Degema province, Ogoni Vision of PorHarcourt and wester Ijaw

division of Delta province.

The Board (NDDB) existed for seven (7) years and mad little achievement in the region

before the Military coup in 166 and the outbreak of civil war in 1967.After the war the

Federal government did no review the Board rather the money accruing from oil in the

region was used to fund the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction programme in various

parts of the country.

2.10.2 The Presidential Task Force

The persistence agitation for a renewed development strategy in the region gave birth to

the presidential Task Force (1.5% committee) in 1980. the administration in government

of the country therefore allocated 1.5% of the Federal accounts to the committee to be

dedication on the development of the region. Although the PTF existed until 1985/1993,

nothing much was achieved except few projects that had little impact on the welfare of

the oil producing communities in the region.

54

2.10.3 The Oil Producing Areas Development Commissionn (OMPADEC)

The growing restiveness in the region prompted Baganda Administration to establish the

OMPADEC IN 1992. Three percent (3%) of the federal oil revenue was allocated to

commission to address the development challenges of the region.

Due to lack of focus, inadequate and irregular funding, official proficiency, corruption

and excessive political interference, lack of transparency and accountability and high

overhead expenditure, the commission could not achieve much. The commission

completed several projects many were abandoned. Between 1992 and 1999 it was

wounded up.

2.11 The Niger Delta Development Commission

The failure of the development aforementioned agencies let to the establishment of the

Niger Delta Development Commission. The commission is an interventionist agency

established by the former President of Nigeria, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo. His

administration recognized the neglect of Niger Delta Region when he stated that “since

the inception of our administration in 1999, we have consistently acknowledged the

critical essence of Niger Delta to economic wellbeing of Nigeria, and committedly

striven to redress the visible underdevelopment and neglect of the past in the region”.

(NDRDMP 2005:9)

In an attempt to find solution to the hitches the previous development strategies has cause

Nigeria and the region in particular, NDDC was officially inaugurated on December 21,

2000 by President Olusegun Obasanjo to a solution to the conundrum in the region.

Considering the failure of similar past agencies, the NDDC adopted a two-pronged

approach in driving its policies and strategies. One of it first achievement was the

55

facilitation of the development of the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan to

serve as a long-term pathway and harmonization framework for different intervening

agencies and tiers of government .

56

2.11.1 MANAGEMENT OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION

In the head office of the Commission, the following Directorates exist:

a. The Directorate of Administration and Human Resources.

b. The Directorate of Community and Rural Development;

c. The Directorate of Utilities Infrastructural Development and Waterways;

d. The Directorate of Environmental Protection and Control;

e. The Directorate of Finance and Supply;

f. The Directorate of Agriculture and Fisheries;

g. The Directorate of Planning, Research, Statistics and Management Information

System;

h. The Directorate of Legal Services

i. The Directorate of Education, Health and Social Services;

j. The Directorate of Commercial and Industrial Development,

k. The Directorate of Projects Monitoring and Supervision.

57

Advisory Committee”) consist of-

(a) The Governors of the member States of the Commission land

(b) Two other persons as may be determined, from time to time, by the President,

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

The Management Committee consists of a Chairman who shall be the Managing

Director, two Executive Directors, the Directors responsible for the Directorates

established under Section 9 of this Act and such number of other members as may be

determined from time to time by the Board.

2.11.2 FUNCTIONS AND MANDATE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT

COMMISSION

The functions:

(a) Formulate policies and guidelines for the development of the Niger Delta,

area;

(b) Conceive, plan and implement, in accordance with the set rules and regulations,

projects and programmes for the sustainable development of the Niger-Delta

area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties and waterways, health,

education, employment, industrialization, agriculture and fisheries, housing,

land urban development, water supply, electricity and telecommunications;

(c) Cause the Niger-Delta area to be surveyed in order to ascertain measures which

are necessary to promote in physical and socioeconomic development;

58

(d) Prepare master plans and schemes designed to promote the physical

development of the Niger-Delta area and the estimates of the costs of

implementing such master plans and schemes;

(e) Implement all the measures approved for the development of the Niger-Delta

area by the Federal Government and the member States of the Commission.

(f) Identify factors inhibiting the development of the Niger-Delta area and assist the

member States in the formulation and implementation of policies to ensure

sound and efficient management of the resources of the Niger-Delta area;

(g) Assess and report on any project being funded or carried out in the Niger-Delta

area by oil and gas producing companies and any other company including non-

governmental organizations land ensure that funds released for such projects are

properly utilized;

(h) Tackle ecological and environmental problems that arise from the exploration of

oil mineral in the Niger-Delta area and advise the Federal Government and the

member States on the prevention and control of oil spillages, gas flaring and

environmental pollution;

(i) Liaise with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing companies

on all matters of pollution prevention and control;

(j) Executive such other works and perform such other functions which, in the

opinion of the Commission, are required for the sustainable development of the

Niger-Delta area and its peoples;

59

2.11.3 Mandate of the Niger Delta Development Commission

Formulation of policies and guidelines for the development of the Niger

Delta area.

Conception, planning and implementation, in accordance with set rules and

regulations, of projects and programs for sustainable development of the

Niger Delta area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties and

waterways, health, employment, industrialization, agriculture and fisheries,

housing and urban development, water supply, electricity and

telecommunications.

Surveying the Niger Delta in order to ascertain measures necessary to

promote its physical and socio-economic development.

Preparing master plans and schemes designed to promote the physical

development of the Niger Delta region and the estimation of the member

states of the Commission.

Implementation of all the measures approved for the development of the

Niger Delta region by the Federal Government and the states of the

Commission.

Identify factors inhibiting the development of the Niger Delta region and

assisting the member states in the formulation and implementation of

policies to ensure sound and efficient management of the resources of the

Niger Delta region.

Assessing and reporting on any project being funded or carried out in the

region by oil and gas companies and any other company, including non-

60

governmental organizations, as well as ensuring that funds released for such

projects are properly utilized.

Tackling ecological and environmental problems that arise from the

exploration of oil mineral in the Niger Delta region and advising the Federal

Government and the member states on the prevention and control of oil

spillages, gas flaring and environmental pollution.

Liaising with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing

companies on all matters of pollution, prevention and control.

Executing such other works and performing such other functions, which in

the option of the Commission are required for the sustainable development

of the Niger Delta region and its people.

61

2.11.4 Achievements of Niger Delta Development Commission

As part of our Human Resource Development Initiative, NDDC is has embarked upon

development in difference sectors in Rivers State e.g embarking on a Local Post Graduate

Scholarship Scheme to equip Niger Deltans with relevant trainings and skills for effective

participation in the local content programme of the current administration as well as

complete globally in various professional fields..

The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) has awarded over 70 mega projects

worth over N250 billion in the past two years to boost regional development and generate

thousands of employment opportunities for the people of the Niger Delta region

(http://www.nddc.gov.ng).

Speaking at the 44th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Association of Law Teachers in

Port Harcourt (July 19, 2011), the Managing Director/CEO of the Commission, said the

projects, ranging from roads and bridge construction to shore protection and hospitals, are

part of the Commission‟s strategy to build both the region and its people.

He disclosed that over 1000 minor infrastructural projects targeted at addressing various

developmental challenges have also been undertaken and are at various stages of

completion.

62

Projects Implemented by Niger Delta

Development Commission in Rivers State

Road projects

S/N Description Location Status

1 Extension of works on farm road/igbokwe close. Mgbouba on-going

2 Construction of of wosu/wogozo avenue. Rumuokurushi completed but not

commissionable

3 Construction of Heineken lokpobiri street off Sani

Abacha road,GRA phase 3, Port Harcourt.

Heineken Lokpobiri street, off

abacha road

completed but not

commissionable

4 Emergency rehabilitation of Ahoda Mbiama road. Ahoada Mbiama on-going

5 Construction of Omoku- egbada- uju wara ohuza-

obosima road/ bridge.

omoku- Egbada- Uju wara

Ohuza- Obosima

not mobilized to site

6 Construction of Elimgbu-Rumuehara-Rumunduru-

Eliozu road with sour to Eneka

Elimgbu-Rumuehara-

Rumunduru-Eliozu - Eliozu

on-going

7 Construction of road/drains at Ogele street off road

behind shell R.A. Port Harcourt

Ogele street off road behind

shell R.A

completed and commissionable

8 Construction of Elekahia link/internal road Port harcourt Elekahia completed and commissionable

9 Construction of link road through Uyo street

(Rumuomasi) to stadium road Port harcourt

Rumuomasi completed and commissionable

10 Construction of Salem close with spur through express

road, Rumuodamaya, Port Harcourt

Rumuodamaya Completed and

Commissionable

Shore protection project

1 Sand filling and shore protection of Ogu town Ogu town On-going

2 Contract for the shore protection project Kula Yet Mobilized to site

63

3 contract for the shore protection project Souk On-Going

4 contract for the shore protection project Buguma On-going

5 award of contract for the Abonnema/Krakrama

reclamation project

Abonnema / Krakrama Stalled

6 award of contract for the kalaibiama shore protection and

reclamation project

Kalaibiama Terminated

Canalization projects

S/N Description Location Status

1 contract for the canalization project

Omoku Stalled

2 award of contract for the Ngo-Ikuru town canalization

project

Ngo-Ikuru Stalled

Solar powered water projects

S/N Description Location Status

1 Solar powered water project for rivers state college of

education

Rumuolumeni Not mobilized to site

2 Contract for the solar powered water project Ndoni On-going

3 Contract for the solar powered water project Alakahia On-going

4 Contract for the solar powered water project Omoikpiriku Community On-going

5 Contract for the solar powered water project Yeghe Completed and

Commissionable

6 Contract for the solar powered water project Aluu On-going

7 Contract for the solar powered water project Akabuka Completed and

Commissionable

8 Contract for the solar powered water project Ngo On-going

9 Contract for the solar powered water project Sii Commissioned

64

10 Contract for the solar powered water project Obioha Commissioned

Building projects

S/N Description Location Status

1 Renovation / rehabilitation of amenity ward at military

hospital, port Harcourt

Port Harcourt On-going

2 Renovation / rehabilitation of office block, old block,

adult Ward and children ward at military hospital port

Harcourt.

Port Harcourt On-going

3 Re-modeling and construction of modern mortuary block

at military block, at military hospital, port Harcourt

port Harcourt On-going

4 Construction of one (1no.) main block of NDDC model

standard cottage hospital / comprehensive health centre

Ogbogu On-going

5 Renovation of classroom blocks and construction of

access road to community primary school ii at Elekahia

Elekahia On-going

Electrification projects

S/N Description location Status

1 Installation of 1 no. 300kva/0.415kv transformer for

Omoikpiriku community, Elele in Ikwerre lga now

relocated to Akabuka in rivers state

Elele On-going

2 Installation of 1 no.500kva,11/0.415kv transformer for

Owohorun Obuchi,phase 3 & 4 communities

Owohorun Obuchi On-going

3 Electrification of six communities in Emohua Emohua and others On-going

4 Award of contract for the electrification of Umuojuloke

town extension of 33kv/415v line and town power

distribution

Umuojuloke Completed and commissionable

65

5 Award of contract for the supply of fubreglass crossarms,

silicon insulators and automatic splicing kits for nddc

electrical projects.

General Completed but not

commissionable

6 Award of contract for the supply of concrete poles for

NDDC electricity projects

General Not mobilized to site

7 Award of contract for the supply of concrete poles for

NDDC electricity projects

General Not mobilized to site

8 Award of contract for the electrification of Okehi –

Ndashi

Okehi – Ndashi On-going

9 Aw#ard of contract for the Egwi-Ulakwo-Akukabi-Okehi

electricity project

Egwi-Ulakwo-Akukabi On-going

10 Award of contract for the electrification of Egwi-Odufor

– Umuoye

Egwi-Odufor - Umuoye On-going

Water projects

S/N Description location status

1 Water distribution mains from Uegwere water station to

Kono Gbam, Norkuri & Kereke Bonue ( additional

works due to Vandalization)

Ugwrere On-going

2 Award of contract for the completion of queens town

water rehabilitation project

Queens Town Completed and commissionable

3 Award of contract for the Terabor water project Terabor Not mobilized to site

4 Award of contract for the Bolo water project Bolo On-going

66

5 Award of contract for the Aggah water project Aggah On-going

6 Award of contract for the Omoku municipal water

project

Omoku On-going

7 Award of contract for the Nonwa water project Nonwa On-going

8 Award of contract for the Onne water supply project Onne On-going

9 Award of contract for the Kono water project Kono On-going

10 Award of contract for the Peterside town water

project

Peterside Town On-going

Bridge projects

s/n Description Location status

1 Ibaa Bridge / Drainage Ibaa Completed and commissionable

Jetties and Canalisation Projects

S/N Description Location status

1 Award of contract for the construction of landing jetty at

Georgekiri

Ground and bonny Completed and commissionable

2 Award of contract for the construction of landing jetty at

ataba

Ataba Commissioned

3 Award of contract for the construction of light craft jetty

at Kaa

Kaa Commissioned

4 Completion of concrete jetty, waiting shed and access

road.

Angulama On-going

67

Adapted from http: www.nddc.gov.ng

5 Completion of reinforcement concrete retaining wall

embankment and jetty at Krakrama.

Krakrama On-going

6 Construction of landing jetty Usuokun Completed and commissionable

68

2.11.5 Challenges faced by the Niger Delta Development Commission

A decade ago, the Presidency established the Niger Delta Development Commission, as

an interventionist agency to help give the oil-rich Niger Delta region a facelift. Although,

so far, the commission has recorded giant strides, it faces hurdles in putting smiles on the

faces of the people. Before the Niger Delta Development Commission, NDDC, came on

board, there had been attempts at tackling the peculiar challenges of the Niger Delta

region. Interventionist agencies had been put in place by government after government.

But for reasons bordering on too much bureaucracy, among others, the agencies did not

succeed in achieving the aims for which they were set up. (Adejumo 2010:

http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116).

When the Niger Delta Development Commission came, the first hurdle it faced was that

of cynicism. Many just saw it as another white elephant agenda from the Federal

Government to deceive the Niger Delta people. Many saw in it a place to come for free

meal. Largely, this perception has not fully given way. Despite efforts of the management

of the commission to prove that it is not out to give free meal, some still look forward to

it to give out money for work not done. . People are more interested in collecting money

to share and not how such money can be collectively earned. They don‟t care if this

money needs to be invested. A contractor moves into a particular community but the

people will not allow him to work until he pays them certain amount of money because

they do not see the project as theirs, they see it as NDDC project ( Adejumo 2010:

http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116).

69

There is also the challenge of over-expectations. : “Also there is this other side in which

everybody wants NDDC to do everything. When there is no water, they think it is the

NDDC that should be called upon and so on and so

forth. So, at the end of the day, you start to ask what all the other bodies and government

agencies do because NDDC is an interventionist body. The NDDC receives just about

seven percent of money that comes to the region while the

various governments and parastatals and agencies receive about 93 per cent, but everyone

still thinks the NDDC should do everything there.” One other stumbling block is that of

government not keeping to the dictates of the NDDC Act regarding contributions to its

coffers. As at today, based on the 15 percent prescribed by the Act, the Federal

Government is owing the Commission about half a trillion naira. Imagine what

development such resources would have brought to the people of the region ( Adejumo

2010: http://thecapitolmagazine.com/?p=116).

Project monitoring is another bottleneck the commission is tackling. As a result of the

mentality that the commission is out to give free meal, some people given jobs to do

usually deliver sub-standard jobs.

The Commission also faces the headache of working in a difficult terrain in terms of

nature of soil and water. The nature of the soil in most areas of the region is such that

excavations have to be done before roads are built. This means the commission has to

spend more. This nature of land also affects water projects.

70

2.12 PARTNERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (PSD) FORUM

NDDC started implementation of its integrated strategy for regional development by

setting up the rational partners for sustainable development (PSD) forum; aiming to

promote collaborative action and positive relationship between all regional stakeholders

(NDRDMP implementation Guide: 2005:32)

Before the ministry (Niger Delta Affairs) came on board, the NDDC had already set up a

clearing house called the Partners for Sustainable Development [PSD] Forum. This

important organ brings together representatives of federal and state governments of oil-

bearing states, youth and women leaders, traditional rulers as well as the organized

private sector, civil society, the mass media and international development agencies such

as the UNDP and the World Bank. Its main function is to ensure that the developmental

activities in the Niger Delta by all stakeholders are synchronized. This important organ is

all that the ministry needs to key into the development programmes of the region ( Ifeatu

AgbuNews Nigerian Master Web daily news 09/08/11)

2.12.1 Membership of the PSD Forum

It is necessary to identify the active stakeholders that have a role to play in the process of

charge envisage in the plan in line with the dynamic planning principles, and the recipient

stakeholders who experience the current conditions and will experience the impacts of

change.

At the civil society level members are:

Civic Society Orginizations

Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

United Nation Development Programme (UNDP)

United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF)

71

Oil Producers Trade Sections (OPTS)

At the state levels members are government ministries such as:

Ministry of Environment

Ministry of Agriculture

Ministry of Rural Development

At the national level members are:

National Planning Commission

2.12.2 Role of the Partners for Sustainable Development (PSD) Forum

The Niger Delta Regional Master Plan (NDRMP) is an integrated development plan. To

ensure sustainable development of the Niger Delta Region, there is recognition of the

integration and cooperation and to a large extent decision or action taken by active

stakeholders. The best way to ensure active implementation of the plan therefore is by

consulting with various stakeholders (active and recipient) to understand their motive and

constraints, and also involving them in the plan implementation.

Partners for sustainable development were to be created at Regional, State and Local

levels to help drive implementation of the regional development plans at the three levels

and different organizations.

One of the first assignments of the Regional PSD which commenced in 2005 was to

define arrears of intervention where projects could start. This produced the result of

Quick Impact Projects which were incorporated in the implantation programmes.

The cross section of the PSD also take part in workshops where they engage in working

through the projects development matrix: at the workshop there are discussions about

criteria for budget allocation and for project selection setting priorities between

72

programmes, projects on the composite list. This helps to prevent project duplication by

stakeholders.

73

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This non-scientific research is a historical study on the achievements of the Niger Delta

Development Commission (NDDC) in Rivers State. The study made a survey on the

activities of NDDC in the State. Questionnaires were administered to all beneficiaries of

projects been implemented by NDDC in the areas of Health, Education, Water,

Transportation, Energy and Power. A semi structure interview was used to generate

information from key informants who had good knowledge of implemented projects and

their impacts.

3.1 Research Design

The survey is inclined on historical and descriptive method. Questionnaire and

observation instruments were used for data collection. The questionnaires were designed

and developed in line with the objectives of the study. They were designed in such a way

that the respondents would answer "yes" or "No" or “no response” except where they

were required to make suggestions or comments. The personal interview was face to

face. The audience were stakeholders in state: selected Community Development

Committee (CDC) representatives, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Private

Companies, Traditional institution, members of the Media, Staff of NDDC and other

interested stakeholders.

3.2 Study Area

The Niger Delta, the delta of the Niger River in Nigeria, is a densely populated region.

The area was the British Oil Rivers Protectorate from 1885 until 1893, when it was

expanded and became the Niger Coast Protectorate. The Region, as now defined

74

officially by the Nigerian government, extends over about 70,000 km² and makes up

7.5% of Nigeria‟s land mass. Historically and cartographically, it consists of present day

Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers States. In 2000, however, Obansanjo's regime included Abia,

Akwa-Ibom, Cross River State, Edo, Imo and Ondo States in the region. Some 31 million

people of more than 40 ethnic groups including the Efik, Ibibio, Annang, Oron, Ijaw,

Itsekiri, Igbo, Isoko, Urhobo, Yoruba, and Kalabari, are among the inhabitants in the

Niger Delta, speaking about 250 different dialects.

The delta is an oil-rich region, and has been the centre of international controversy over

devastating pollution, kleptocracy and human rights violations.

Rivers State is one of the nine (9) Niger Delta states of the thirty six (36) states in

Nigeria. Its capital is Port Harcourt. It is bounded on the South by the Atlantic Ocean, to

the North by Imo, Abia and Anambra States, to the East by Akwa Ibom State and to the

West by Bayelsa and Delta states. Rivers state is home to a variety of ethnic groups,

including Abua, Andoni, Ekpeye, Engenni, Etche, lbani, lkwerre, Kalabari,

Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni, Okrika and Ogoni. The inland part of Rivers state consists of

tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical Niger Delta environment features many

mangrove swamps.

Rivers state, named after the many rivers that border its territory, was part of the Oil

Rivers Protectorate from 1885 till 1893, when it became part of the Niger Coast

Protectorate. In 1900 the region was merged with the chartered territories of the Royal

Niger Company to form the colony of Sothern Nigeria. The state was formed in 1967

with the split of the Eastern Region of Nigeria. Until 1996 the state contained the area

which is now in the Bayelsa State.

75

Map of Rivers State

Source: Google gps

The economic activities of Rivers state includes manufacturing such as food processing,

car assembly, manufacture of paper products, paints, petroleum products refinery and

road construction, metal works and cement making, enamelware, bicycles, furniture, and

soap making. Services include legal services, hospitality, medical, Educational and

engineering services. Extractive industries also exist such as mining of coal, tin and

petroleum, oil and gas liquefaction.

Also agricultural and agro based businesses exist in the city some of which are logging

and timber processing, tobacco processing and cigarette making, plastic molding and the

76

manufacture of rubber based products like tyres, bands and tube and glass making.

Imports are mainly automobiles, electronics, textiles and processed food. Sometimes rice,

Electricity and supply is still poor but on going projects in the state are aimed at

improving infrastructure in the nearest possible time. Crime rate in Rivers state is one of

the highest.

3.3 Sources of Data

Data were sourced through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources were the

people of Rivers state on whom the projects implemented have impacted, and NDDC

staff. Other primary source was through observation. We can always appreciate

development if we measure it empirically. Observation was used to assess the

achievements of the Niger Delta Development commission in Rivers State.

Data was also sourced through secondary sources. Some of the achievements that have

been documented were assessed. These were published and unpublished documents.

These included minutes of meetings, reports, magazines; journals on NDDC implemented

project, Niger Delta Regional Master Plan and websites of difference stakeholders.

3.4 Population of The study

The population of the study was the people of Rivers State that have been affected

positively or negatively by NDDC‟s activities. They included NDDC staff, Community

Development Committees (CDCs), the women groups, the youths, the infants, the

educationist, farmers, health beneficiaries the private and multi-national companies.

3.5 Sample size and Sampling Technique

One hundred and fifty (150) respondents were sampled to represent the population of

Rivers State. For the purpose of good representation, the state was stratified into two:

77

urban and rural communities. Purposeful sampling method was used to represent health,

education, energy, water and transport beneficiaries of these two groups. On the groups,

respondents were sampled randomly. Questionnaires were administered to the

respondents while NDDC staff were interviewed.

3.6 Data Collection Instrument s and Method of Distribution

Questionnaire, semi-structured interview and observation were the instruments for data

collection. Questionnaires were administered to the selected population using purposeful

and random sampling. Observation was made on infrastructures and empirical

development made by the Niger Development Commission. The questionnaires were

designed and developed in line with the objectives of the study. They were designed in

such a way that the respondents would answer "yes" or "No" or “no response” except

where they were required to make suggestions or comments.

The personal interview was a face to face. The audience was stakeholders in the state:

selected Community Development Committee (CDC) representatives, Non Governmental

Organizations (NGOs), Private Companies, Traditional institution, members of the

Media, Staff of NDDC and other interested stakeholders.

3.7 Method of Data Analysis

Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analyses were employed. They included

charts, tables, histograms, percentages and ratios. Some qualitative data were transformed

into quantitative for the purpose of easy identification, assessment and measurement.

Direct reporting was used for other qualitative responses and reports.

78

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Introduction

This chapter presents the data generated from the two hundred respondents that were

examined. Questionnaires, systematic observation, and semi-structured interviews were

used for data gathering across the selected communities in Rivers State. Twenty

questionnaires were not returned, the analysis will therefore be made on two hundred

returned questionnaires. Data generated were presented using tables, charts, histograms

and percentages. Some qualitative data were transformed into quantitative for the purpose

of easy identification, assessment and measurement. Some qualitative data were directly

reported and some were grouped for easy representation. The analysis is divided into two

sections; section A presented the information on respondents bio data and section B

focused on the socio economic impacts of the projects implemented by the Niger Delta

Development Commission in Rivers State.

79

SECTION A: Bio-Data Characteristics of the Respondents

6. Sex

Table 4.1 Sex distribution of the respondents

Response Score %

Male 110 55%

Female 90 45%

Total 200 100% Source: field survey

Figure 4.1 the sex distribution of the respondents

Source: Adapted from table 4.1

The data in Table 4.1 and Fig 4.1 shows the sex mix of the sample size. Out of the total

number of respondents; male accounted for 55% while female accounted for 45 %. The

data were generated from beneficiaries of projects implemented by the Niger Delta

Development Commission in their communities.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Male Female

11090

80

7. Age Group

Table 4.2 Age group of the respondents

Age Group Score %

21-30 78 39%

31-40 90 45%

41-50 24 12%

51 and Above 8 4%

Total 200 100% Source: field survey

Figure 4.2: Age group of the respondents

Source: Adapted from table 4.2

From the two hundred respondents, majority of them were between ages 21-30 and 31 –

40. They accounted for 39% and 45 % respectively. Others were between ages 41-50 and

51 above who accounted for 12% and 4% respectively. These groups represented

respondents who gave constructed responses and recommendations in the data generated.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

21-30 31-40 41-50 51 and Above

78 90

248

81

8. Marital Status

Table 4.3 Marital Status of respondents

Marital Status Score %

Single 92 46%

Married 96 48%

Separated 2 1%

Divorced 2 1%

Widowed 8 4%

Total 200 100% Source: field survey

Figure 4.3 Marital Status of the Respondents

Source: Adapted from table 4.3

The data generated presented 46 % to be single, 48 % to be married, 1 % to be separated,

1% to be divorced and 4% to be widow. Most respondents were single and married; other

few ones are divorced, separated and widowed.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Single Married Separated Divorced Widowed

92 96

2 2 8

82

9. Educational Qualification

Table 4.4 Educational Qualification

Educational Background Score %

First School Leaver 11 5%

WASC/O' Level 46 23%

NCE/OND/ A' Level 29 14%

HND 23 11%

B.Sc 49 25%

M.Sc 15 8%

P.hd 11 6%

Others 16 8%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.4 Educational Qualification

Source: Adapted from table 4.4

Level of education, enlightenment and exposure helps respondents give meaningful

contributions towards a research. This section presents the qualification of the

respondents. Out of the two hundred respondents, 5 % had primary school leaving

certificates, 23 % had WASC/ O‟ Level certificates, 11 % had HND, 14 % had

NCE/OND/ A‟ Levels, 25 % had B.Sc, 8% has M.Sc, 6 % had P.hd while the remaining

8% had other qualifications which were not specified.

020406080

100120140160180200

1146 29 23

4915 11 16

83

SECTION B: Socio-economic Data

10. Are you aware about the existence of Niger Delta Development Commission?

Table 4.5 People’s awareness about the existence of the Niger

Delta Development Commission

Response Score %

Yes 182 91%

No 18 9%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.5 People’s awareness about the existence of Niger DeltaDevelopment

Commission

Yes91%

No9%

Source: Adapted from table 4.5

Awareness about the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission by the

people is a base for this study. Table 4.5 and figure 4.5 above shows that majority of the

respondents are aware of the existence of the Niger Delta Development Commission.

91% of the people responded positive to be aware while 9% have not heard about its

existence. From the data generated, it can be deduced therefore, that the Niger Delta

Development Commission is well known by majority of people in Rivers State.

84

11. Has the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission reduced

agitation by the people?

Table 4.6 Level of people’s agitation after the creation of Niger

Delta Development Commission

Response Score %

Yes 93 46%

No 79 40%

I don‟t know 28 14%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.6 Level of People’s agitation after the creation of the Niger Delta

Development Commission

Yes46%

No40%

I don’t know14%

Source: Adapted from table 4.6

During the survey, the respondents were asked if the creation of the Niger Delta

Development Commission has reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta., the

response of the people for yes or no are nor far apart. 46% agreed that the creation has

reduced the agitation by the people while 40% disagreed to that effect. Very few were

indifference to this question, they were 14 %. From the above result, it can be deduced

that the tension for that the federal government neglecting the region has reduced through

the creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission but other agitations has posted

some questions if the commission has met its mandate.

85

12. Has Niger Delta Development Commission carried out any project in your

community?

Table 4.7 People’s response to Niger Delta Development

Commission implemented project communities

Response Score %

Yes 84 42%

No 36 18%

No idea 80 40%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.7 People’s response to Niger Delta Development Commission implemented

project in communities

Yes42%

No18%

No idea40%

Source: Adapted from table 4.7

Majority of the people who were aware about the existence of the Niger Delta

Development Commission agreed that the commission has carried out some projects in

their communities. 42% confirmed that the commission has carried out some projects in

their communities while 18% said the commission has not implemented any project in

their communities. Other who were indifferent to this question were 40%. Table 4.7

an4.7 and figure above has shown the response from people about the projects

implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State.

86

8. Categories of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission in communities

Table 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger

Delta Development Commission in communities

Response Score %

Electricity 35 17

Water 35 17

Road Construction,

bridges and drainages 40 20

Education 20 10

Shore protection and

Reclamation projects 10 5

Transformer 10 5

Transportation 35 18

Health Center 5 5

Skills Development and

Training 10 3

Total 200 100 Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.8 Categorization of projects implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission in communities

Electricity 17%

Water17%

Road Construction

20%

Education10%

Shore protection and

Reclamation

projects5%

Transformer5%

Transportation18%

Health Center3%

Skills Development and Training

5%

Source: Adapted from table 4.8

Table 4.8 and figure 4.8 above show various projects carried out by the Niger Delta

Development Commission in various communities in as Rivers State.

87

These projects are Road construction, construction of bridge and erosion drainages,

provision of electricity transformers, drilling of boreholes, Shore protection, solar power

projects, construction of jetties, rehabilitation of schools, and provision of vehicles for

transport. The report shows that little attention has been given to health by the

Commission in the State. The few communities the specific project like show protection

accounted for other low score because of the peculiarities about their environments.

88

9. Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission

Table 4. Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission (overall)

Response Score %

Best 24 13%

Good 32 17%

Moderately good 80 42%

Poor 42 22%

Worst 12 6%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.9 Rating of Projects Implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission

Best13%

Good17%

Moderately good42%

Poor22%

Worst6%

Source: Adapted from table 4.9

From figure 4.9 and table 4.9 above, the respondents‟ rating of the projects implemented

by Niger Delta Development Commission were recorded.42 % responded that the

qualities of projects has been moderately good, 22% and 6% were recorded been poor

and worst respectively. Other respondents said the projects are good and best. They

accounted for 17% and 13 respectively.

89

From the data generated, it can be deduced that the projects implemented by the Niger

Delta Development Commission have been moderately good and some poor. Few has

been best and good,

90

10. Implemented projects meeting people’s demand

Table 4.9 Implemented projects meeting people’s demand

Response Score %

Yes 72 36%

No 68 34%

I don‟t Know 60 30%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.10 Implemented Projects Meeting People’s demand

Yes36%

No34%

I don’t Know30%

Source: Adapted from table 4.10

Out of the total number of respondents 36% agreed that the project implemented have

met their demand. 34% responded negatively that the projects have not met their demand.

Only few were indifferent. The gaps between the positive and negative responses were

close in range. This means that the impact of the projects initiated by the commission

(NDDC) in Rivers State is not generated felt by the people.

91

11. Respondent’s Assessment Grading of Niger Delta Development Commission’s by

projects Categorization

Project Education Health Water Road Electricity Transportation Score

Response

s

80 102 94 80 112 94 1

20 20 22 20 20 12 2

20 20 14 12 6 12 3

10 0 12 12 6 8 4

8 0 0 0 0 4 5

62 58 58 76 56 70 6

Total Response 200 200 200 200 200 200

Response

s

Source: Field Survey

Legend

Figure 4.11 Respondent’s Assessment Grading of Niger Delta Development

Commission’s by projects Categorization

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Source: Adapted from table 4.11

On this section, the data generated was to rate the projects initiated by Niger Delta

Development Commission in their order performance using 6 as the highest score and 1

as the lowest grade. From table 4.11 and figure 4.11 above, majority of the people rated

the projects initiated by the commission to be grade 1. Which is the lowest grade The

other data were scattered across other grade such as 5,4,3,2 and 1 as shown above.

6 Highest Score

1 Lowest Score

92

12. People’s recommendation on Niger Delta Development Commission’s projects

by prioritization

Project Education Health Water Road Electricity Transportation Score

Response

s

20 32 40 36 24 26 1

6 6 8 4 10 8 2

6 4 10 8 4 8 3

4 4 6 5 4 10 4

6 8 0 10 10 40 5

158 146 136 137 148 108 6

Total Response 200 200 200 200 200 200

Response

s

Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.12 People’s recommendation on Niger Delta Development Commission’s projects by

prioritization

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

Group 5

Group 6

Source: Adapted from table 4.12

The people of Rivers Stat were asked to prioritize the projects in the order they want the

Niger Delta Development Commission to make improvements using 6 as the highest

grade in the recommendation and 1 as the lowest. Majority (above 60%) of the

respondents wants them to improve on all the projects as stated above. Other

recommendations were scattered across the grades as stated above.

93

13. Future recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission

Table 4.13 People’s future recommendation of NDDC

Response Score %

Yes 104 52%

No 54 27%

I don‟t know 42 21%

Total 200 100% Source: Field Survey

Figure 4.13 Future recommendation of Niger Delta Development Commission

Yes52%No

27%

I don’t know21%

Source: Adapted from table 4.13

From table 4.13 and figure 4.13 above, 52% of the respondents would recommend that

the Niger Delta Development Commission carry out future projects in their communities

while 27 would not recommend the commission for future projects. Only 21% were

indifferent in their response.

94

4.13 TESTING OF THE HYPOTHESES

Having given a careful analysis of the responses, the hypothesis formulated in chapter

one will now be tested and the result discussed. Statistical method of Chi-square will be

used to test all the hypotheses.

Formula: X² = (O - E)² Where

E O is the Observed Frequency in each category

E is Expected Frequency in the corresponding

category is the sum of

df is the “degree of freedom” ( n-1)

X² is Chi Square

Ho is Null hypothesis

H¹ is Alternative hypothesis

Hypothesis 1 : The creation of Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the

agitation by the people of Niger Delta Region

Category O E

(O - E)

(O - E)²

(O - E)²

E

Yes 46 33.3

12.7

161.29

4.8

No 40 33.3

6.7

44.89

1.34

I don‟t know 14 33.3

-19.3

372.43

11.2

17.34

Computer Value : X² =17.34

Degree of freedom: ki = 3 – 1 = 2

Level of confidence: 95% or 0.05

Table value: 5.99

95

Decision Rule

Reject: Ho if X² (computed value) is greater than table value.

Accept: Ho if X² (computer value) i less than table value.

Final decision: the final decision is that, creation of the Niger Delta Development

Commission has reduced agitations by the Niger Deltan people for participating in

their own development.

Hypothesis 2: Water projects implemented by Niger Delta Development Commission

have reduced water related problems in Rivers State.

Category

(Grade) O E

(O - E)

(O - E)²

(O - E)²

E

1

47 16.7

30.3

918.09

54.96

2

11 16.7

-5.7

32.49

1.95

3

7 16.7

-9.7

94.09

5.63

4

6 16.7

-10.7

114.49

6.9

5

0 16.7

-16.7

278.89

16.7

6

29 16.7

12.3

151.29

9.06

95.2

Computer Value: X² = 95.2

Degree of freedom: ki = 6 – 1 = 5

Level of confidence: 95% or 0.05

Table value: 11.07

Decision Rule

Reject: Ho if X² is (computed value) is greater than table value.

Accept: Ho if X² is (computer value) i less than table value.

Final decision: since the table value of 11.07 is less than the computer value of 95.2 the

final decision is that, Ho is accepted. The water projects implemented by the Niger

Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not solved water related

problems.

96

Hypothesis 3: Electricity projects implemented by Niger Delta Development

Commission have increased power generation in Rivers State.

Category

(Grade) O E

(O - E)

(O - E)²

(O - E)²

E

1

56 16.7

39.3

1544.49

92.5

2

10 16.7

-6.7

44.89

2.7

3

3 16.7

-13.7

187.69

11.24

4

3 16.7

-13.7

187.69

11.24

5

0 16.7

-16.7

278.89

16.7

6

28 16.7

11.3

127.69

7.66

142.04

Computer Value: X² = 142.04

Degree of freedom: ki = 6 – 1 = 5

Level of confidence: 95% or 0.05

Table value: 11.07

Decision Rule

Reject: Ho if X² is (computed value) is greater than table value.

Accept: Ho if X² is (computer value) i less than table value.

Final decision: since the table value of 11.07 is less than the computer value of 142.04

the final decision is that, Ho is accepted. The electricity projects implemented by the

Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not increased power

generation in Rivers State

97

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY CONCLUSIONN AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The crisis in the Niger Delta is strongly linked to the absence of physical development

and the inadequate access to resources. Although the Federal Government created Niger

Delta Development Commission to serve as interventionist agency to respond to the

needs of the Region, a lot more, in terms of basic infrastructure, economic policies,

programmes and environmental management frameworks which will sustain economic

and social development in the region need to improved. After data collection, the study

rigorous analysis and summarized the findings in accordance with these objectives of the

study: ascertain the circumstances that led to the formation of the Niger Delta

Development Commission., highlight the achievements of the Commission (NDDC)

over the past five years, make a critical assessments of the stated achievements viz-a-viz

its statutory mandates, identify the challenges faced by the commission in the discharge

of its duties over the years and; make necessary suggestions of viable solutions on

identified challenges.

Findings

It was discovered that creation of the Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced

agitations by the Niger Deltan for participating in their own development. That the

creation of Niger Delta Development Commission has reduced the tension from the

people about being neglected by the government. Although other agitations arose as a

result of inefficiencies of the Commission.

In the course to test the above hypothesis it was discovered that the water projects

implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in Rivers State have not

98

solved water related problems. Water projects like the borehole, pipe born water solar

water lack maintenance. The rate of sustainability of the projects is low. Most of the solar

water system lack maintenance and operators. Several of these have let to water

problems. Long trek to stream has let to low school attendance.

The electricity projects implemented by the Niger Delta Development Commission in

Rivers State have not increased power generation in Rivers State.

Several electricity project have been installed by the Niger Delta Development

Commission in Rivers State but most of the transformers are either not functioning or in

bad state. The low in power supply in Rivers state has slow down manufacture and the

activities around manufacturing industries.

Quality education to boost the human capital required to develop the Region and

transform its problematic social relations and structures is still very low. Also, the state of

educational and healthcare infrastructure required by the Region is far from satisfactory.

Many communities, especially those in coastal parts, far away from capitals, lack basic

educational facilities even within primary schools and primary healthcare centres. This

situation has given rise to high school drop-out rates, high death rates, disturbing infant

and maternal mortality, illiteracy, non applicable learning, low performance at

WAEC/JAMB and growth in delinquent behaviour by youth in the region.

5.2 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, it is clear that though governments, since 1958, have set up very high

powered committees to look into the problems of the Niger, they have suffered the same

fate: non implementation. In cases where some of the recommendations have been

considered at all, they have been taken out of context and implemented piecemeal or

without the required enthusiasm, consistency and monitoring. Some of the reports were

99

not even touched at all; no White Paper was issued, and no follow-up implementation and

monitoring mechanisms were set up by Government. This meant that the will and

required enthusiasm to set in motion processes for a developed, peaceful and progressive

Niger Delta were absent.

It will not be out of place to state categorically that the current quagmire which the

people of the Niger Delta Region find themselves and the country is entangled,

characterized by violence, kidnappings, oil theft, illegal bunkering, political uncertainty,

economic dislocation, divestment, and inter-and intra-community suspicion and conflicts

is the result of non-implementation of the recommendations of various reports on the

Niger Delta. Insensitivity, neglect and at times, marginalization of already powerless and

devastated communities have made it possible for political opportunists, bad leaders,

corruption, waste, institution al decay and in efficiency to thrive.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The Federal government should create and external check agency that will be

involved directly on the project implemented by the Niger Delta Development

Commission. The agency should be equipped with well qualified, disciplined

monitoring and evaluation professionals. The commission should be responsible for

submitting periodic reports to the check agency these agencies should involved

communities‟ representatives, government officials, international donors and other

stakeholders in the region.

2. The federal government should pay up the money owned so that the commission will

be given a plain ground to play their impact. Federal government withholding some

funds form the commission may hider the progress of the commission.

100

3. Sustainability of a project will be assured if the projects are people‟s driven. All

projects initiators should encourage participation of the people from initiation to

monitoring and evaluation of projects. All contractors should be pre-qualified before

the contract is awarded and the check agency should always use a standard to assess

qualifications, and implemented projects. Other recommendations have been

summarized in the context of the scope of the study and stated as follows:

Environmental

4. The sustainable utilization of the resources of the Niger Delta holds the key to the

successful re-integration of the Region into a productive national economy. For

sustainable development to take place the various environmental failings of the past

years must be successfully addressed and this involves the strategic and urgent

restoration, rehabilitation and remediation of several degraded and threatened sites.

5. Decree No. 86 of 1992 should be strictly and faithfully enforced and complied with

especially as it relates to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

6. Niger Delta Development Commission, Governments and stakeholders at all levels

should intervene and ensure the preservation and sustainability of the environment as

a major part of the development agenda for the Region. This calls for a

comprehensive review of laws, putting in place environmental remediation

programmes that are labour-intensive and create employment opportunities for

community members in ways that are economically viable and can lead to

responsible corporate practices and enforceable environmental standards.

Economic

7. Rebuilding the Niger Delta into a prosperous Region requires that we grow the

economy of the Region and create jobs that pay good wages. It is also important to

101

move away from oil dependency and its conflicts towards the provision of

infrastructure which will propel growth as well as address poverty reducing

economic policies and programmes.

8. To diversify the Region's economy, there is need for it to regain her pride of place as

a major producer of agricultural produce without ignoring the multiple industrial

potentials associated with petrochemicals and gas. Also, there is need to get private

sector investments back into the Region and stimulate economic growth through the

re-envisioning of the service sector.

9. The Niger Delta Development Commission should work out schemes to support the

provision of implements to small-scale farmers and fisher-persons in riverine and

coastal communities as a means of addressing unemployment and reducing poverty;

Stimulate micro- and small-scale enterprises or development schemes that address

the needs of women engaged in small agro-related businesses;

Health and Education

10. Health problems in the Niger Delta are closely linked to environmental challenges.

Data available on water-related diseases, water supply and waste management

practices illustrate that water contamination and associated diseases area common

problem throughout the Region.

11. The schools and centres should be well–equipped; Establish in every ward, a

functional primary health centre assisted by Niger Delta Development Commission;

Provide free medical care for pregnant women, children under five years, adults

above 65 years and the physically challenged; Assisted to put in place a programme

backed by incentives that propel qualified science teachers to seek deployment to

rural areas in the Region; Provide scholarship from primary to higher education.

102

12. Establish mobile clinics, equipped and staffed. Build and equip testing centres for

addressing preventable diseases such as yellow fever, TB,HIV/AIDS and malaria;

Provide free anti-malaria treated mosquito net; and make anti-malaria drugs freely

available to all malaria patients in the Region;

Power and Energy

13. Explore and utilize hydro, gas, solar or wind energy sources to provide more power

and explore alternative sources of energy for electricity projects..

General

14. Develop strategies for effective and appropriate partnership based on community

engagement mechanism to ensure wide participation in development process, and in

particular ensure that community and Rural Development Directorate

15. Correlates the commission‟s strategies on project development and safety imperative

of the community, ensuring they are compatible

16. Develop blue prints for partnership initiatives for reflect the commission‟s mandate

as entrenched in the Niger Delta Region Development Master Plan.

17. Develop strategies to enhance trust and confidence in the Commission

18. Design appropriate remedial actions to be taken to satisfy relevant stakeholders in

the case of impacted properties by development interventions

19. Develop guiding principles for relationship management between NDDC,

contractors and communities.

20. Develop strategies geared towards education, information and mobilization of local

populace for enhanced cooperation and mutual co-existence of all stakeholders

21. Periodically review and revise community relation policy and procedures in line

with existing realities

103

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region of Nigeria”. A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and

the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering.

107

APPENDIX I

Institute For Development Studies,

University of Nigeria,

Enugu Campus

April, 2011.

Dear Sir/Madam,

QUESTIONNAIRE

I am a student of University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus under-going M.Sc program in the

Institute For Development Studies. This research is an academic exercise.

The attached questionnaire is aimed at aiding a research study being carried out on " a

critical aprraisal of the role of Niger Delta Development commission (NDDC) in socio-

Economic development: a case of Port Harcourt local government areas of River State.

You are requested to study the questionnaire and supply the information required.

You are assured of confidential treatment of any information given and no name is

required on the form.

Thanks for your co-operation in advance.

Yours faithfully,

Akintonde Olumide Jude

108

QUESTIONNAIRE ON A PROJECT TOPIC: “A CRITICAL APRRAISAL OF THE

ROLE OF NIGER DELTA DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (NDDC) IN SOCIO-

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CASE OF RIVERS STATE

Please Mark ( x )in the appropriate box; and fill in the blank space that corresponds with

your response.

PART ONE

1. SEX: Male { } Female { }

2. AGE: 21 – 30 { }

31 – 40 { }

41 - 50 { }

51 and above { }

3. MARITAL STATUS:

Single { }

Married { }

Separated { }

Divorced { }

Widowed { }

4. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:

First School Leaving Certificate { }

WASC/GCE "0" Level { }

NCE/OND/GCE "A" level { }

HND { }

B.Sc { }

M.Sc { }

P.hd { }

Others { }

109

PART TWO

5. Have you heard about the Niger Delta Development Commission?

Yes { }

No { }

6. Has the creation of NDDC reduced the agitation by the people of Niger Delta

Region?

Yes { }

No { }

I don‟t know { }

7. Has Niger Delta Development Commission carried out any project in your

community?

Yes { }

No { }

No Idea { }

8. If yes please mention few

--------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------

9. How can you rate the quality of the project implemented in your

community?

Best

Good

Moderately good

Poor

Worst

10. Did the projects carried out by NDDC meet peoples‟ demand?

Yes { }

No { }

I don‟t know { }

110

11. Please rate NDDC role in the order of their performance below using 6

as the highest and 1 and the lowest point.

Education { }

Health { }

Water { }

Road { }

Electricity { }

Transportation { }

12. In what areas will you want them to improve upon, using 6 as the highest and 1 as

the lowest?

Education { }

Health { }

Water { }

Road { }

Electricity { }

Transportation { }

11. Will you recommend that Niger Delta Development Commission to

carry out other projects in the future?

a. Yes { }

b. No { }

c. I don‟t know { }