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A Comparative Study on Country Expenditure: A Case for Responsible Financing in the Asia-Pacific

“…poor countries like mine…have to choose between the life of a child—dying of a preventable disease—and the servicing of an external debt that, ultimately, is not

payable anyway….frankly, it is a scandal that we are forced to choose between basic health and education for our people and repaying historical debt.” – Benjamin Mkapa,

2005, President of Tanzania

By Louise Deady

Submitted for UTS assessment- Professional Placement Program and

Jubilee Australia- Placement location

Contents

Guide to tabulated data1. Acronyms used in table footnotes 2. Key to table data

Introduction

Part I: The Debt Crisis1. Debt2. Debt Relief 3. Debt and Development- The Links

Part II: Debt and Human Rights1. Health2. Education

Part III: The Countries

Conclusion

Reference List

Guide to tabulated data

1. Acronyms used in table footnotes ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ADB Asian Development Bank AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development WHO World Health Organization WB World Bank SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Program (UN)ESCAP United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the

PacificUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UN-OHRLLS United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least

Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States

2. Key to table data * = Judged by weight for age ** = For most recent year available for the specified period

IntroductionThe world is currently experiencing a financial crisis. However, this report argues that a financial crisis has in fact been existent in the developing world for decades. This is because of the large amount of debt that developing counties owe to the developed world, and in many cases, this debt is illegitimate. As a consequence of being indebted, a ‘crisis of finances’ occurs in that government spending on education and health are severely restricted in order to accommodate for high debt servicing. This can be argued to be in violation of basic human rights. This is what the following study aims to convey- the sharp differences within country spending but also between country spending.

Hence, the comparative area to this study is twofold. Comparisons emerge between country data as statistical information gathered is for the same indicators. This means, for example, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be compared across all countries. Second comparisons occur via the debt diamond graphs as Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) averages are positioned against individual country statistics.

The geographical focus of this study is the Asia-Pacific, which is home to half the world’s population and two thirds of the world’s poor (Yudhoyono, 2005; Vorachith, 2005). In the rest of this study being focused on the Asia-Pacific, this author would like to briefly acknowledge the countries of Africa and South America also suffering the economic and political repercussions of debt that this study has not entered into. These countries are equally as important and have their own unique differences in their experiences of the debt crisis.

To establish a background to the statistical information and country data, the debt crisis will be discussed, along with the human rights framework that has shaped this study.

Part I: The Debt Crisis

1. Debt Whether through misfortune, flawed spending decisions, corrupt governments or the influence of international economic changes, countries can accrue debt that accumulates to levels too high to repay (Department for International Development, 2004). This then subjects the government of the indebted country to the control of the creditors and means that the indebted country adopts certain policies and/or undertakes new loans (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007).Apart from threatening democracy, this also means the indebted government is directing its accountability away from its citizens, often not meeting their basic needs (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007). “When most government revenues are devoted to debt servicing, fiscal policy cannot be used to provide basic services, such as education, health, safe drinking water and housing” (UNESCAP, 2008). In accordance with numerous human rights documents, these latter services should be a priority.

2. Debt Relief Debt relief is not a new concept, but instead has been a method sometimes utilized by multilateral or bilateral donors since the 1960’s (Department for International Development, 2004). Furthermore, debt relief has been found (by the G8 Summit in 2005, the IMF in 2006 and the MDG Gap Task Force in 2008) to be an effective means of freeing financial resources for public spending that would otherwise have been used for debt servicing (Center for Global Development, 2008; Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007; MDG Gap Task Force, 2008b). Debt relief has been adopted by the World Bank in its ‘Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative’ (HIPC) and countries that are in the implementation or completion stage of HIPC have reported a rise in social expenditure (Department for International Development, 2004). The principle aim of HIPC is to release financial resources that can instead be spent on development (MDG, 2008b). However, because of the criteria set by the World Bank that determine a country’s eligibility for qualifying for debt cancellation under HIPC, except Nepal, all the countries of the Asia-Pacific do not qualify as poor and/or indebted enough (my italics, Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007).

3. Debt and Development- The Links Prior to reaching a level of sustainable growth and development, under-developed countries need first to be free from debt (Department for International Development, 2004). The

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are significant to this study as goals two, four and five are, respectively, universal access to primary education and child and maternal health care. The Department for International Development (2004) finds debt relief to be a key component towards achieving these goals in the timeframe allocated. Paragraph 15 of the Millennium Declaration reads; “We call on the industrialized countries… to implement the enhanced programme of debt relief for the heavily indebted poor countries without further delay and to agree to cancel all official bilateral debts of those countries in return for their making demonstrable commitments to poverty reduction" (General Assembly of the United Nations, 2000).

Part II: Debt and Human RightsWhen discussing debt and human rights, it is not so simple to say that the right to a standard of living (as an example) is jeopardized by debt. This is because when one right is denied, like a persons right to a living standard, political rights (as another example) simply become unimportant to the population as they become consumed with attaining food and shelter. This means that more than one right is at stake when any right is threatened. This is what UNICEF (2008) means when it discusses the interdependence of human rights, despite their categorization into being a social, cultural, economic or political right. However, because it was not feasible to address all rights within this particular study, the rights to healthcare and education formed the focus of the Human Rights Framework that was used in this study. This was primarily because it was felt that the greatest amount of data would be available for a variety of indicators based on health and education for a longer time period. These particular rights are elaborated on below.

1. HealthHealth is a crucial part of human development and without adequate healthcare; poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and political instability can (and often do) arise (Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2005).

Numerous international conventions and declarations outline access to healthcare as being a right. Such documents are inclusive of: - Article 25 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights:

i) “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.”

ii) “Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection” (OHCHR, 2005).

- Article 24 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: i) “States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest

attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is

deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services” (OHCHR, 2007).

ii) “States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures: a) To diminish infant and child mortality; b) To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all

children with emphasis on the development of primary health care; c) To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary

health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of environmental pollution;

d) To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers; e) To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are

informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of accidents;

f) To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services”

iii) “States Parties undertake to promote and encourage international co-operation with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the right recognized in the present article. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries” (OHCHR, 2007).

- Article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: i) “States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means,

shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right [article 24] and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing” (OHCHR, 2007).

- Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: i) "(We) recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable

standard of physical and mental health… The provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child…

The prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases…" (OHCHR, 2007b).

- Article 12 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: i) "…States Parties shall ensure to women appropriate services in connection with

pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal period, granting free services where necessary, as well as adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation" (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2007).

- Article 21 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights: i) “Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country” (OHCHR,

2005)- Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child:

i) “States Parties recognize that every child has the inherent right to life” - Article 3 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights:

i) “Everyone has the right to life…” (OHCHR, 2005)

This list of rights states that health is a human right and because the nations of the Asia-Pacific and also wealthy creditor nations are members of the UN, they have acknowledged and accepted such rights (Department of Public Information, 2006). Rights relative to health but also more specifically to maternal health, child health, and the right to life (which is dependent on a person’s health) are outlined to be the responsibility of the government and the international community (see article 24, part 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child). Because of these rights, the country tables in section three address life expectancy, poverty, births attended by skilled health professionals, child malnutrition and health spending.

Relating the issue of health to debt, developing countries with large amounts of unpaid debt are unable to increase their public spending on healthcare and provide these rights when their financial resources are exhausted via debt repayments (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c). In 2006, 52 nations of the Global South had debt servicing figures that were higher than health spending figures (MDG Gap Task Force, 2008). When this occurs, it is justifiable to say that state parties are unable to grant free services to pre-natal and post-natal women (see article 12 of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women).

On a global scale, estimates relased by UNICEF reveal that 10 million children under 5 years of age die each year from preventable diseases, whilst 1 400 women die from pregnancy or

childbirth related health complications (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c). The World Health Organization (WHO) studies have shown that malnutrition is a contributing factor in over 50% of these child deaths (World Bank, 2008; ESCAP, 2007). Because of the existence of such high child mortality rates, countries are almost certainly not providing an adequate amount of nutrition (see the Convention on the Rights of the Child article 24, c).

The Asia-Pacific, more than any other region, is home to the greatest number of people suffering inadequate nutrition, minimal water access, sub-standard sanitation and living in slums (Kuroda, 2005). Four million of the previously mentioned 10 million child deaths of 2005 occurred in the Asia-Pacific.

This region faces a shortage of doctors, nurses, medicine, medical equipment, hospitals and clinics which severly reduces the public’s access to health care (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c). The situation is exacerbated when skilled health staff migrate to developed countries seeking higher paying work. The effect of all these factors means that in Indonesia in 2004, there was only 1 physician per 7 700 people and in the Philippines the ratio was 1 to every 26 000 (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c, p3). These figures exist in contrast to the international standard of 1 physician to every 400 people meaning that the human right of equal access to public services is upheld (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c, p3). Indonesia and the Philippines doctor to patient ratio can be contrasted to a wealthy nation like Italy who has 1 doctor for every 238 people (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c, p4). “This is where debt cancellation can be so effective, as – unlike other kinds of finance – the resources made available can be used directly for core budget support, such as paying doctors’ and nurses’ salaries” (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c, p3).

2. EducationIlliteracy affects the health, living standard, employment rate, economic output and social and political participation of a population. The following excerpts of rights are ones that specifically relate to education.

- Article 26 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights:i) “Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the

elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory” (OHCHR, 2005).

- Article 21 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights: i) “Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country” (OHCHR,

2005)- Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child:

i) “States Parties recognize the right of the child to education, and with a view to achieving this right progressively and on the basis of equal opportunity, they shall, in particular:a) Make primary education compulsory and available free to all;b) Encourage the development of different forms of secondary education,

including general and vocational education, make them available and accessible to every child, and take appropriate measures such as the introduction of free education and offering financial assistance in case of need” (OHCHR, 2007).

ii) “States Parties shall promote and encourage international cooperation in matters relating to education, in particular with a view to contributing to the elimination of ignorance and illiteracy throughout the world and facilitating access to scientific and technical knowledge and modern teaching methods. In this regard, particular account shall be taken of the needs of developing countries” (OHCHR, 2007).

- Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Political Rights: i) “The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize that, with a view to

achieving the full realization of this right: (a) Primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all;(b) Secondary education in its different forms, including technical and vocational secondary education, shall be made generally available and accessible to all by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education;(c) Higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education” (OHCHR, 2007b).

The repetition of the right to universal access to primary education in these international human rights frameworks emphasizes the importance of education on a global scale. When equipped with an education, people are less likely to fall into poverty, partake in violent conflict and its resulting instability and they are more likely to contribute to national development and

economic growth (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007; East Timor Planning Commission, 2002). Furthermore, education (like health) is a key element to poverty alleviation (Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2005). A well-educated population is also more likely to be sustainable and recover from natural disasters (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007).

Despite its importance, 80 million of the world’s children do not attend school, and more than 50% of them are girls (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007). For developing countries to invest in more effective and far-reaching education programs, debt repayments would have to be sacrificed and, in reality, instead it is the former that is sacrificed for the latter. Evidence of this exists in the 2006 statistical information released from the MDG Gap Task Force (2008) that found 10 developing countries to spend more on debt servicing than they do on education. In such instances, the right of equal access to public services and availability of free education of a minimal standard cannot be provided. When combined with the MDG Gap Task Force data on health, this tells us that for 3 specific areas of spending, the order of national economy priority is debt repayments, followed by education and lastly health. Although article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child outlines the need for international cooperation in eliminating ignorance and illiteracy in the world, calls for debt repayments take priority to this right.

Part III: The Countries

Indicator Year Statistic GDP (US$, billions) 2006 780.531

GNI per capita, atlas method (US$) 2006 358602

Population (millions) 2006 20.703

Life expectancy at birth (years) 2006 81.04

Total external debt (US$, millions) .. .. Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. Total external debt (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (US$ millions) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GDP) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) .. .. Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) .. .. Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2003 99.05

100.06

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) .. .. Total central government health expenditure (% of GDP) 2005-2006

2005 2004 2004-2005 2003-2004

6.17

9.08

8.89

6.510

6.111

5.912

8.613

Amount (AUD$billion) spent on health 2005-06 86.9 14

Amount spent on health (as a % of total government expenditure) 2004 18.515

Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2005 2004

5.016

5.017

1 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Australia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>2 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 3 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Australia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>4 ibid 5 Social Watch (2008) ‘Country by country: Extended data of Australia’ viewed 2 October 2008, <http://www.socialwatch.org/en/fichasPais/ampliado_13.html> 6 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/>

7 AIHW (2008) ‘National Health Expenditure, current and constant prices, 2003-2004 to 2005-2006’ Australian Government, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.aihw.gov.au/cognos/cgi-bin/ppdscgi.exe?DC=Q&E=/expenditure/hex_aust2_2007> OR <http://www.aihw.gov.au/expenditure/datacubes/index.cfm> 8 AIHW (2007) ‘Health Expenditure Australia 2005-06,’ Australian Government,Accessed at: <http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10529>9 WHO (2008) Australia, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/aus/en/>10 Social Watch, 2008, ‘Country by country: Extended data of Australia’ viewed 2 October 2008, <http://www.socialwatch.org/en/fichasPais/ampliado_13.html> 11 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008) ‘National Health Expenditure, current and constant prices, 2003-2004 to 2005-2006’Australian Government, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.aihw.gov.au/cognos/cgi-bin/ppdscgi.exe?DC=Q&E=/expenditure/hex_aust2_2007> OR <http://www.aihw.gov.au/expenditure/datacubes/index.cfm> 12 ibid 13 OECD (2008) oecd.Stat extracts: health expenditure, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CRSNEW> 14 AIHW (2007) ‘Health Expenditure Australia 2005-06’, Australian Government:,Accessed at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10529 15 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/>

2003 2002 2001 2000

5.018

5.019

5.020

5.021

Amount (AUD$ millions) spent on education (all levels of government)

2006-2007 2005-2006 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002

51 88322

49 78823

46 71424

43 27625

40 76926

38 06827

Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure)

2000 13.028

13.329

16 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Australia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 17 ibid 18 ibid 19 ibid 20 ibid 21 ibid 22 ABS (2008) 5518.0.55.001 - Government Finance Statistics, Education, Australia, 2006-07, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/5518.0.55.001> 23 ibid 24 ibid 25 ibid 26 ibid 27 ibid 28 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Australia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 29 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/>

Bangladesh is told its debt is affordable, as it does not qualify for debt relief under HIPC. This is despite the average income of the population being just over US$1 a day (Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 2008). People living in Bangladesh are often affected by flooding, deforestation and desertification resulting from climate change and instances of these disasters are only set to intensify in the coming years (Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 2008). In 1974 more than 100 000 Bangladeshi people were killed by a devastating famine and the country has never recovered economically (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007b).

Chronic energy deficiency, low birth weight, protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiency are serious issues faced by Bangladeshi people. Particularly these issues affect children, women and female adolescents. In Bangladesh, approximately 50% of children are born underweight (Government of People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2005, p143).

Concerning education in Bangladesh, the system is deemed to not be ‘pro-poor’ and even though the number of schools and enrolments are on the increase, the quality of education received by the poorest children is deteriorating (Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, 2005).

Indicator Year Statistic GDP (USD$, billions) 2006

2005 61.9030

60.031

GNI per capita, atlas method (USD$) 2006 45032

Population (millions) 2006 2005

155.9933

153.334

Life expectancy at birth (years) 2006 2005

6435

63.136

Total external debt (USD$, millions) 2007 2006 2005

2123037

2052138

1893539

30 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>31 UNDP (2008) ‘Human Development Report 2007/2008’, United Nations, accessed online: <http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/> 32 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>33 ibid34 UNDP (2008) ‘Human Development Report 2007/2008’, United Nations, accessed online: <http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/> 35 WoB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>36 UNDP (2008) Human Development Report 2007/2008, viewed 9 October 2008, <http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/> 37 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Bangladesh , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/>38 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>39 WB (2007) Bangladesh at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/bgd_aag.pdf>

Total external debt (% of GDP) 2006 2005

29.0940

29.041

Total external debt (% of GNI) 2006 2005

31.142

22.043

Total debt servicing (USD$ millions) 2005 79144

Total debt servicing (% of GDP) 2006 2005

1.1245

1.346

Total debt servicing (% of GNI) 2005 1.347

Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2006 2005

3.748

7.249

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (less than US$2 per day)

2000 8450

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2006 20.051

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2005

2000-2006

39.052

39.253

48;054

Total central government health expenditure (% of GDP) 2005 2004

2.855

0.956

Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2007-2008

6.357

Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2005 3.058

2.759

40 Islam, E (ND) ‘Public Debt Sustainability in Bangladesh’, Bangladesh Bank, viewed 23 August 2008, <http://www.bangladesh-bank.org/research/policynote/pn0802.pdf> 41 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 42 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 43 WB (2007) World Bank development indicators online, viewed 9 October 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&.> 44 WB (2007) Bangladesh at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/bgd_aag.pdf> 45 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>46 UNDP (2008) ‘Human Development Report 2007/2008’, United Nations, accessed online: <http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/> 47 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=500&BR_Region=40535> 48 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>49 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 50 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=500&BR_Region=40535> 51 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WHO (2008) WHOSIS statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 52 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>53 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=bgd&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 54 WB (2007) Bangladesh at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/bgd_aag.pdf> 55 WHO (2008) Bangladesh, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/bgd/en/>56 Social Watch(2007) Country by country: Extended data of Bangladesh, viewed 2 October 2008, <http://www.socialwatch.org/en/fichasPais/ampliado_20.html> 57 Rahman, T from Unnayan Shamunnay (2007) ‘Despite successes, vulnerability persists’ Social Watch, viewed 2 October 2008, <http://www.socialwatch.org/en/informesNacionales/562.html>

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2.060

2.061

2.062

2.063

2.064

Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 2007-2008 2005

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

14.065

14.066

14.267

15.068

15.069

16.070

16.071

15.072

58 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 59 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=500&BR_Region=40535> 60 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 61 ibid62 ibid63 ibid64 ibid65 Rahman, T from Unnayan Shamunnay (2007) ‘Despite successes, vulnerability persists’ Social Watch, viewed 2 October 2008, <http://www.socialwatch.org/en/informesNacionales/562.html> 66 World Bank (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 67 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=500&BR_Region=40535 > 68 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bangladesh, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 69 ibid70 ibid71 ibid72 ibid


2005 0.9473

0.8374




Total external debt (USD$, millions) 2006 2005 2004 2003

71378

64979

59380

421.981


78.082

46.083

Total external debt (% of GNI) 2006 2005 2003

75.984

95.085

72.286

Total debt servicing (USD$ millions) 2005 7.087

Total debt servicing (% of GDP) 2005 0.8488


Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2002 4.990

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) .. .. Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2005 51.091

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 1999 14.192

18.793

73 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>74 ibid 75 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 76 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>77 ibid 78 ibid79 WB (2007) Bhutan at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/btn_aag.pdf>80 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Bhutan , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/> 81 UNCTAD, (2005) Statistical Profiles of the Least Developed Countries 2005, viewed 25 September 2008<http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ldcmisc20053_en.pdf> 82 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 83 ibid 84 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 85 WB (2007) 2007 World Development Indicators Online, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 86 UNCTAD (2005) Statistical Profiles of the Least Developed Countries 2005, viewed 25 September 2008<http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ldcmisc20053_en.pdf>87 WB (2007) Bhutan at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/btn_aag.pdf>88 World Bank (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Statistical Profiles of the Least Developed Countries 2005, viewed 21 August 2008,<http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ldcmisc20053_en.pdf>89 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=640&BR_Region=40535> 90 UNCTAD (2005) Statistical Profiles of the Least Developed Countries 2005, viewed 25 September 2008<http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ldcmisc20053_en.pdf> 91 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members>


4.094

4.695

Amount (US$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2004 6.196

Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2005 2001 2000

7.097

6.098

6.099

Amount (US$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 2005

2001 2000

17.0100

17.2101

13.0102

14.0103

92 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[RF].Members 93 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 94 WHO (2008) Bhutan, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/btn/en/> 95 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 96 ibid 97 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=640&BR_Region=40535> 98 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 99 ibid 100 ibid 101 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=640&BR_Region=40535 > 102 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Bhutan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 103 ibid

Indicator Year Statistic GDP (USD$, billions) 2006 7.26104





3891108

3527109

3515110

Total external debt (% of GDP) 2005 56.1111






0.6116

0.7117

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (below USD$1 per day) 1995-2005** 34.0118



2000-2006

28.0120

28.4121

36.0122


6.4123

6.7124

104 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N >105 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 106 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N >107 ibid108 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Cambodia , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/> 109 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N >110 WB (2007) Cambodia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/khm_aag.pdf> 111 ibid112 Development Data Group (2007) ‘2007 World Development Indicators Online’ The World Bank viewed 6 October 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 113 WB (2007) Cambodia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/khm_aag.pdf> 114 World Bank (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>World Bank (2007) Cambodia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/khm_aag.pdf>115 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4060&BR_Region=40515> 116 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N >117 WB (2007) Cambodia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/khm_aag.pdf> 118 UNICEF (2008) Cambodia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cambodia_statistics.html>119 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N >WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 120 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N >121 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=khm&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 122 WB (2007) Cambodia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/khm_aag.pdf>

1.7125

Amount (US$ million) spent on health Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2004 11.4126


2003 2002 2001 2000

1.5127

2.0128

1.7129

2.0130

2.0131

2.0132

2.0133

Amount (US$ million) spent on education Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 2000 15134

14.6135

123 WHO (2008) Cambodia, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/khm/en/>124 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 125 Development Data Group, (2007) ‘2007 World Development Indicators Online’ The World Bank viewed 11 September 2008 <http://go.worldbank.org/3JU2HA60D0> 126 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 127 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 128 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 129 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4060&BR_Region=40515> 130 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Cambodia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 131 ibid 132 ibid133 ibid134 ibid 135 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4060&BR_Region=40515>


GNI per capita, atlas method (USD$) 2006 2 000137



Total external debt (USD$, millions) 2007 2006 2006 2005

373 618140

322 845141

305 600142

281 612143


Total external debt (% of GNI) 2006 12.2145


27 876.9146

27 361147




2.5150

3.0151

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (below USD$1 per day)

1995-2005** 10152

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2005 98153

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2004 2000-2006

10154

8155

136 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: China, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>137 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: China, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 138 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: China, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>139 ibid 140 State Administration of Foreign Exchange Bureau, (2008) China’s External Debt at the end of 2007, viewed 28 August 2008 <http://www.safe.gov.cn/model_safe_en/news_en/new_detail_en.jsp?ID=30100000000000000,169>141 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: China, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>142 CBS (2008) Country Fast Facts: China, viewed 28 August 2008 <http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/10/04/country_facts/main3328842.shtml>143 WB (2007) China at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/chn_aag.pdf> 144 State Administration of Foreign Exchange Bureau, (2008) China’s External Debt at the end of 2007, viewed 28 August 2008 <http://www.safe.gov.cn/model_safe_en/news_en/new_detail_en.jsp?ID=30100000000000000,169> 145 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: China, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 146 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 147 WB (2007) China at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/chn_aag.pdf> 148 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: China, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>Asian Development Bank (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 149 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=1560&BR_Region=40515> 150 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: China, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>151 UNICEF (2008) China Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/china_statistics.html>152 UNICEF (2008) China Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/china_statistics.html>153 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: China, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>

Total central government health expenditure (% of GDP) 2005 4.7156

Amount (US$ million) spent on health Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 1995-2005** 0157


3.5158

1.9159

Amount (US$ million) spent on education Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure)

1999 1995-2005**

13160

2.0161

154 WB (2005) China at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.worldbank.org.cn/English/Content/chn_aag02.pdf> 155 WB (2007) China at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/chn_aag.pdf> 156 WHO (2008) China, viewed 28 August 2008, < http://www.who.int/countries/chn/en/> 157 UNICEF (2008) China Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/china_statistics.html>158 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 159 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=1560&BR_Region=40515> 160 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=1560&BR_Region=40515> 161 UNICEF (2008) China Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/china_statistics.html>






Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2006

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

4.0167

3.9168

3.5169

4.0170

2.0171

4.0172

4.0173

4.0174


2006

2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

24.0175

23.9176

23.0177

23.0178

23.0179

22.0180

23.0181

162 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Hong Kong (China), viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>163 ibid 164 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Hong Kong (China), viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>165 ibid 166 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 167 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Hong Kong, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 168 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3440&BR_Region=40515> 169 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 170 World Bank (2007) Edstats Data Query: French hong kong, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 171 ibid 172 ibid 173 ibid 174 ibid 175 ibid 176 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3440&BR_Region=40515> 177 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: French hong kong, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 178 ibid 179 ibid 180 ibid 181 ibid

It is an interesting fact to note is that India is the country that has borrowed the most from the World Bank, more than any other country (Dhar, 2007).



Population (millions) 2006 1 109.81184


Total external debt (USD$, millions) 2007 (f.y) 2006 2005

3751.83186

153 072187

123 123188

Total external debt (% of GDP) 2006 2005 2002-2004

82.0189

15.0190

87.0191



17 878.6193

24 335194

Total debt servicing (% of GDP) 2006 2005

1.96195

28.0196


Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income)

2006 2003

7.7198

19.4199

182 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>183 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 184 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>185 ibid 186 WB (2008) Lending by volume in millions of US dollars- India’ viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,menuPK:2204170~pagePK:51331374~piPK:2037600~theSitePK:295584,00.html> 187 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>188 WB (2007) India at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/ind_aag.pdf>189 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: India, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/india.asp>190 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 191 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: India, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/india.asp>192 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 193 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>194 WB (2007) India at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/ind_aag.pdf>195 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/>196 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: India, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/india.asp>197 UNESCO, 2008, UIS stats in brief, viewed 4 September 2008,http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3560&BR_Region=40535

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) 2006

2004

80.0 (US$2 per day)200

34.3 (US$1 per day)201

28.6 (national poverty line)202



43.5205


2003

5.0206

4.5207

0.9208

4.8209

Amount (USD$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2004 3.6210

2.9211


2004

2003 2000

3.0212

3.2213

4.0214

3.8215

4.0216

4.0217

Amount (USD$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government 2003 11.0218

198 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>199 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 200 Opportunity International (2008) India, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.opportunity.org.au/home.asp?pageid=0EE4BA22DA71FAFE> 201 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 202 ibid 203 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WHO (2006) Core Health Indicator, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=ind&indicators=BirthsAttended>204 World Bank (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>205 WHO (2006) Core Health Indicator, viewed 4 September 2008,,http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=ind&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild 206 WHO (2008) India, viewed 4 Sep. 08, http://www.who.int/countries/ind/en/207 WHO (2006) Country Cooperation strategy at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf> 208 Development Data Group (2007) ‘2007 World Development Indicators Online’ The World Bank. Viewed 4 September 2008, <http://go.worldbank.org/3JU2HA60D0> 209 WHO (2007) Country health systems profile, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Country_Health_System_Profile_4-India.pdf> 210 WHO (2006) Country Cooperation strategy at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008 <http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_ind_en.pdf> 211 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 212 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport>213 UNESCO (2008) UIS stats in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3560&BR_Region=40535> 214 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: French India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 215 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 216 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: French India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 217 ibid

expenditure) 2000

10.7219

13.0220

218 ibid 219 UNESCO (2008) UIS stats in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3560&BR_Region=40535> 220 World Bank (2007) Edstats Data Query: India, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport>

Indonesia’s external debt is inclusive of US$1 billion owed to the UK used to purchase weapons by former dictator Suharto, who is said not only to have used these weapons against his own people, but to also have stolen US$35 billion from government funds, a figure higher than any other leader of a country has stolen (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007b). The serious debt burden Indonesia is experiencing has soared to its current level in only two and a half years and Indonesia remains unable to qualify for debt relief under HIPC (Odious Debts, 2000).

As a result of its debt, in 1999 the UNICEF Jakarta office stated that Indonesia will undoubtedly sustain a lost generation due to its debt burden. This will mean a weak and feeble-minded generation suffering malnutrition and general ill health, illiteracy and drastically reduced livelihoods (Odious Debts, 2000).




Life expectancy at birth (years) 2006 2005 2004

68224

68.1225

67.6226


125,846228


34.5229

49.0230


55.0231

37.0232

Total debt servicing (USD$ millions) 2006 30,675233

221WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>222 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 223 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>224 ibid 225 Statistics Indonesia (2008) Human Development Index (HDI) 1999-2005, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.bps.go.id/sector/ipm/table1.shtml> or <http://www.bps.go.id/index.shtml> 226 ibid 227 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>228 WB (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf> 229 WB (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf> 230 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 231 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 232 Development Data Group (2007) ‘2007 World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank viewed 4 September 2008 <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 233 WB (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf>




16.6236

20.0237

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (national poverty line)

2007 2006 2004 1995-2005**

16.58238

17.75239

15.0240

8.0241 (below US$1 per day)


2004 2003

72.41242

72.0243

70.46244

71.52245

66.0246


2004 2000-2006

24.0247

26.0248

19.7249

29.0250


2.1251

2.8252

Amount (USD$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2005

1995-2005** 5.1253

1.0254

234 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WB (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf>235 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief , viewed 28 August 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3600&BR_Region=40515> 236 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>237 UNICEF (2008) Indonesia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html > 238 BPS Statistics Indonesia (2008) Trends of the Selected socio-economic indicators of Indonesia, viewed 4 September 2008,

<http://www.bps.go.id/leaflet/Booklet_Maret2008(new).pdf> 239 ibid 240 WB (2008) Labor and social protection in Indonesia, viewed 28 August 2008 <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20771333~menuPK:287102~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:226309,00.html> 241 UNICEF (2008) Indonesia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html>242 Statistics Indonesia, (2008) Health Indicators 1995-2006, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.bps.go.id/sector/socwel/table1.shtml> or <http://www.bps.go.id/index.shtml> 243 WB (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf> 244 Statistics Indonesia, (2008) Health Indicators 1995-2006, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.bps.go.id/sector/socwel/table1.shtml> or <http://www.bps.go.id/index.shtml> 245 ibid 246 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=idn&indicators=BirthsAttended>

247 World Bank (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>248 World bank (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf>249 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 28August 2008, <

http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=idn&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild>

250 WB (2007) Indonesia: at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINDONESIA/Resources/226271-1155529517151/2845732-1184904482577/idn_aag2007.pdf> 251 WHO (2008) Indonesia, accessed 28 August.2008, < http://www.who.int/countries/idn/en/>

252 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 253 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 28August 2008, < http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?country=idn&indicators=nha>

254 UNICEF (2008) Indonesia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html>


2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

4.0255

3.6256

3.0257

3.0258

3.0259

3.0260

2.0261

Amount (USD$ million) spent on education Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure)

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 1995-2005

18.0262

17.0263

15.0264

14.0265

16.0266

14.0267

11.0268

4.0269

255 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 256 CIA World Factbook (2008) Field Listing - Education expenditures´ viewed 6 October 2008 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2206.html> 257 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: indonesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 258 ibid 259 ibid 260 ibid 261 ibid 262 ibid 263 ibid 264 ibid 265 ibid 266 ibid 267 ibid 268 ibid 269 UNICEF (2008) Indonesia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics.html>





Total external debt (USD$, millions) .. .. Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. Total external debt (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (USD$ millions) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GDP) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income)

.. ..

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) .. ..Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2004 100.0274

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) .. .. Total central government health expenditure (% of GDP) 2006

2005 2004 2003

7.0275

8.2276

8.0277

8.1278

Amount (million yen) spent on health 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

35 980 200279

35 898 900280

34 861 100281

33 894 300282

33 358 000283

Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure)

.. ..

Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP)

2006 2005

2004 2003 2002 2001

3.8284

4.0285

3.5286

4.0287

4.0288

4.0289

4.0290

270 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>271 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 272 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>273 ibid 274 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>275 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 276 WHO (2008) WHO: Japan, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/jpn/en/>277 OECD (2008) oecd.Stat extracts: health expenditure, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CRSNEW> 278 ibid 279 OECD (2008) oecd.Stat extracts: government expenditure by function, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CRSNEW> 280 ibid 281 ibid 282 ibid 283 ibid

2000 4.0291

Amount (USD$ million) spent on education 2004 125292


2005

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

9.0293

9.2294

10.0295

10.0296

11.0297

11.0298

10.0299

284 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 285 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 286 UNESCO, (2008) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3920&BR_Region=40515> 287 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 288 ibid 289 ibid 290 ibid 291 ibid 292 OECD (2008) Country statistical profiles 2008 : Japan. viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/wbos/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CSP2008>293 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 294 UNESCO, (2008) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=3920&BR_Region=40515> 295 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: japan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 296 ibid 297 ibid 298 ibid 299 ibid


2005 3.44300

2.165301




64304

56305

Total external debt (USD$, millions) 2006

2005

2 985306

3 179307

2 690308



98.6310

63.0311





8.0315

7.9316

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (below USD$1 per day)

1995-2005** 27.0317

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2001 2000-2004

19.0318

19.4319

300 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>301 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 302 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 303 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>304 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N305 WB (2008) PovcalNet, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp> 306 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N307 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Laos PDR , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/>308 WB (2007) Laos PRD at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lao_aag.pdf> 309 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 310 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 311 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank viewed 25 September 2008,<http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&.> 312 WB (2007) Laos PRD at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lao_aag.pdf> 313 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> WB (2007) Laos PRD at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lao_aag.pdf>314 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4180&BR_Region=40515> 315 UNICEF (2008) Laos People’s democratic republic statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/laopdr_statistics.html> 316 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N317 UNICEF (2008) Laos People’s democratic republic statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/laopdr_statistics.html>


2000-2006**

36.0320

36.4321

40.0322


Amount (USD$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2004 4.0324

Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

3.0325

2.0326

2.0327

2.0328

3.0329

2.0330

2.0331

Amount (USD$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure)

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

14.0332

12.0333

11.0334

11.0335

11.0336

9.0337

7.0338

318 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 319 WB (2008) PovcalNet, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp> 320 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Laos PDR, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N321 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=lao&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 322 WB (2007) Laos PRD at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lao_aag.pdf> 323 WHO (2008) Laos People’s democratic republic, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/lao/en/>324 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 325 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Laos PRD, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4180&BR_Region=40515> 326 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Laos PRD, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 327 ibid328 ibid329 ibid330 ibid331 ibid332 ibid UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4180&BR_Region=40515> 333 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Laos PRD, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 334 ibid335 ibid 336 ibid 337 ibid338 ibid


2005 150.67339

108.912340




Total external debt (USD$, millions) 2006 2005

52 526344

50 981345



98.6347

46.0348

Total debt servicing (USD$ millions) 2005 9 389349




4.0352

5.0353

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (below US$1 per day)

1995-2005** 2.0354


100356

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2000-2006 11.0357


Amount (US$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 1995-2005**

2004 6.0359

7.5360

339 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>340 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 341 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 342 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>343 ibid 344 ibid 345 WB (2007) Malaysia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mys_aag.pdf>346 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 347 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 348 WB (2007) Malaysia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mys_aag.pdf>349 ibid 350 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> WB (2007) Malaysia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mys_aag.pdf>351 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in Brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4580&BR_Region=40515> 352 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>353 UNICEF (2008) Malaysia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malaysia_statistics.html>354 ibid 355 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>356 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008,<http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 357 WB (2007) Malaysia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mys_aag.pdf>358 WHO (2008) Malaysia, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/mys/en/>


2003 2002 2001 2000

5.1361

6362

6.2363

8364

8365

8366

6367

Amount (USD$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure)

2004

2003 2002 2001 2000 1995-2005**

25368

25.2369

28370

20371

20372

27373

23374

359 UNICEF (2008) Malaysia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malaysia_statistics.html>360 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 361 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 362 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 363 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4580&BR_Region=40515> 364 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 365 ibid 366 ibid 367 ibid 368 ibid 369 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4580&BR_Region=40515> 370 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Malaysia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 371 ibid 372 ibid 373 ibid 374 UNICEF (2008) Malaysia Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/malaysia_statistics.html>

Indicator Year Statistic GDP (US$, billions) 2006

2005 0.93375

0.75376

GNI per capita, atlas method (US$) 2005 2 560377



Total external debt (US$, millions) 2006

2005

459380

482381

368382



52.3384

43.0385

Total debt servicing (US$ millions) 2006 34386



Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2006 2005 2004

4.9389

6.7390

4.5391

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (below US$1 per day)

2004 1.0392


Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2000-2006 2001

30.0394

25.7395

375 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>376 UN Data (2008) ‘GDP at market prices, current US$ (WB estimates)’ UN Statistical Division, viewed 12 October 2008, <http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=GDP&d=CDB&f=srID%3a29919 > 377 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 378 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>379 ibid 380 ibid WB (2007) Maldives At a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mdv_aag.pdf>381 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Maldives, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/> 382 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 383 ibid 384 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 385 Development Data Group (2007) ‘2007 World Development Indicators Online’ The World Bank, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 386 WB (2007) Maldives At a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mdv_aag.pdf>387 UN Data (2008) ‘GDP at market prices, current US$ (WB estimates)’ UN Statistical Division, viewed 12 October 2008, <http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=GDP&d=CDB&f=srID%3a29919 > ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008 39th edition388 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4620&BR_Region=40535> 389 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>390 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 391 ibid 392 SAARC (2005) SAARC Regional Poverty Profile 2005: Poverty Reduction in South Asia through Productive Employment, available at: <http://www.saarc-sec.org/data/pubs/rpp2005/pages/frameset-2.htm>393 WHO (2008) WHOSIS statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 394 WB (2007) Maldives At a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mdv_aag.pdf>

Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2005

2004

12.4396

5.5397

7.7398

Amount (US$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) .. .. Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2006

2005

2004 2003 2002

8.0399

8.0400

7.1401

7.0402

8.0403

8.0404

Amount (US$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 2005 15.0405

395 WHO (2006) Core Health Indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=mdv&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 396 WHO (2008) Maldives, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/mdv/en/> 397 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 398 ibid 399 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4620&BR_Region=40535> 400 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 401 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 402 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Maldives, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 403 ibid404 ibid405 ibid UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4620&BR_Region=40535





Total external debt (US$, millions) 2006 2005

68410

60.8411

Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. Total external debt (% of GNI) 2006 28.6412

Total debt servicing (US$ millions) 2006 3.4413


Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2006 9.0415


Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2000-2006** 15.0417

Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2005 13.5418



Amount (US$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure)

.. ..

406 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>407 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 408 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>409 ibid 410 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 411 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Micronesia (federated states of) , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/>412 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 413 ibid 414 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/>415 ibid 416 WHO (2008) WHOSIS statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 417 UNICEF (2008) Micronesia statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/micronesia_statistics.html>418 WHO (2008) Micronesia, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/fsm/en/>419 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 420 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport>


2005 3.13421

2.3422




Total external debt (US$, millions) 2007 2006 2005

1 438426

1 444427

1 327428



47.4430

63.0431





2006 2005 2004

2.2435

2.0436

2.8437

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) 2000-2006

2002

1995-2005**

36.0438 (national poverty line)45.0439 (less than US$2 per day) 11.0440 (less than US$1 per day)


421 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>422 ibid 423 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 424 ibid 425 ibid 426 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Mongolia , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/> 427 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>428 WB (2007) Mongolia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mng_aag.pdf> 429 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 430 World Bank (2008) Key development data and statistics: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 431 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank,<http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 432 WB (2007) Mongolia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mng_aag.pdf> 433 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WB (2007) Mongolia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mng_aag.pdf>434 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4960&BR_Region=40505> 435 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>436 UNICEF (2008) Mongolia statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.html>437 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 438 WB (2007) Mongolia at a glance, viewed 28August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mng_aag.pdf> 439 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief: Education in Mongolia, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4960&BR_Region=40505> 440 UNICEF (2008) Mongolia statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.html>

2005 99.0442

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2004 2000 2000-2006

4.8443

12.0444

13.0445

6446

Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP)

2005 2004

4.3447

6.0448

Amount (US$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure)

1995-2005** 2004

6.0449

9.4450


2005 2004

2003 2002 2001 2000

5.3451

5.0452

5.2453

7.0454

9.0455

8.0456

7.0457


1991 1995-2005**

22.7458

9.0459

441 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>442 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 443 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=mng&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 444 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>445 WB (2007) Mongolia at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mng_aag.pdf> 446 UNICEF (2008) Mongolia statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.html>447 WHO (2008) Mongolia, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/mng/en/> 448 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 449 UNICEF (2008) Mongolia statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.html>450 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 451 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 452 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 453 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4960&BR_Region=40505> 454 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Mongolia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 455 ibid 456 ibid 457 ibid 458 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4960&BR_Region=40505> 459 UNICEF (2008) Mongolia statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/mongolia_statistics.html>

Myanmar is internationally viewed as a pariah state as a result of the lack of democracy and the brutality of the military junta that rules the country (Jubilee Research, 2005). In relation to its international finances, Myanmar has not had an IMF programme since 1982. The chance of receiving either loans or debt relief is extremely unlikely while ever the country is ruled by a group that is not internationally recognised as legitimate (Jubilee Research, 2005).

Indicator Year Statistic GDP (US$, billions) 2005 18 867460




62463

61464


7 133465

6 828466

6 645467


Total external debt (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (US$ millions) 2005 107469


Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2006

2005 2004

1.7471

2.5472

3.3473


Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2000-2006 2003

32.0475

29.6476

460 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 461 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 462 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Myanmar, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>463 ibid 464 WB(2006) World development indicators, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp> 465 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Myanmar , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/> 466 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Myanmar, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>467 WHO (2007) Myanmar at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mmr_aag.pdf> 468 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 469 WHO (2007) Myanmar at a glance, viewed 11 Sept, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mmr_aag.pdf> 470 Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/>World Bank (2007) Myanmar at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mmr_aag.pdf>471 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Myanmar, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>472 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 473 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 474 WHO (2008) WHOSIS statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 475 WHO (2007) Myanmar at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/mmr_aag.pdf>


Amount (US$ million) spent on health Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 1995-2005** 5.0478


2000

1.0479

1.3480

1.0481

Amount (US$ million) spent on education Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 2001

2000 1995-2005**

18.0482

9.0483

15.0484

476 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=mmr&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 477 WHO (2008) Myanmar, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/mmr/en/>478 UNICEF (2008) Myanmar statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar_statistics.html>479 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Burma (Myanmar), viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 480 UNESCO, (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=1040&BR_Region=40515> 481 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Burma (Myanmar), viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 482 World Bank (2007) Edstats Data Query: Burma (Myanmar), viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> UNESCO, (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=1040&BR_Region=40515> 483 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Burma (Myanmar), viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 484 UNICEF (2008) Myanmar statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar_statistics.html>

After receiving some debt relief from the UK and Japan, Nepal is eligible HIPC but currently is in the pre-decision stage. The decision of its eligibility occurred nearly ten years after the Jubilee 2000 campaign identified it as being in need of full, immediate debt cancellation (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007). As part of the HIPC initiative, Nepal will experience a change to its economic structure to adhere to the conditions set by the crediting nations and international financial institutions.

In the Nepalese education system there exists only 1 teacher for every 180 students, and only 15% of primary school teachers are fully trained (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007b). The problem that occurs when class numbers are so high is that interaction between the student and teacher becomes increasingly difficult and negatively affects the child’s development (ESCAP, 2007, p75). UNESCO maintains that any ratio of student to teacher exceeding 40:1 means a substandard quality of teaching and learning will occur (ESCAP, 2007, p75).


2005 8.94485

8.1486





3 409490

3 285491


34.8492

56.0493

44.0494


37.8495

34.0496

485 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>486 ibid 487 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 488 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>489 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>490 ibid491 WB (2007) Nepal at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/npl_aag.pdf> 492 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: Nepal, viewed 11 September 2008 <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/nepal.asp>493 UNESCAP (2008) Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2008: Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity, accessed at: <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/backgrounders/03_fiscal_deficit_and_public_debt.asp> 494 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 495 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 496 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&.>





2006 2005

5.1500

8.1501

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) 2000-2006 2004

31.0502 (national poverty line)69.0503 (US$1 per day)



2000-2006

39.0505

38.8506

45.0507


0.8509

Amount (US$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure)

2004 8.1510


2005 2003

2002 2001 2000

2.9511

3.0512

3.4513

3.0514

4.0515

3.0516

497 WB (2007) Nepal at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/npl_aag.pdf> 498 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WB (2007) Nepal at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/npl_aag.pdf>499 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5240&BR_Region=40535> 500 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>501 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 502 WB (2007) Nepal at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/npl_aag.pdf> 503 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5240&BR_Region=40535> 504 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information service, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 505 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>506 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=npl&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 507 WB (2007) Nepal at a glance, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/npl_aag.pdf> 508 WHO (2008) Nepal, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/npl/en/> 509 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 510 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, United Nations Publications: Thailand, p54 511 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 512 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 513 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5240&BR_Region=40535> 514 World Bank (2007) Edstats Data Query: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 515 ibid


2003

2002 2001 2000

15.0517

14.9518

14.0519

13.0520

13.0521

516 ibid517 ibid518 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5240&BR_Region=40535> 519 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Nepal, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 520 ibid521 ibid





Total external debt (US$, millions) .. .. Total external debt (% of GDP) 2007

2006 2005

9.9526

9.1527

11.5528

Total external debt (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (US$ millions) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GDP) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) .. .. Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) .. .. Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2001 97.0529

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2005

2004 2003

8.9530

8.5531

8.0532

Amount (NZD$ million) spent on health 2005 2004 2003

10 372.9533

9 337.7534

8 189.4535

Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 2004 18.2536


2005 2004 2003 2002 2001

6.0537

6.2538

7.0539

7.0540

7.0541

7.0542

7.0543

522 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: New Zealand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>523 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 524 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: New Zealand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>525 ibid 526 Reserve Bank of New Zealand (2008) Overseas debt: official government, viewed 4 September 2008, < http://www.rbnz.govt.nz/statistics/az/2989630.html>527 ibid 528 ibid 529 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: New Zealand , viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>530 OECD (2008) oecd.Stat extracts: health expenditure, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CRSNEW> 531 ibid 532 ibid 533 OECD (2008) oecd.Stat extracts: government expenditure by function, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CRSNEW> 534 ibid 535 ibid 536 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 537 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: New Zealand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport>

Amount (NZD$ million) spent on education 2005 2004 2003

11 638.3544

10 865.0545

9 278.1546

Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 2005

2003 2002 2001

15.0547

15.5548

21.0549

16.0550

16.0551

538 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5540&BR_Region=40515> 539 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: New Zealand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 540 ibid 541 ibid 542 ibid 543 ibid 544 OECD (2008) oecd.Stat extracts: government expenditure by function, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=CRSNEW> 545 ibid 546 ibid 547 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: New Zealand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 548 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5540&BR_Region=40515> 549 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: New Zealand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 550 ibid 551 ibid

This study utilized 5 key, Pacific-Island states to represent the statistics for the region. The countries of Fiji, Kiribati, Samoa, Tonga and the Solomon Islands were selected on the basis that there would be a greater availability of indicators for a wider range of years spanning these countries. Their tabulated data from which averages for the Pacific-Islands were obtained are presented below.

At the High Level Plenary Meeting of the 60th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in 2005, prominent political figure and previous President of Micronesia, Joseph Urusemal (2005, pp2-3) stated,

“It is widely recognized that Oceania remains one of the identified regions of the world that is worst off in meeting its Millennium Development Goals. Even with this recognition, we find more often than not, that the international community has not followed up with fair and proportionate allocation of resources to these more vulnerable small island-developing states. For too long, our islands of the Pacific have been overlooked. We, therefore, appeal to the United Nations and the international donor community to apply a fair and more proportionate allocation of development assistance to our region if we are to achieve these goals.”

Because of their geographic location, the people of the Pacific-Islands are already in danger of losing their homes and livelihoods by rapidly rising sea levels attributed to global warming (Global Call to Action Against Poverty, 2008).

Fiji

KiribatiIndicator Year Statistic

GDP (US$, billions) 2001 2000

45561

49562



0.6564

0.9565

Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2001 2000

11.9566

11.0567


18.5568

15.0569

SamoaIndicator Year Statistic


240570

232571


552 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Fiji, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 553 ibid 554 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Fiji, viewed 30 October 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 555 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 556 ibid 557 ibid 558 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Fiji, viewed 30 October 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 559 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 560 ibid 561 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Kiribati, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport 562 ibid 563 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Kiribati, viewed 30 October <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 564 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 565 ibid 566 ibid 567 ibid 568 ibid 569 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Kiribati, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport 570 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Samoa, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 571 ibid 572 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Samoa, viewed 30 October <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm>


2000 1 662552

1 686553



22555

29.7556


2.4557

4.7558


4.3559

4.2560


7.4573

8.5574


3.5575

4.0576


4.0577

4.0578

Solomon IslandsIndicator Year Statistic


274579

299580



7.1582

9.1583



TongaIndicator Year Statistic


130586

147587



2.5589

4.4590



6.0592

5.7593

573 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 574 ibid 575 ibid 576 ibid 577 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Samoa, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 578 ibid 579 World Bank (2007) Edstats Data Query: Solomon Islands, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 580 ibid 581 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Solomon Islands, viewed 30 October <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 582 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 583 ibid 584 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Solomon Islands, viewed 30 October <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 585 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Solomon Islands, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 586 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Tonga, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 587 ibid 588 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Tonga, viewed 30 October <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 589 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 590 ibid 591 WHO (2006) WHOSIS Core Health Indicators: Tonga, viewed 30 October <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm> 592 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Tonga, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 593 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/>

One in 10 children in Pakistan dies before their fifth birthday. Pakistan increased its development expenditure from about 2% of GDP in 2001 to about 5% of GDP in recent years, mainly after the Government reduced its debt burden (in part due to external debt relief) (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007b). An analysis by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) showed that a further 20% decrease in the public debt service to government revenue ratio could increase development spending by 24% (UNESCAP, 2008b). Pakistan does not qualify for debt relief under HIPC.



Population (millions) 2006 159596



2005

35 909598

36 079599

33 675600

Total external debt (% of GDP) 2006 2005 2000

57.0601

26.0602

84.0603


27.8604

30.0605

Total debt servicing (US$ millions) 2006 2 269606




2006 2005

8.6609

9.9610

594 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>595 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 596 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>597 ibid 598 ibid 599 WB (2007) Pakistan at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/pak_aag.pdf>600 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 601 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: Pakistan, viewed 11 September 2008, < http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/pakistan.asp> 602 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 603 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: Pakistan, viewed 11 September 2008, < http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/pakistan.asp> 604 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 605 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 11 September 2008 <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 606 WB (2007) Pakistan at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/pak_aag.pdf>607 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WB (2007) Pakistan at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/pak_aag.pdf>608 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5860&BR_Region=40535>

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) 2002 74.0 (US$2 per day)611

17.0 (US$1 per day)612


54.0613

31.0614


31.3615

38.0616


0.5617

2.1618



2005 2004 2003 2000

3.0620

2.6621

2.0622

2.0623

2.0624

2.0625


2006 2005

2004

39.0626

38.0627

10.9628

37.0629

609 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>610 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 611 UNESCO (2006)UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=5860&BR_Region=40535> 612 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 613 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 614 World Bank (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>615 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=pak&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 616 World bank (2007) Pakistan at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/pak_aag.pdf> 617 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 618 WHO (2008) Pakistan, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/pak/en/> 619 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 620 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 621 CIA World Factbook (2008) Field Listing - Education expenditures, viewed 6 October 2008 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2206.html> 622 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 623 ibid 624 ibid 625 ibid 626 ibid 627 ibid 628 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 629 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Pakistan, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport>

Papua New Guinea is in the process of completing a ‘Medium Term Development Strategy’ (MTDS) that has an overall goal targeted at improving living standards (Asian Development Bank, 2006). Two of the ways that this is to be achieved is through basic education and primary health care, as outlined by the plan. Upon its completion in 2010, these two sectors should have experienced a greater flow of funds provided by the government in order to successfully complete the MTDS.


2005 5.65630

6.473631





1 595635

1 675636

1 849637





Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2005 10.8642

9.0643

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) .. .. Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2004

2000 42.0644

41.0645

630 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Papua New Guinea, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>631 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 632 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 633 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Papua New Guinea, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>634 ibid 635 UN-OHRLLS (2008) Papua New Guinea , viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.un.org/ohrlls/> 636 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Papua New Guinea, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>637 WB (2007) Papua New Guinea at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/png_aag.pdf> 638 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 639 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 640 World bank (2007) Papua New Guinea at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/png_aag.pdf>641 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> WB (2007) Papua New Guinea at a glance accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/png_aag.pdf>642 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Papua New Guinea, viewed 21 August 2008, < http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>643 UNICEF (2008) Papua New Guinea Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_statistics.html>644 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 645 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Papua New Guinea, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>

Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) .. .. Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2005 4.2646


2004 7.0647

10.0648


Amount (US$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 1995-2005** 22.0650

646 WHO (2006) WHO: PNG, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/png/en/>647 UNICEF (2008) Papua New Guinea Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_statistics.html>648 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 649 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 650 UNICEF (2008) Papua New Guinea Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/papuang_statistics.html>

The Marcos presidency in the Philippines was a period of dictatorship, poverty, militarised politics and a politicised military (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007b). One of the primary results of his reign was an enormous and unsustainable debt burden and greatly increased dependence on foreign governments and banks. The Philippines now repays part of its debt in the amount of over US$45 000 per day for a power plant that is inactive as it was built by a US company on an earthquake fault line (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007b). Despite this situation and the Philippines having the largest debt repayments as a percent of GDP for this entire report, it does not qualify for HIPC.

People of the Philippines share their one doctor (if they have one) with 26 000 other people. As a result, this leaves half the population with no access to healthcare as debt repayments are given top priority when it comes to public spending (Jubilee Debt Campaign, 2007c).






2005

60 324655

53 400656

61 527657


2005

34.51658

45.4659

80.0660

41.7661

63.0662


47.1663

67.0664

651WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>652 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 653WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>654 ibid655 ibid656 Freedom from Debt Coalition (2007) Philippines external debt indicators, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=50&&Itemid=89> 657 WB (2007) Philippines at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/phl_aag.pdf> 658 Freedom from Debt Coalition (2008) Overview of the Philippine debt situation, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=49&&Itemid=89> 659 Freedom from Debt Coalition (2008) Outstanding debt, viewed 6 October 2008,<http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=50&&Itemid=89> 660 Freedom from Debt Coalition (2008) Overview of the Philippine debt situation, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=49&&Itemid=89> 661 Freedom from Debt Coalition (2007) Philippines external debt indicators, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=50&&Itemid=89> 662 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/>


17 429665

9 893666




2006 2005

19.6669

16.0670

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (US$2 per day)

2006 2003

1995-2005**

40.0671

43.0672

14.8 (US$1 per day)673

15.0 (US$1 per day)674


60.0675

58.0676


20.7677

28.0678

Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2006 2005 2004

0.3679

3.2680

1.4681

Amount (US$ million) spent on health .. .. Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) 1995-

2005** 2004

2.0682

6.3683

663 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 664 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 665 Freedom from Debt Coalition (2007) National government debt service, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=53&&Itemid=89> 666 WB (2007) Philippines at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/phl_aag.pdf> 667 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>Freedom from Debt Coalition (2007) National government debt service, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://www.fdc.ph/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=53&&Itemid=89>668 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief: education in the Philippines, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=6080&BR_Region=40515> 669 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>670 UNICEF (2008) Philippines Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/philippines_statistics.html>671 Opportunity International (2008) Philippines, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.opportunity.org.au/home.asp?pageid=5D5BB48A346B2326> 672 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief: education in the Philippines, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=6080&BR_Region=40515> 673 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 674 UNICEF (2008) Philippines Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/philippines_statistics.html>675 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=phl&indicators=BirthsAttended>676 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>677 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 4 September 2008,<http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=phl&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild>678 WB (2007) Philippines at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/phl_aag.pdf> 679 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 680 WHO (2008) WHO:Philippines, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/phl/en/>681 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 18 September 2008 <http://go.worldbank.org/3JU2HA60D0> 682 UNICEF (2008) Philippines Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/philippines_statistics.html>


2004

2003 2002 2001 2000

2.4684

3.0685

2.5686

3.0687

2.7688

3.0689

3.0690

3.0691

3.0692


2005

2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1995-2005**

15.0693

15.2694

16.0695

17.0696

18.0697

14.0698

14.0699

19.0700

683 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 684 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 685 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 686 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=6080&BR_Region=40515> 687 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 688 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 689 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 690 ibid 691 ibid 692 ibid 693 ibid 694 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=6080&BR_Region=40515> 695 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Philippines, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 696 ibid 697 ibid 698 ibid 699 ibid 700 UNICEF (2008) Philippines Statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/philippines_statistics.html>






25 600705

24 400706

Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. Total external debt (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (US$ millions) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GDP) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income)

.. ..

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) .. .. Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2006

1998 100.0707

100.0708


3.3710

3.4711

Total central government health expenditure ( % of GDP) 2006 2005 2004

0.9712

3.5713

3.7714

1.3715

Amount (US$ million) spent on health 2004 6.2716

Amount spent on health (% of total government expenditure) .. .. Total central government education expenditure (% of GDP) 2006

2001 3.1717

4.0718

3.7719

701 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Singapore, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>702 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 703 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Singapore, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>704 ibid 705 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: Singapore, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/singapore.asp> 706 ibid707 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 708 WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 709 World Bank (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Singapore, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>710 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=sgp&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 711 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 712 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 713 WHO (2008) Singapore, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/sgp/en/>714 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 715 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://go.worldbank.org/3JU2HA60D0> 716 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations, United Nations Publications: Thailand, p54


1991 18.2720

717 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 718 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Singapore, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 719 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7020&BR_Region=40515 > 720 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7020&BR_Region=40515>






2005

72725

11 446726

23 275727

11 444728


93.0729

48.0730


42.6731

48.0732





8.6736

4.2737

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) 2002 42.0 (US$2 per day)738

5.6 (US$1 per day)739


721 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>722 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 723 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>724 ibid 725 WB (2008) Lending by volume in millions of US$-Sri Lanka’, viewed 28 August 2008, <http://www.worldbank.lk/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/SRILANKAEXTN/0,,menuPK:2204145~pagePK:51331374~piPK:2037600~theSitePK:233047,00.html> 726 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>727 WB (2007) Sri Lanka at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lka_aag.pdf> 728 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 729 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: Sri Lanka, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/srilanka.asp> 730 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 731 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 732 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 733 WB (2007) Sri Lanka at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lka_aag.pdf> 734 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WB (2007) Sri Lanka at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lka_aag.pdf>735 UNESCAP (2008) Country Note: Sri Lanka, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.unescap.org/survey2008/notes/srilanka.asp> 736 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>737 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 738 UNESCO (2008) UIS statistics in brief: education in Sri Lanka, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7340&BR_Region=40535> 739 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/>

97.0741


2000-2006

23.0742

22.8743

29.0744


2.0745

4.1746



2.7748

3.2749


1991 8.4750

740 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>741 WHO (2006) Core Health Indicators, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=lka&indicators=BirthsAttended> 742 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Sri Lanka, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>743 WHO (2006) Core Health Indicators, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=lka&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 744 WB (2007) Sri Lanka at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/lka_aag.pdf> 745 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 746 WHO (2008) Sri Lanka, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/lka/en/>747 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 748 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 749 UNESCO (2008) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=124&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7340&BR_Region=40535> 750 ibid


2005 206.34751

176.42752





55 233756

52 226757



27.3759

32.0760





2006 2005

9.4764

2.4765

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) 2002 1995-2005**

25.0766 (US$2 per day)2.0767 (US $1 per day)


Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2006 2000-2006**

7.0769

9.0770

751 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>752 ibid 753 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 754 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>755 ibid756 ibid757 WB (2007) Thailand at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/tha_aag.pdf>758 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 759 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 760 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 11 September 2008 <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 761 WB (2007) Thailand at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/tha_aag.pdf>762 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WB (2007) Thailand at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/tha_aag.pdf>763 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7640&BR_Region=40515> 764 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>765 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 766 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7640&BR_Region=40515> 767 UNICEF (2008) Thailand statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Thailand_statistics.html>768 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WHO (2008) WHOSIS statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members>



2004 8.0772

11.2773


2004 2001 2000

4.0774

4.2775

4.0776

5.0777

5.0778


2005 2004 2001 2000 1995-2005**

25.0779

27.0780

28.0781

31.0782

20783

769 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=tha&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild> 770 UNICEF (2008) Thailand statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Thailand_statistics.html>771 WHO (2008) Thailand, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/tha/en/> 772 UNICEF (2008) Thailand statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Thailand_statistics.html>773 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 774 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 775 UNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7640&BR_Region=40515> 776 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 777 ibid778 ibid779 ibidUNESCO (2006) UIS Statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=7640&BR_Region=40515> 780 WB (2007) Edstats Data Query: Thailand, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/DDPQQ/showReport.do?method=showReport> 781 ibid782 ibid783 UNICEF (2008) Thailand statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Thailand_statistics.html>

As part of its independence in 2002, Timor-Leste established a country with no debt. Despite this, Timor-Leste is still a low-income country (as judged by international standards) and has plans linked to the Millennium Development Goals (East Timor Planning Commission, 2002). These include making improvements in education, health and nutrition, promoting gender equality and empowering women, improving the economic, social and cultural well being of individuals, families and communities and increasing the effectiveness of labor in all industries (East Timor Planning Commission, 2002). These changes are required in order to decrease the 41% of the population that lives below the national poverty line of US$0.55 per day. The East Timor Planning Commission (2002, p143) have the goal of transforming the population of its country into a “well educated, healthy, highly productive, democratic, self-reliant” people by 2020.

The 2005 budget allocations saw a dedication to this goal with increases in both health and education expenditure. However, these increases still left the country with one of the lowest education standards and literacy rates in the world (Alkatiri, 2005; East Timor Planning Commission, 2002).





Total external debt (US$, millions) .. .. Total external debt (% of GDP) .. .. Total external debt (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (US$ millions) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GDP) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of GNI) .. .. Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) .. .. Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (US$0.55 per day) 2006

2002 40.0788

41.0789

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of population) 2006 2000-2006**

27.2790

18.0791

784 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Timor-Leste, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>785 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 786 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Timor-Leste, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>787 ibid 788 WHO (2006) Country cooperation strategy at a glance, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccsbrief_tls_en.pdf> 789 East Timor Planning Commission (2002) East Timor National Development Plan, viewed 25 September 2008, <http://www.pm.gov.tp/NDP_Part1.pdf>


40.6792

46.0793


2003

13.7794

11.2795

8.8796

2.5797



Amount (US$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) .. ..

790 Regional Office for South East Asia (2007) ‘National health systems profile’, WHO, viewed 4 September 2008 <http://www.searo.who.int/LinkFiles/Timor_Leste_Timor_Leste_CountryHealthSystemProfile-TimorLeste-Oct2005.pdf> 791 UNICEF (2008) Timor-Leste statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/Timorleste_statistics.html>792 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 4 September 2008,<http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=tls&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild>793 WB (2007) Timor-Leste at a glance, accessed 28 August 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/tmp_aag.pdf> 794 WHO (2008) Timor-Leste, viewed 4 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/tls/en/>795 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 796 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 18 September 2008 <http://go.worldbank.org/3JU2HA60D0> 797 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 798 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 799 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/>


2005 61.00800

53.1801





20 202805

19 .0287806



33.9808

38.0809

Total debt servicing (US$ millions) 2005 954 Total debt servicing (% of GDP) 2005 1.80810


Total debt servicing (% of exports of goods, services and income) 2005 2.6812

3813

Poverty (% of population below the poverty line) (US$1 per day) 1995-2005** 2.0814


Child malnutrition* (% of children under 5) 2006 2000 2000-2006

20.2816

27.0817

28.0818

25.0819

800 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Vietnam, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>801 ibid 802 ADB (2008) Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2008, 39th edn, viewed 23 September 2008, <http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Key_Indicators/2008/> 803 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Vietnam, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>804 ibid 805 ibid 806 WB (2007) Vietnam at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/vnm_aag.pdf>807 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 808 WB (2008) Key development data and statistics: Vietnam, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20535285~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html> 809 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product-detail?product_id=6355166&> 810 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Micronesia, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>Development Data Group (2007) ‘2007 World Development Indicators Online’ The World Bank, viewed 6 October 2008, <http://publications.worldbank.org/ecommerce/catalog/product?item_id=631625>811 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=8680&BR_Region=40515> 812 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Vietnam, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>813 UNICEF (2008) Vietnam statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vietnam_statistics.html>814 UNICEF (2008) Vietnam statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vietnam_statistics.html>815 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Vietnam, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>WHO (2008) WHOSIS Statistical information system, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/data/Search.jsp?indicators=[Indicator].[HSC].Members> 816 WHO (2006) Core health indicators, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select_process.cfm?countries=vnm&indicators=StuntedChild&indicators=UnderweightChild&indicators=OverweightChild>


6.0820

1.4821


2004 4.0822

5.0823


Amount (US$ million) spent on education .. .. Amount spent on education (as a % of total government expenditure) 1995-2005**

1991 14.0825

9.7826

817 WB (2008) World Bank Development Indicators Database: Vietnam, viewed 21 August 2008, <http://ddp-ext.worldbank.org/ext/ddpreports/ViewSharedReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=9147&REQUEST_TYPE=VIEWADVANCED&HF=N/CPProfile.asp&WSP=N>818 WB (2007) Vietnam at a glance, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://devdata.worldbank.org/AAG/vnm_aag.pdf>819 UNICEF (2008) Vietnam statistics, viewed 18 September 2008, <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vietnam_statistics.html>820 WHO (2008) Vietnam, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://www.who.int/countries/vnm/en/> 821 Development Data Group (2007) ‘World Development Indicators Online’ World Bank. Viewed 11 September 2008, <http://go.worldbank.org/3JU2HA60D0> 822 UNICEF (2008) Vietnam statistics, viewed 18 September 2008 <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vietnam_statistics.html>823 ESCAP (2007) Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations Publications: Thailand, available at: <http://www.unescap.org/stat/data/syb2007/> 824 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=8680&BR_Region=40515> 825 UNICEF (2008) Vietnam statistics, viewed 18 September 2008 <http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/vietnam_statistics.html>826 UNESCO (2006) UIS statistics in brief, viewed 11 September 2008, <http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=8680&BR_Region=40515>

Conclusion

This project was entered into with an interest to see how human rights are restricted or, (in a lot of cases,) completely absent when developing nations use what little financial resources they have to service their debts. Some graphs were visually surprising in that debt-servicing sections seemed too small to belong to a nation like Nepal (as one example). However, when the actual figures are taken into account, despite the numerical amount of debt servicing, it still remains at almost double the amount allocated for the health budget for that particular country. Unsurprisingly, developed nations spending patterns were concurrent with OECD averages. The Millennium Development Goals aim to have poverty eradicated by 2015, however, when issues like adequate healthcare and acceptable standards of education directly affect a person’s livelihood, these areas become intrinsic to addressing poverty and in fact, the latter cannot be achieved without addressing the former. I hope that this project shows that while ever debt repayments are being made and prioritised over the people of the country themselves, human rights cannot be upheld, poverty will continue to exist and the developed world will continue breaking its promises made to the majority world.

Reference List

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