Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) Tokyo Institute of Technology July 26,...

Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

(NDLTD) Tokyo Institute of Technology

July 26, 1999

Edward A. Fox [email protected]

CC CS DLRL Internet TIC

Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

Acknowledgements (Selected)

Trip Support: Kobe, NAIST, NEC, Ricoh, ULIS

Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, …

Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Eaton, Brian Kleiner, Gail McMillan

Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao

OUTLINE Introduction

– VT, DL, 5S, Education, Chain– Interest, Impact

NDLTD– Overview, History– Members, Collection– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

Virginia Tech Background Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town population

35K plus 25K students Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with 80% of

community on Internet Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 600 sites,

for education, research, govt LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless

networking - 1/3 of Virginia Math Emporium, 500 workstations Faculty Development Initiative, round 2

ACITC Advanced Communications and Information Technology

Center, opening summer 2000 Connects to the library, with a focus on IT 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) 1/3 research labs: 10, including:

– Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL)– Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities– HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE), ...

Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech MARIAN (NLM) CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) CSTC (NSF, ACM) CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)




Conclusion

Digital Libraries --- Objectives

World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams,

structures, spaces, scenarios, societies Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery Disintermediation -> Collaboration Universities Reclaim Property Interactive Courseware, Student Works Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

DLs: Why of Global Interest? National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage:

cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly Knowledge and information are essential to economic and

technological growth, education DL - a domain for international collaboration

– wherein all can contribute and benefit

– which leverages investment in networking

– which provides useful content on Internet & WWW

– which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding

Why of Interest in Computing? Next step in fields of DBMS, HT, IR, MM Efficiency requires advances in, e.g.,

– algorithms and data structures (ex., MPHF)– networking (ex., HTTP-NG)– OS (ex., support for streams)

Effectiveness requires advances in, e.g.,– AI (ex., multilingual texts, user adaptation)– HCI (ex., visualization, DLs embedded in activities)

CS Educ. can benefit; CS can aid Dist. Educ.

DL Challenges

Preservation - so people with trust DLs

Affordable storage - so DLs will be universally used

DL industry - critical mass by covering libraries, archives, museums, corporate info, govt info, personal info - “quality WWW” integrating IR, HT, MM, ...




Conclusion

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that

help satisfy info needs of users (societies) provide info services (scenarios) organize info in usable ways (structures) present info in usable ways (spaces) communicate info with users (streams)

5S Layers

Societies

Scenarios

Spaces

Structures

Streams

5S Layers

Societies

Scenarios

Spaces

Structures

Streams

Chinese 5 Element System

Definition: 5S Framework Societies: interacting people (, computers) Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance,

adjacency): 2D, vector, probability Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video,

network traffic)

5S: Components

Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational,

conceptual Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema,

grammars, links, objects Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows,

turbulences

Star Methodology




Conclusion

DLs --- Educational Implications Support distance education Level the playing field by giving everyone access to high

quality resources Enrich learning by giving access to primary rather than

secondary materials/objects Integrate simulations, visualizations, and multi-modal

presentations to enhance learning Allow learn-at-your-own-pace, ensuring success Allow specialized interfaces, or embedded DL for rich

support of learning activities

How do universities anddigital libraries relate?

Each U. will have its own digital library. Hence there will be large numbers (i.e., critical mass).

All students will learn how to use and how to “feed” digital libraries (and bring those habits to future work as needs and skills).

All digital library problems (esp. federation, flexibility, personalization) appear at U’s (so they are a good type of testbed, with willing collaborators in-place for developing solutions).

SMETE Library(from www.dlib.org)

Context: Global movement toward Digital Libraries (see April 1998 CACM)

NSF effort: Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (focussed on undergraduates)– 3 workshops, yearly increasing funds / new calls

SMETE Library likely to operate as distributed federation, with separate parts for each key discipline, and to lead to a global effort

NSF Education Innovation (EI) NSF “Interactive Learning with a Digital Library in

Computer Science” (1993-98) 45 online courses (esp. Internet, IR, MM,

Professionalism, overall EI project pages): 100+K accesses/wk

Tools: SWAN (visualization), QUIZIT Evaluation

– traditional– network logging and analysis– tools for visualization

Digital Library Courseware

http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~dlib/ WWW pages or large PDF copy files Online quizzes based on book by Michael Lesk

(Morgan Kaufmann Publishers) Contents based on book, with several other popular

topics added (e.g., agents) Separate pages to supplement: Definitions,

Resources (People, Projects), and References

CS -> CSTC -> CRIM NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding a 2

year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant to

Virginia Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/ (with curricular guidelines also under development)

CS Teaching Center (CSTC) Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages,

that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built. (See NSF SMETE-Lib Study at http://www.dlib.org/smete/public/smete-public.html)




Conclusion

DLs Shorten the Chain from

Editor

Publisher

A&I

Consolidator

Library

Reviewer

DLs Shorten the Chain to

Editor

A&I

Digital

LibraryReviewer




Conclusion

DLs: Broad Impact DLs should be in companies DLs should be in government (integrated) DLs should be built for all types of data, information, and

knowledge– covering knowledge management– covering data mining, IR, discovery, visualization– promoting specialized work on all types of collections for all types

of user groups DLs should encompass libraries, archives, museums, and

other institutions -- we can now store all data generated!




Conclusion

A Digital Library Case StudyDomain: graduate education,

researchGenre:ETDs=electronic

theses & dissertationsSubmission: http://etd.vt.eduCollection:

http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org

Media

ETD Web Sitehttp://www.ndltd.org/

ETDs Got Your Interest?

Graduate Students

Singapore AMChronicle of Higher Ed.National Public RadioNY Times ...

U. Laval

Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure

Scalability

Education is the rationale

University collaboration

Workflow, automation

Authors must submitMaximal access

PDF, SGML, MMStandards

Federated search

8th graders vs. grads

MARC, DC, URNs




Conclusion

What led to today’s meeting? 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10

universities with 3 reps each 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library

(MEL): SURA, SOLINET 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF + SGML

+ multimedia objects 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) for

regional, national projects 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...

Status of the Local Project Approved by university governance Spring

1996; required starting 1/1/97 Submission & access software in place Submission workshops for students (and

faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. Faculty training as part of Faculty

Development Initiative Over 2000 ETDs in collection



NDLTD– Overview, History, Activities– Members, Collection– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts

Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations

Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)

What are we doing?

What are the long term goals? 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are

exposed / involved 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into

electronic portfolios Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit.

reviews, bibliographies, … Services providing lifelong access for students:

browse, search, prior searches, citation links



NDLTD– Overview, History, Process– Members, Collection– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

NDLTD

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation

Student Defends and Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

ETD

Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated

Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD and New StudentsHave Access to the New Research

WWW

NDLTD




Conclusion

Institutional Members

Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)Committee on Inst. Coop. (CIC)Diplomica.comDissertation.comNational Library of PortugalUNESCO

US University Members U. of Iowa U. of Maine U. of Oklahoma U. of South Florida U. of Tennessee, Knoxville U. of Tennessee, Memphis U. of Texas at Austin U. of Virginia U. Wisconsin - Madison Vanderbilt U. Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 West Virginia U. - required beginning fall 1998 Worcester Polytechnic Inst.

Air University (Alabama)Cal TechClemson UniversityCollege of William & MaryConcordia University (Illinois)East Tenn. State UniversityFlorida Institute of Tech.Florida International UniversityMichigan TechNaval Postgraduate School (CA)North Carolina State U.Penn. State UniversityRochester Institute of Tech.U. of FloridaU. of GeorgiaUniversity of Hawaii, Manoa

Australian Project Members

U. New South Wales (lead institution)U. of MelbourneU. of QueenslandU. of SydneyAustralian National UniversityCurtin U. of TechnologyGriffith U.

German Project Members

Humboldt University (lead institution)3 other universities5 learned societies1 computing center2 major libraries

Other International MembersChinese University of Hong KongChungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea)City University, London (UK)Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany)Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.)Gyeongsang National U. (Korea)India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India)Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part)National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part)*National Library of PortugalPolytechnic University of Valencia (Spain)Rhodes U. (South Africa)St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia)Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico)U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)



NDLTD– Overview, History– Members: NUDL, Collection– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

NUDL

1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program– VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng.– Partners: UK (2) , Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany,

plus Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico)

– Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, …

Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware, ...

National Coverage (red/white)

NUDL Partners

Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico




Conclusion

Access Statistics

1996 1997 1998

Total successful requests: 37,171 247,573 628,401Av. successful requests/day: 102 685 1,690Requests for .PDF files: 4,600 72, 854 343,236Requests for .HTML file 28,225 129,831 215,896Distinct hosts served 9,015 22,725 36,724Total data transferred: 3,229M 25,953M 74,051MAv. data transferred/day: 9M 73M 222M

Popular Works 1996458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb)

432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb)

390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb)

310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb)

287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb)

165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb)

150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)

Popular Works 19979920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb)

7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb)

2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb)

2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb)

1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb)

1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb)

1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb)

1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

Popular Works 1998

K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author

75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color),

Gonzalez

International Use 1996 1997 1998 850 2992 8170 United Kingdom 608 2,501 4223 Australia 346 2378 7373 Germany 713 2367 3970 Canada 387 1264 2201 South Korea 463 1161 4431 France 250 725 2553 Italy 191 867 2781 Netherlands 183 1130 1449 Brazil 22 967 1089 Thailand 83 958 1414 Greece



NDLTD– Overview, History– Members, Collection, Relationships– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

Relationship with publishers

Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access– AAP, AAUP– AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Some responses from publishers

ACM: need to acknowledge copyright Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright IEEE-CS: endorse initiative ACS: After first publication, can release Textbook publishers: different market,

manuscript significantly reworked General: restricting access to local campus will

not cause any problems

Who are sponsors / cooperators? Funding, Donations of hardware/software

– SURA– US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)– Adobe Systems– IBM– Microsoft– OCLC

Others Serving on Steering Committee– National/Regional Projects: Australia, French

speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG)

– CGS, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO, ...

How does this relate to UMI?

1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal Steering and technical committee membership ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works started

1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part Collaborating on:

– accepting electronic author submissions– standards (e.g., representation), research

ETD Initiative (and UMI)

StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub

TDsbecome more

expressive

N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived

Global TDsbecome more

accessible,archived

UMI

Universities



NDLTD– Overview, History– Members, Collection, Access– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

User Search Support(multilingual, XML)

NDLTD W orld FederatedSearch

Virg in ia Tech ...(un iv)

U M I ...(corporate)

C IC ...(un iv group)

Portugese N L ...(national lib)

Austra lia(regional)

UserInterface

Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

Interoperability Tests Planned IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support,

powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib) Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w

– university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared MARC records pointing to archival copies

– via URNs: handles & PURLs Dienst / NCSTRL - www.ncstrl.org: CS depts.,

DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell - UVA is working on extensions for ETDs - Portugal is studying use for Europe - VT is working on Dienst to Z39.50 gateway

Access Approaches

Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging:

UMI centralized services Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50 Regional services (e.g., OhioLink, AZ/NM) Local servers with browse, search

– From local catalogs to local archives WWW robot indexing and search services



NDLTD– Overview, History– Members, Collection, Involvement– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

Why might your university want to be involved?

To improve graduate education / better prepare your students / increase their knowledge and visibility

To unlock university information To save money for students and for the

university / improve workflow To build an important digital library

How can a university get involved?

Select planning/implementation team– Graduate School– Library– Computing / Information Technology– Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.

Send us letter, give us contact names Adapt Virginia Tech solution

– Build interest and consensus– Start trial / allow optional submission

Contact Our Project Team

[email protected]

Phone CallVisit

Video Tape

Convene Local Planning Group

ETD

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

ETD

ETD



NDLTD– Overview, History– Members, Collection, Member Types– Support, Extensions

Conclusion

Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs

Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools Automated submission & processing Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,)

Virginia Tech, ... (Local) WWW site, publicity (Local) Assistance provided as requested:

email, phone, listserv(s)

Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs

Like Type 1 but set date not reached Usually has an option or pilot May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter

after; … Build grass roots support

– Advisory committee: representative? expert?– Champions to spread by word of mouth– Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students– Publicity to reach community

NDLTD Members, Types 3-7

3. Part of university requires ETDs4. University allows ETDs5. University investigating, has pilot6. University consortium joins:

– CIC (Big 10 coordinating body)7. Non-university organization joins

– CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)

Everyone LearnsStudents become “info literate”Students learn about discovery, search,

categorization/classification, e-pub, preservation, helping others find/reuse

Campus starts to think about IPR– e.g., Virginia Tech symposium

Faculty and students improve quality as reader base expands




Conclusion

Support Services Developed

WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX,

WWW scripts - grad school/library) Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training

materials, FAQs, press info SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs SGML to HTML (web generator) LaTeX, Word templates, converters

Support Offered

Software, documentation, tech support Email, listservs ([email protected], -eval, -

grad, -library, -technical) Donations: Adobe, Microsoft Evaluation: instruments, analysis

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up

an int’l service & archive)

PetaPlex

Digital Library Machine (“super” object store)

Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 1,000,000 gigabytes (terabyte/petabyte)

Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 with

– high speed backbone connection (OC-12)

– 2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”:

– Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux




Conclusion

Accessibility Activities / Plans

Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) Usability studies Generic multi-lingual support Support for those with disabilities Hybrid collection (paper, MARC,

abstracts, full-text, multimedia) Disciplinary classifications, tools Visualization of results, collection

SPIRE Visualization

Enhancements

Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk DTDs for SGML, XML(+ <discipline>ML) Annotation system (author, friends, notes) Routing system (based on Sift) Multilingual WWW site, training materials (Spanish

recently done in Valencia) Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned with

Dienst and Harvest - maybe MARIAN)

MARIAN Layers

Database Layer

Search Engine Layer

User Information Layer

User Interface Layer

User User User User




Conclusion

Future Work - 1 of 2 Working with publishers to increase level of access as

much as possible Interoperability tests among universities and with UMI

to provide integrated services Study with testbed that emerges, to improve

information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support

Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination

Future Work - 2 of 2 Adding services currently prototyped

– annotation and SDI (routing) capabilities– Dublic Core metadata, crosswalk to MARC– support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch

Adding other services planned– building and using citation database (w. SFX)– implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”)

Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees)

Invitations!

Use 5S (to understand, build DLs)

Add to, use CSTC, CRIM

Join NDLTD and NUDL

Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) Tokyo Institute of Technology July 26,...

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