A 5S Perspective on Digital Libraries for E-Learning: With case studies from Archaeology, Computing,...

A 5S Perspective onDigital Libraries for

E-Learning:With case studies from

Archaeology,Computing, andDissertations

Edward A. Fox, Virginia [email protected] http://fox.cs.vt.edu/talks/2006

Keynote for DeLFIDarmstadt, Germany – 14 Sept. 2006

Acknowledgements (selected)

• Colleagues: Lillian Cassel, Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Marcos Gonçalves, Doug Gorton, Rohit Kelapure, Neill Kipp, Aaron Krowne, Ming Luo, Uma Murthy, Manuel Perez, Ananth Raghavan, Rao Shen, Hussein Suleman, Srinivas Vemuri, Layne Watson, …

• Sponsors: ACM, AOL, CAPES, DFG, IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579, 0535057, 0535060; ITR-0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), SUN, …

Outline

• Hypotheses• Digital libraries• 5S (Societies, Scenarios, Spaces,

Structures, and Streams)• Archaeology• Computing• Dissertations• Summary and Conclusions

Hypotheses1) Digital libraries (DLs) can be the cornerstone for

e-learning with educational resources, facilitating• collaborative development,• distribution, and• re-use.

2) To properly develop such DLs, it is important to consider 5 key aspects (5S).

3) These 5Ss facilitate DL:• design,• implementation, and• formalization.

DLs and E-Learning

• Data, information, knowledge management systems -> DLs

• Authoring, content, course, (adaptive) hypermedia management systems

• (Digital, Institutional) Repositories

• Application: E-Learning

Digital Libraries in Education

• Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko• © 2003, www.iite-unesco.org, [email protected]• Transforming the Way to Learn• DLs of Educational Resources & Services• Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment• Educational Metadata• Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL,

NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK (Distributed National Electronic Resource)

Outline



Digital Libraries

• Borgman et al.: Workshop Report on Social Aspects of Digital Libraries

• E-pub flattening

• Larsen & Watclar: 2003 Chatham

• DELOS: 1-2 June 2006 Rome

• Definitions

Information Life Cycle

AuthoringModifying

OrganizingIndexing

StoringRetrieving

DistributingNetworking

Retention/ Mining

AccessingFiltering

UsingCreating

Digital LibrariesShorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

A&I

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Author

Reader

Digital

LibraryEditor

Reviewer

Teacher

Learner

Librarian

People

• Digital librarians

• DL system developers

• DL system administrators

• DL managers

• DL collection development staff

• DL evaluators

• DL users

DL Manifesto - 1

• DL Reference Model• In support of the future European Digital Library• Developed by team connected with DELOS

(Candela, Casteli, Ioannidis, Koutrica, Meghini, Pagano, Ross, Schek, Schuldt)

• Draft 2.2 presented in Frescati, near Rome, June 2006 – 79 pages

• Could be integrated with work of DLF, JISC, etc.

DL Manifesto – 2: 3 Tiers

DL Manifesto – 3: Main Concepts

DL Manifesto – 4: Actor Roles

DL Definitions - 1

• “A digital library is an organized and focused collection of digital objects, including text, images, video, and audio, along with methods of access and retrieval, and for selection, creation, organization, maintenance, and sharing of the collection.”

• Witten & Bainbridge – “How to Build a Digital Library” – Morgan Kaufmann 2003

DL Definitions - 2

• “Digital libraries are organizations that provide the resources, including the specialized staff, to select, structure, offer intellectual access to, interpret, distribute, preserve the integrity of, and ensure the persistence over time of collections of digital works so that they are readily and economically available for use by a defined community or set of communities”

• Waters,D.J. CLIR Issues, July/August 1998• www.clir.org/pubs/issues/issues04.html

DL Definitions - 3

• Issues and Spectra

– Collection vs. Institution

– Content vs. System

– Access vs. Preservation

– “Free” vs. Quality

– Managed vs. Comprehensive

– Centralized vs. Distributed vs. Personal

DL Definitions - 4

• NOT a “digitized library”• NOT a “deconstruction” of existing

systems and institutions, moving them to an electronic box in a Library

• IS a new way to deal with knowledge– Authoring, Self-archiving, Collecting,– Organizing, Preserving,– Accessing, Propagating, Re-using

D ig ita l L ib ra r y C o n te n t

A rtic le s ,R e p o rts,

B o o ks

T e xtD o cum e n ts

S p ee ch ,M u s ic

V id eoA u d io

(A e ria l)P h o tos

G e og rap h icIn fo rm ation

M o d e lsS im u la tio ns

S o ftw a re ,P ro g ra m s

G e no m eH u m a n,a n im a l,

p la n t

B ioIn fo rm ation

2 D , 3 D ,V R ,C A T

Im ag es a ndG ra p h ics

C o nte n tT yp e s

Outline



5S

• References

• Used to define DL

• Services Taxonomy

• Framework, Metamodels

• 5S Suite (5S Graph)

Selected 5S-Related References - 1

[1] M. Gonçalves, E. Fox, L. Watson, and N. Kipp, “Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, Societies (5S): A Formal Model for Digital Libraries,” ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol. 22, pp. 270-312, 2004.

[2] M. A. Gonçalves, “Streams, Structures, Spaces, Scenarios, and Societies (5S): A Formal Digital Library Framework and Its Applications,” Computer Science Doctoral Dissertation. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech, 2004, 161 pages. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12052004-135923/unrestricted/MarcosDissertation.pdf

[3] M. A. Gonçalves and E. A. Fox, “5SL - A Language for Declarative Specification and Generation of Digital Libraries,” in Proc. JCDL’2002, Second ACM / IEEE-CS Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, July 14-18, G. Marchionini, Ed. Portland, Oregon, USA: ACM, 2002, pp. 263-272.

Selected 5S-Related References - 2

[4] Q. Zhu, “5SGraph: A Modeling Tool for Digital Libraries,” Department of Computer Science MS thesis. Blacksburg: Virginia Tech, 2002. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11272002-21053

[5] NDLTD, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. available at http://www.ndltd.org, 2006

[6] CC2001, “Computing Curricula 2001: Computer Science (IEEE Computer Society and Association for Computing Machinery Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula),” Journal on Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), vol. 1, 2001. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/384274.384275

[7] CC2001, “Computing Curricula 2001 (Web Site),” vol. 2004: ACM and IEEE-CS, 2001. http://www.computer.org/education/cc2001

[8] R. Shen, "Applying the 5S Framework To Integrating Digital Libraries", Computer Science Doctoral Dissertation. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech, April 2005, 127 pages, http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04212006-135018/

Informal 5S & DL Definitions

DLs are complex systems that

• help satisfy info needs of users (societies)

• provide info services (scenarios)

• organize info in usable ways (structures)

• present info in usable ways (spaces)

• communicate info with users (streams)

5S Examples

Browsing Collaborating Customizing Filtering Providing access Recommending Requesting Searching Visualizing

Annotating Classifying Clustering Evaluating Extracting Indexing

Measuring Publicizing

Rating Reviewing (peer)

Surveying Translating

(language)

Conserving Converting

Copying/Replicating Emulating Renewing

Translating (format)

Acquiring Cataloging

Crawling (focused) Describing Digitizing

Federating Harvesting Purchasing Submitting

Preservational Creational

Add Value

Repository-Building

Information Satisfaction

Services

Infrastructure Services

Services Taxonomy

5S Framework

• Developed at Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL, Virginia Tech )

• Strong foundation for DL module development– Intuitive as well as formal definitions

• Base ideas named with five S’s- streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies

• Key aspects of DLs precisely defined using one or more of the Ss

• Set of metamodels for classes of DLs: minimal, archeological (ETANA), practical, European DL, …

Digital Object

RepositoryCollection Minimal DL

Metadata Catalog

Descriptive Metadata

Specification

A Minimal DL in the 5S Framework

Structural Metadata

Specification

Streams Structures Spaces Scenarios Societies

indexing

browsing searching

services

hypertext

Structured Stream

5S MetaModel

5SGraphDL

Expert

DL Designer

5SL DL

Model

5SLGen

Practitioner

Researcher

TailoredDL

Services

Teacher

componentpool

ODLSearch,ODLBrowse,ODLRate,ODLReview,

…….

Requirements (1) Analysis (2)

Implementation (4)

Design (3)

5SGraph 5SGen

Mapping Tool

5SSuite

5SGraph

Workspace

(instance model)

Structured

toolbox

(metamodel)

Outline



ETANA-DL

• Archaeological DL• Integrated DL

– Heterogeneous data handling

• Applies and extends the OAI-PMH– Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata

Handling

• Design considerations– Componentized– Extensible– Portable

ETANA-DL Website

Marking – writingnotes for

a specific user

Marking Items

Marked Items Display

Sender, Date,Object OAI ID

SenderComments

Options:View Record,

Add record to Items Of Interest,Re-mark item (Redirect),

Unmark item (Remove item from list)

Discussions Page

Discussions about an

object

View/Post messages, create new

threads

Recommendations

Items recommendedon the basis of

similar interests

ETANA-DL Searching ServiceSearch

ETANA-DL Multi-dimensional Browsing

3 new sites

2 new types of artifacts

ETANA-DL Visual Browsing Service

Visual BrowseBy site

Visual Browsing Nimrin: Topographical Drawings

Full site North west quadrant

Square:N40/W20

Visual Browsing Nimrin : Square information

Square:N40/W20

Locus: 86

Loci layout

Visual Browsing Nimrin : locus sheet

Visual Browsing Bab edh-Dhra'

Cemetery

Pottery # 25

Streams Structures Spaces Scenarios Societies

indexing

browsing searching

services

hypertext

Structured Stream

Descriptive Metadata

specification

SpaTemOrg

StraDia

Arch Descriptive Metadata specification

ArchDO

ArchObj

ArchColl

Arch Metadata catalog

ArchDColl ArchDR Minimal ArchDL

A Minimal ArchDL in the 5S Framework

5SGraph5S Archaeology

MetaModelArchDL Expert ArchDL Designer

ETANA-DLUnion Services

Descriptions

HarvestingMapping

SearchingBrowsing

…

Scenario Sub-model

VN Metadata Format

ETANA-DL Metadata Format

HD Metadata Format

Mapping Tool

Wrapper4VN Wrapper4HD

Inverted Files

Services DB

Index

Index

BrowseService

SearchService

Browse DB

OtherETANA-DL

Services

Web

Interface

XOAI

XOAI

VNCatalog

HDCatalog

UnionCatalog

5SGen

ComponentPool

Browsing…

ETANA Societies

1. Historic and pre-historic societies (being studied)2. Archaeologists (in academic institutes, fieldwork

settings, or local and national governmental bodies)

3. Project directors4. Technical staff (consisting of photographers,

technical illustrators, and their assistants)5. Field staff (responsible for the actual work of

excavation)6. Camp staff (e.g., camp managers, registrars, tool

stewards)7. General public (e.g., educators, learners, citizens)

ETANA Societies

• Social issues1. Who owns the finds?

2. Where should they be preserved?

3. What nationality and ethnicity do they represent?

4. Who has publication rights?

5. What interactions took place between those at the site studied, and others? What theories are proposed by whom about this?

ETANA Scenarios1. Life in the site in former times2. Digital recording: the planning stage and the excavation stage 3. Planning stage: remote sensing, fieldwalking, field surveys, building

surveys, consulting historical and other documentary sources, and managing the sites and monuments

4. Excavation1. Detailed information is recorded, including for each layer of soil, and for

features such as pole holes, pits, and ditches. 2. Data about each artifact is recorded together with information about its

exact find spot. 3. Numerous environmental and other samples are taken for laboratory

analysis, and the location and purpose of each is carefully recorded. 4. Large numbers of photographs are taken, both general views of the

progress of excavation and detailed shots showing the contexts of finds. 5. Organization and storage of material6. Analysis and hypotheses generation and testing7. Publications, museum displays8. Information services for the general public

ETANA Spaces

1. Geographic distribution of found artifacts2. Temporal dimension (as inferred by

archaeologists) 3. Metric or vector spaces

1. used to support retrieval operations, and to calculate distance (and similarity)

2. used to browse / constrain searches spatially

4. 3D models of the past, used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins

5. 2D interfaces for human-computer interaction

ETANA Structures

1. Site Organization1. Region, site, partition, sub-partition, locus,

…

2. Temporal orderings (ages, periods)

3. Taxonomies1. for bones, seeds, building materials, …

4. Stratigraphic relationships1. above, beneath, coexistent

ETANA Streams

1. successive photos and drawings of excavation sites, loci, unearthed artifacts

2. audio and video recordings of excavation activities and discussions

3. textual reports

4. 3D models used to reconstruct and visualize archaeological ruins.

Outline



Computing

• CSTC

• Knowledge Units -> CC2001

• CITIDEL

• NSDL

• DL Curriculum Development

CS -> CSTC

• NSF and ACM Education Committee funded a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

• College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech• Focus initially on labs, visualization,

multimedia• Multimedia part supported by a 2nd grant to

Virginia Tech and The George Washington University (with curricular guidelines)

CS Teaching Center (CSTC)

• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.

• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC): completed 2 co-EIC terms

CC2001 Information Management Areas

IM1. Information models and systems*

IM8. Distributed DBs

IM2. Database systems* IM9. Physical DB design

IM3. Data modeling* IM10. Data mining

IM4. Relational DBs IM11. Information storage and retrieval

IM5. Database query languages IM12. Hypertext and hypermedia

IM6. Relational DB design IM13. Multimedia information & systems

IM7. Transaction processing IM14. Digital libraries

CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library

http://www.citidel.org/

http://www.citidel.org/

Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL

CITIDEL -> NSDL

• A collection project in the

• National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL

• National Science Digital Library

• www.nsdl.org

• (Next slides courtesy Lee Zia, NSF)

Connects:

Users: students, educators, life-long learners

Content: structured learning materials; large real-time or archived datasets; audio, images, animations; primary sources; digital learning objects (e.g. applets); interactive (virtual, remote) laboratories; ...

Tools: search; refer; validate; integrate; create; customize; publish; share; notify; collaborate; ...

Supports:

Users

Content

Tools

(profiles)

(metadata)

(protocols)

Learning communities

Customizable collections

Application services

Enables:Environments for

• Communication

• Collaboration

• Creation

• Validation

• Evaluation

• Recognition

• ...

• Discovery

• Stability

• Reliability

• Reusability

• Interoperability

• Customizability

• ...

of Resources

AND

NSDL Information ArchitectureEssentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup

referenceditems &

collections

referenceditems &

collections

Special Databases

NSDLServicesNSDL

ServicesOther NSDLServices

CI Services

annotation

CI Services

discussion

CI Services

personalization

CI Services

authentication

CI Services

browsing

Core Services:information retrieval

Core Collection-Building Services

harvesting

Core Collection-Building Services

protocols

Core Services:metadata gathering

Portals &ClientsPortals &

ClientsPortals &Clients

Usage Enhancement

Collection Building

User Interfaces

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

CoreNSDL“Bus”

DL Curriculum Development Project

• Collaborative Research launched by:- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech

- School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

• Three year (2006 - 2008) funded project

Project Teams/NSF Grant

• Project Team at VT (IIS-0535057): – PI: Dr. Edward A. Fox ([email protected]) – GRA: Seungwon Yang ([email protected])

• Project Team at UNC-CH (IIS-0535060): – Co-PI: Dr. Barbara Wildemuth ([email protected]) – Co-PI: Dr. Jeffrey Pomerantz ([email protected]) – GRA: Sanghee Oh ([email protected])

DL Topics in 19 Modules (original)

Taxonomy of DL Educational Resources

Outline



Dissertations

• Leveraging to reach next generation of researchers, educators, leaders

• Testbed, demonstration, case study

• Good place to start since is easy, inexpensive, beneficial, and can be extended to lead to other beneficial activities

• Active work in Germany since ~1996

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

www.NDLTD.org

Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative

Training AuthorsExpanding Access

Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education

Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities

Some Countries• Argentina• Australia• Belgium• Brazil• Canada• Chile• China, Hong Kong• Columbia• Finland• France• Germany• Greece• India• Italy• Jamaica• Korea• Lithuania• Malaysia• Mexico• Namibia• Netherlands

• Namibia• Netherlands• Norway• Peru• Poland• Russia• Singapore• S. Africa• S. Korea• Spain• Sudan• Sweden• Switzerland• Taiwan• Thailand• Turkey• UK• Ukraine• United Arab Emirates• USA• Venezuela• Yugoslavia

NDLTD Member Support

• Annual conference (…, Germany, …, Sweden, UK)• ETD-L – listserv for discussion• Union catalog• Services for access: VT, OCLC, VTLS, Scirus,

Google Scholar, …• Information for ETD projects

– Standards, documentation (Guide, Marcel Dekker book)

• Advocacy for ETD activities worldwide• …

Outline



Summary and Conclusions1) Digital libraries (DLs) can be the cornerstone for

e-learning with educational resources, facilitating• collaborative development,• distribution, and• re-use.

2) To properly develop such DLs, it is important to consider 5 key aspects (5S).

3) These 5Ss facilitate DL:• design,• implementation, and• formalization.

Selected Links - http://fox.cs.vt.edu• CITIDEL (computing education resources)

– www.citidel.org• DL curriculum - http://curric.dlib.vt.edu/wiki,

http://curric.dlib.vt.edu/DLcurric.html• ETANA-DL (archaeological DL) – etana.dlib.vt.edu• NDLTD (electronic theses and dissertations

worldwide)– www.ndltd.org and etdguide.org

• NSDL (National Science Digital Library)– www.nsdl.org

• OAI (Open Archives Initiative)– www.openarchives.org

• Virginia Tech Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL, www.dlib.vt.edu)

A 5S Perspective on Digital Libraries for E-Learning: With case studies from Archaeology, Computing,...

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