A Case for Shore Based Digital Radio as Basis for e-Navigation
description
Transcript of A Case for Shore Based Digital Radio as Basis for e-Navigation
1MARINTEK
A Case for Shore Based Digital Radio as Basis for e-Navigation
Who am I and what is MARINTEK? A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity
demands A study on today’s and future shore based digital radio
systems Conclusions
2MARINTEK
Beate Kvamstad
Research Scientist at MARINTEK (Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute), e-Maritime department since February 2008
Master of Science degree from Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in December 2000 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications Thesis: Implementation of EGNOS Algorithms and Testing in the
North Sea
Kongsberg Seatex from 2001 to 2008
3MARINTEK
MARINTEKNorwegian Marine Technology Research Institute
Main office in TrondheimOffices in Oslo and BergenSubsidiary in Houston; MARINTEK (USA), Inc.Subsidiary in Rio de Janeiro; MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda.
Trondheim
Marine Technology Centre, Trondheim
OsloBergen
Rio de Janeiro
MARINTEK do Brasil, Ltda.
Houston
MARINTEK (USA), Inc.
4MARINTEK
Market Profile
MARINTEK carries out contract R&D for marine related industries:
MARINTEK is heading for technologically challenging R&D projects:
MARINTEK undertakes multidisciplinary projects and co-operates with associated partners within the SINTEF Group.
• Offshore oil/gas industry• Ship building industry• Shipping• Marine equipment industry
- New advanced product concepts and prototypes- New advanced services
for the benefit of our customers, and the society through:
- Reduced risks for human lives, environment and capital assets.
5MARINTEK
Ownership
MARINTEK has the following shareholders:
Total Share Capital: 11.6 MNOK
Det Norske Veritas …...………..….….:1.0 MNOK 9%
Found. of Shipbuilders’ Fund for Research and Education ..……….:0.5 MNOK 4%
Directorate of Shipping ………………:0.5 MNOK 4%
Fed. of Norwegian Coastal Shipping
:
0.1 MNOK 1%
SINTEF ……………..………………..….:
6.5 MNOK 56%
Norwegian Shipowners’ Association:3.0 MNOK 26%
6MARINTEK
A study on future e-Navigation services and their capacity demands
Motivation: To find appropriate and good solutions for e-Navigation data
carriers is not trivial. Someone needed to start the discussions and investigations concerning this issue.
Objectives: To analyse the emerging communication requirements and how
these can be translated to higher digital communication bandwidth demands.
7MARINTEK
Study methodology
1. Group today's existing maritime services classes of communication services
2. Analyse each class to determine current bandwidth requirements
3. Perform a literature study to identify and quantify (with respect to possible bandwidth demands) possible future services
4. Complement the results from the literature study with other likely services based on the authors’ knowledge of maritime operations
5. Put the new identified services into the same classes as today’s services and determine new communication requirements
8MARINTEK
Results 1: Today’s services
1. Emergency managementCommunication related to accidents at sea, either for assistance to other ships or to get aid to oneself
2. Position & safety reportingAIS and LRIT ship position reports, GMDSS emergency alarms as well as ship security alarm systems. AMVER reports can also be included here.
3. Additional navigational informationInformation to the ship about local navigational issues. Can include differential GPS correction, NAVTEX and some AIS messages.
4. Mandatory ship reportingReporting to VTS and other ship reporting areas as well as mandatory reporting to port state authorities in conjunction with port calls.
5. Operational communicationDaily noon reports, machinery reports, arrival and departure reports exchanged with owner and owner’s office.
6. Cargo & passenger communicationIn passenger ships, one will see that the passengers in many cases pay for advanced communication facilities through their private use. This may also be the case for certain cargos, where cargo owner will pay for cargo supervision.
7. Crew infotainmentCrew’s private communication
9MARINTEK
Result 2: Possible future e-Navigation services
1. Emergency managementCommunication to other ships, communication to SAR, communication to owner’s office.
2. Additional navigational informationVTS coordination, Maritime Information Objects (MIO), PPU-VTS images, real-time met-ocean data, tug/mooring coordination, load/discharge coordination, port ENC updates.
3. Mandatory ship reportingShip reporting, coast state notification, port arrival notification.
4. Operational communicationVoyage orders and reports, commercial port services, navigational data update (ENC), operational reports, operating manuals, documents, external maintenance and service, weather forecast, telemedicine.
What about the remaining groups?Position & safety reporting
Cargo & passenger reportingCrew infotainment
10MARINTEK
Result 3: Bandwidth requirements
Integrity
Cap
acity
req
uire
men
ts (
bps)
Special purpose applications
10 kbps
1 Mbps
100 Mbps
Low Medium High
Emergency messaging
(SAR)
Reporting(Operational and
navigational)
Technical maintenance
Reporting(Mandatory)
Infotainment (crew & passenger
communication)
Video monitoringTraining &
qualification
e-Navigation
11MARINTEK
Emergency management
Position and safety reporting
Additional navigational information
Mandatory shipreporting
Operational communication
Crew infotainment
Cargo andpassengers
Dedicated narrow band
AIS based
General digital radio
Nautical
Crew
Other
12MARINTEK
Shore versus satellite based systems
Inmarsat Fleet Broadband, Iridium OpenPort, Iridium NEXT (estimated available in 2016) Maritime community depends on SatCom outside reach of shore based
systems Expensive infrastructure development, expensive to operate and
expensive to use Coast state control over transmitting equipment Mandatory services under IMO regulation (SOLAS) has traditionally been
free for users (the ships) GSM/GPRS/EDGE, 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE), WiFi/WLAN,
WiMAX, CDMA 450, Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…), AIS Infrastructure costs will be significantly less than for satellite systems Availability for general digital ship/shore communication Heterogeneous approach to e-Navigation (if standardised)
13MARINTEK
Shore Based Digital Radio
Extending coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies, e.g.: Cellular:
GSM/GPRS/EDGE 3G/UMTS/Turbo-3G ( LTE)
Wireless broadband (WBB): WiFi/WLAN WiMAX CDMA 450 (ref. Ice)
Wireless narrowband (WNB): Digital VHF (D-VHF: VHF Data, VDL…) AIS
Reclaimed VHF/UHF TV-bands (?)
e-Navigation:
Extended coverage and range and a
bandwidth capacity of at least 200 kbps
14MARINTEK
Wireless Narrowband (WNB)Standard
Maximumthroughput[1]
Range Notes
Downlink Uplink
Digital VHF(D-VHF)VHF Data 21 kbps/
133 kbps21 kbps/133 kbps
130 km
As the 1st generation of digital VHF systems Telenor Maritime Radio (TMR) has devised a technology called “VHF Data”, exhibiting the following throughput characteristics:• Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel)[2]
• Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225 kHz)[2]
The 2nd generation under planning will allegedly provide a spectral efficiency of 3 (bit/s)/Hz, an is thus expected to increase the capacity by a factor of 3 – 10, depending on the modulation and access methods applied.
AIS2 x
9.6 kbps2 x
9.6 kbps
75 km(land-based)
ITU has assigned two VHF frequencies worldwide for AIS purposes on a primary, non-exclusive basis, each providing 9.6 kbps data rate. With the present land-based AIS system the range is limited to around 40 nm ( 75 km), and several projects regarding Space-based AIS have thus been established lately to extend that range – a.o. in Norway.
LRIT ~ 36 b/s ~ 36 b/sSatellite-
based
Data derived through LRIT will be available only to those entitled to receive such information, and safeguards concerning the confidentiality of those data have been built into the regulatory provisions. The LRIT communication message will allegedly comprise a payload of 64 bits from the vessel’s terminal and 200 bits (133 characters) to it, transmitted at a user data (burst) rate of ~ 36 b/s every 6 hours at security level 1, and up to every 15 minutes at security level 2 or 3.
[1] Throughput is the data rate of the standard - the theoretical maximum throughput available to a single connection under ideal conditions [2] Note: Low spectral efficiency: 0.84 (bit/s)/Hz for Narrowband and 0.6 (bit/s)/Hz for Broadband
15MARINTEK
Dedicated narrow band systems: Digital VHF
Low spectral efficiency ! Narrowband radio: 0.84 bps/Hz Broadband radio: 0.59 bps/Hz (?)
Range: 70 nm ( 130 km) from closest base station Power: 25 W Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232 Data rate:
Narrowband radio: 21 kbps (1 x 25 kHz channel) Broadband radio: 133 kbps (9 x 25 kHz channels = 225
kHz)
16MARINTEK
Norwegian Coastal VHF
VHF Data(Yellow coverage)
Analog VHF(Magenta coverage)
Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation
17MARINTEK
Dedicated narrow band systems: AIS
Too low capacity today for congested areas !Dedicated to AIS messages
Range: 40 nm ( 75 km) from closest base station Power: 25 W Interfaces: Ethernet, RS232 Data rate: (uplink/downlink)
AIS data is carried by two globally dedicated VHF frequencies (161.975 and 162.025 MHz), with channel spacing of 25 kHz or 12kHz, and 9.6 kbps transmission rate on each frequency
Not really relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation
18MARINTEK
General digital radio: WiMAX
Standard
Maximumthroughput[1] Range Notes
Downlink Uplink
WiFi/WLANIEEE802.11aIEEE802.11bIEEE802.11gIEEE802.11n
54 Mbps11 Mbps54 Mbps
200 Mbps
54 Mbps11 Mbps54 Mbps
200 Mbps
~30 m~30 m~50 m
Typical download [2]: - 2 Mbps- 10 Mbps- 40 Mbps
WiMAX(IEEE802.16
e)70 Mbps 70 Mbps
~ 7.5 km
Quoted speeds only achievable at short ranges, more practically: 10 Mbps at 10 km [2].Sub-GHz WiMAX is expected to increase range by a factor of 5-10 ; 50 km has already been demonstrated
CDMA 450(NMT-Ice.net)
3.1 Mbps 1.8 Mbps~ 60 km
Typical [2] :-Downlink: 300 kbps – 2 Mbps -Uplink: 200 – 500 kbps
Low range
Highly relevant as a potential data carrier for e-Navigation
Not very relevant fore-Navigation services
19MARINTEK
Conclusions
A shore based digital communication network will be a good alternative for e-Navigation
e-Navigation can probably be satisfied by a total bandwidth of about 200 kbps per radio cell
The most interesting solution probably is Digital VHF, WiMAX or a WiMAX type of communication solutions in the UHF or VHF bands.
The MarCom and MarSafe projects are currently identifying methods for extending the coverage and range at sea for both in-use and novel terrestrial wireless systems/technologies
20MARINTEK
References
Rødseth, Ø.J., Kvamstad, B., Digital Communication Bandwidth Requirements for Future e-Navigation Services, to be published
Bekkadal, F., D4.1 – Maritime Communication Technology, MarCom project internal report
www.marcom.no www.sintef.no/Projectweb/MARSAFE