A BRIEF GUIDE Lajna Ima’illah USA REVIEW OF RELIGIONS THE THE HISTORY OF.
A Brief History Of The Media In The Usa
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Transcript of A Brief History Of The Media In The Usa
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A Brief History Of The Media In The United States
With Pictures
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The New Nation :1776 - 1865
• Early American political discourse stressed civil virtue and public, rather than private good. Those who argued for liberty of the press (free speech) did so not for individual expression, rather…
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so that the community might hear and judge the merit of the views of others
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Thomas Jefferson saw freedom of the press as a foundation of
popular democracy
• For example, Congress permitted newspapers to be mailed at a price below cost (subsidized). Because they were cheap, diversity flourished. The press was filled with partisan opinions on various topics.
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The Gilded Age: 1866 - 1900
• Private control of the media grows with the invention of the telegraph
• Western Union forms a monopoly with this new communication technology
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Western Union Creates…The Associated Press (AP)
• Originally the AP was a monopoly news service run in cooperation by the largest (and wealthiest) newspaper publishers in the country
• Their competitors could not use their wires. This put smaller publishers at a huge disadvantage
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Now that News is Big Business…
• In order to not offend business clients, the AP favored the appearance of “objectivity” in the newspapers
• The idea of a “professional media” is born
• News begins to have a big business bias
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As Newspaper Companies grow…
• They gobble up the competition
• Wealthy white guys (below) owned the papers, and their political views were most often reflected by their newspapers
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Mr. Schooley Is An Axe Murderer!!!!
• In order to make even more profit, newspapers turned to sensationalism (see above)
• Many small newspapers could no longer compete. Some refused to use advertising to sustain themselves on moral grounds and went out of business
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As the labor movement grew…
• Many newspapers became increasingly anti-labor
• Yellow journalism led to massive national criticism from muckrakers, labor organizations and politicians
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The Rise of Broadcasting: 1920s to 1930s
• In its infancy, radio was a very new technology and it was not originally thought of as a profit making entity
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How long did youthink THAT would last?
• NBC & CBS emerged in the 20s
• They realized radio’s profit making potential and created chains of stations all over the USA, supported by the sale of advertising: The “Commercial” is born
• This new media became very profitable.
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Congress Passes The Communications Act of 1934
• Good News for Rich Guys: Act helped further deregulate and privatize broadcasting
• Good News for the Public: Act made clear that communication licenses were to be granted with the condition that the company receiving the license would serve the public interest
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So what can we conclude from this?
• Public interest over pure profit was still the theory
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Fairness Doctrine
• In the late 40s The FCC required that commercial broadcasters give ample time to matters of public importance and provide a range of viewpoints on controversial issues
• It also restricted the actual number of radio and TV stations that a single broadcasting company could own in order to prevent one company from gaining too much influence
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The NEO-LIBERAL PERIOD:
However, this doctrine was not always enforced… and with the deregulation agenda of the Reagan Administration during the 1980s, the FCC dissolved the fairness doctrine. So we enter…
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Neo-Liberal Means:
• Virtually a total free market
• Very few restrictions
• In other words, Big Media companies could gorge themselves on their weaker competitors
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1996 Telecommunications Act:
• This Act lifted regulations and ownership restrictions from commercial media and communications companies
• Media Moguls rejoiced!
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The aftermath of the signing of this bill:
• Cable rates rose 50% between 1996 & 2003
• Media no longer regulated in a manner that served the public good
• Seven major corporations now control about 90% of the market
•
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What does it all mean?
What are the dangers?
Why should I care?
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These questions will be explored in this
unit