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The Expansion ofThe Expansion ofCivilization in South andCivilization in South and
Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia
Chapter 9
I. The Silk Road
Figure 9-1 p241
TheKushanKingdomandtheSilkRoad.A6erthecollapseoftheMauryanEmpire,anewstateformedbyrecentmigrantsfromthenortharosenorthoftheIndusRivervalley.Forthenextfourcenturies,theKushankingdomplayedamajorroleinregionaltradeviatheSilkRoadunFlitdeclinedinthethirdcenturyC.E.
Figure 9-2 p243
TheGuptaEmpire.ThismapshowstheextentoftheGuptaEmpire,theonlymajorstatetoariseintheIndiansubconFnentduringthefirstmillenniumC.E.ThearrowindicatesthemilitarycampaignintosouthernIndialedbyKingSamudragupta.
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Figure 9-3 p244
II. India After the Mauryas
A. The Gupta Dynasty: A New GoldenAge?
B. The Transformation of Buddhism 1. Theravada 2. Mahayana
C. The Decline of Buddhism in India D. When Did the Indians Become
Hindus?
When we last looked at India, the Gupta’scontrolled a vast Indian empire. By the 6th
century, this empire collapsed and left Indiavulnerable to internal fighting and civil war.
The internal fighting among the Indian stateslasted for several centuries, with no stategaining dominant power
During this time, Buddhism declined and Islamgrew throughout India
End of Gupta Empire
“e Glue”*Despite fragmentation, caste system & Hindu
religion held Indian society together
*But 600-1450 Islam arrives in India to shake things up
Decline of BuddhismThe followers of Buddhism in Indiaeventually split into two different religiousschools: the Theravada and the Mahayana
Theravada believed they were followingthe original teachings of Buddha; theybelieved Buddhism was a way of life, not areligion.
Mahayana thought the Theravadateachings were too strict for ordinarypeople. They viewed Buddhism as more ofa religion, not a way of life. They sawBuddha as a divine figure; throughdevotion to Buddha they could achievesalvation.
Neither school remained popular By 7th century, Buddhism was declining
rapidly; Theravada nearly disappeared,while Mahayana was absorbed intoHinduism and Islam
Buddhism became more popular inChina, Korea, Japan, and SoutheastAsia, where it is still practiced today
Decline of Buddhism
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III. The Arrival of Islam
A. The Empire of Mahmud of Ghazni B. The Delhi Sultanate C. Tamerlane
By 8th century, Islam had spread into India andwas very popular in NW corner of India
Had major impact on Indian civilization &eventually led to a division in the subcontinentinto Hindu India and two Islamic states,Bangladesh and Pakistan
Islam arrived in India when India had politicaldisorder; the region was divided into about 70states that fought each other constantly
Islam in Early India
Expansionof Islam
10th century, rebellious Turkish slaves founded anew Islamic state known as Ghazni, located inpresent-day Afghanistan.
In 997, Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of thefounder of Ghazni, began attacking neighboringHindu kingdoms. Looted Hindu & Buddhisttemples & established Islamic mosques orshrines on the sites of temples they destroyed.By his death in 1030, he extended his rulethroughout the upper Indus Valley as far as theIndian Ocean.
Mahmud’s successors fought the Hinduwarriors, called Rajputs, who could not competewith Ghazni’s cavalry and army.
By 1200, Muslim power reached across the entireplain of northern India. This Muslim state wasknown as the Sultanate of Delhi. By 1400, thisstate extended into the Deccan Plateau and rulednearly all of the Indian subcontinent.
*refers to 5 shortlived dynasties
*1206-1526
*capital at Delhi
*sultanate
*period of Indiancultural renaissance
*"Indo-Muslim"fusion of culturesleft lasting syncreticmonuments inarchitecture, music,literature, religionand clothing
Figure 9-4 p248
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KutubMinar.Tocommemoratetheirvictoryin1192,theMuslimconquerorsofnorthernIndiaconstructedamagnificentmosqueonthesiteofDelhi’slargestHindutemple.Muchofthematerialforthemosquecamefromtwenty‐sevenlocalHinduandJainshrines(right).AdjacenttothemosquesoarstheKutubMinar(KUH‐tubmee‐NAHR),symbolofthenewconqueringfaith.Originally238feethigh,thetower’sinscripFonproclaimeditsmissiontocastthelongshadowofAllahovertherealmoftheHindus.
Delhi Sultanate
1st independent Muslim Empire on Indiansubcontinent
Sultans - Persian, Afghan, Turkic or mixed descent
Fought Hindu princes for control of Indus & Gangesriver valleys
Depended on large armies to expand rule
Maintained extravagant courts & large bureaucracies
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KutubMinar.Tocommemoratetheirvictoryin1192,theMuslimconquerorsofnorthernIndiaconstructedamagnificentmosqueonthesiteofDelhi’slargestHindutemple.Muchofthematerialforthemosquecamefromtwenty‐sevenlocalHinduandJainshrines(right).AdjacenttothemosquesoarstheKutubMinar(KUH‐tubmee‐NAHR),symbolofthenewconqueringfaith.Originally238feethigh,thetower’sinscripFonproclaimeditsmissiontocastthelongshadowofAllahovertherealmoftheHindus.
Kingdom of VijayanagarLocated in northern Deccan Plateau
Established by 2 Muslim converts who renouncedIslam & returned to native Hinduism
Established an independent empire
Life Under Delhi Sultanate*Indians generally allowed to keep religions
*number of Buddhists dwindled
*Merchants were main carriers of Muslim faith
*Sufi mystics actively recruited converts - establishedschools, mosques, welcomed lower castes, formedmilitias against bandits
*High caste Hindus served as administrators for Muslimoverlords, served in sultan’s army, traded with Muslimmerchants BUT lived socially separate lives in separateparts of cities
Some Muslim princes….
Adopted Hindu practices in their courts Decorated palaces & coins with
likenesses of Hindu gods like Vishnu andShiva
Adopted Indian foods & styles of dress Organized states along caste lines with
recently arrived Muslim leaders on topbut high-caste Hindu converts next
Differences
HINDUS Hierarchical caste
system Many gods
MUSLIMS Emphasized equality One God
Nearly impossible to reconciledifferences between the twoIslam in India met stiff resistance from Hindu elites.
Tensions between the two - unlike Africa where religionscoexisted
By the 14th century, the Sultanate of Delhi was in decline. A new military force crossed the Indus River from the northwest, raided
Delhi, and then withdrew Over 100,000 Hindu prisoners were massacred before the gates of the
city. Timur (Tamarlane) lead this army; he was the ruler of a Mongol state
based in Samarkand to the north in the Pamir Mountains Timur seized power in 1369 and immediately began conquering other
regions and expanding his empire By the 1380s, he controlled the entire region from the Caspian Sea to
Mesopotamia, and large sections of India. After his death, the Moguls invaded from the north and threatened India Portuguese spice traders also arrived in search of trade goods, gold,
and spices.
Timur the Lame/Tamerlane
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Samarkand,GemoftheEmpire.ThecityofSamarkandhasalonghistory.OriginaFngduringthefirstmillenniumB.C.E.asacaravanstopontheSilkRoad,itwaslateroccupiedbyAlexandertheGreat,theAbbasids,andtheMongolsbeforebecomingthecapitalofTamerlane’sexpandingempire.TamerlaneexpendedgreatsumsincreaFngacityworthyofhisimperialambiFons.Shownhereisthegreatsquare,knownastheRegistan.Siteofamosque,alibrary,andaMuslimuniversity,allbuiltintheexuberantPersianstyle,Samarkandwasthejumping‐offpointfortradewithChinafartotheeast.TheinsethighlightsthefancifulFlemosaics,showinglionschasingdeerwhilearisingsunsmilesonthescene.
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Samarkand,GemoftheEmpire.ThecityofSamarkandhasalonghistory.OriginaFngduringthefirstmillenniumB.C.E.asacaravanstopontheSilkRoad,itwaslateroccupiedbyAlexandertheGreat,theAbbasids,andtheMongolsbeforebecomingthecapitalofTamerlane’sexpandingempire.TamerlaneexpendedgreatsumsincreaFngacityworthyofhisimperialambiFons.Shownhereisthegreatsquare,knownastheRegistan.Siteofamosque,alibrary,andaMuslimuniversity,allbuiltintheexuberantPersianstyle,Samarkandwasthejumping‐offpointfortradewithChinafartotheeast.TheinsethighlightsthefancifulFlemosaics,showinglionschasingdeerwhilearisingsunsmilesonthescene.
IV. Society and Culture
A. Religion 1. Class and Caste
B. Economy and Daily Life 1. Agriculture 2. Foreign Trade 3. Science and Technology
Muslim rulers in India saw themselves as foreignconquerors and maintained a strict separationbetween themselves and the Hindu population
Muslim rulers tried to convert the population to Islam,but realized there were too many Hindus to convertthem all
Muslim rulers reluctantly tolerated religiousdifferences, but still had great impact on Hindu society
Hindus behaved like conquered peoples, treatingMuslims with suspicion and dislike
Islam & Indian Society
From 500 – 1500, most Indians lived on theland and farmed; paid a share of their crops tolandlords who sent payments to the local ruler
Several large cities in India during this timeperiod, where many of the landed elites, richmerchants, and other wealthy Indians lived
Rulers had the most wealth; some kings werecalled maharaja (great king), and collectedwealth from throughout their states
One major source of wealth was trade; it wasthe cross point for the Silk Road, and center oftrade for goods between Southeast Asia andEast Asia
Foreign trade remained high throughout thisperiod, in spite of internal strife
Economy
Indian Culture:Architecture
From 500 to 1500 religiousarchitecture in India developedfrom caves to new, magnificentstructures. From the 8th centuryon, Indian architects builtmonumental Hindu temples.Each temple consisted of acentral shrine surrounded by atower, a hall for worshippers, anentryway, and a porch, all set ina rectangular courtyard.
The Khajuraho temple is one ofthe greatest examples of this typeof architecture. Of 80 templesbuilt there in the 10th century, 20still remain.
Famous Hindu Akshardham temple in South Delhi
Southeast Asia
V. The Golden Region: EarlySoutheast Asia
A. Paddy Fields and Spices: The Statesof Southeast Asia 1. The Mainland States 2. The Malay World 3. The Role of India
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Rice Culture in Southeast Asia. Rice was first cultivated in southern Asia seven or eight thousand years ago. It is a labor-intensive crop that requires many workers to plant the seedlings and organize the distribution of water. Initially, the fields areflooded to facilitate the rooting of the rice seedlings and add nutrients to the soil. The upper photo shows terracing on ahillside in Bali, and in the lower photo workers are performing the backbreaking task of transplanting rice seedlings in aflooded field in modern Vietnam. The significance of rice in Southeast Asia is reflected in the fact that all cultures in the regionhave traditionally venerated its sacred nature by creating elaborate rituals to the rice goddess. In Indonesia, the worship ofDewi Sri has long been essential to assure a good harvest
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RiceCultureinSoutheastAsia.RicewasfirstculFvatedinsouthernAsiasevenoreightthousandyearsago.Itisalabor‐intensivecropthatrequiresmanyworkerstoplanttheseedlingsandorganizethedistribuFonofwater.IniFally,thefieldsarefloodedtofacilitatetherooFngofthericeseedlingsandaddnutrientstothesoil.TheupperphotoshowsterracingonahillsideinBali,andinthelowerphotoworkersareperformingthebackbreakingtaskoftransplanFngriceseedlingsinafloodedfieldinmodernVietnam.ThesignificanceofriceinSoutheastAsiaisreflectedinthefactthatallculturesintheregionhavetradiFonallyvenerateditssacrednaturebycreaFngelaborateritualstothericegoddess.InIndonesia,theworshipofDewiSrihaslongbeenessenFaltoassureagoodharvest
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Between China &India lies the regionthat today is calledSoutheast Asia. Ithas two major parts:the mainland,extending south fromthe Chinese borderto the tip of the MalayPeninsula. Thesecond part is thearchipelago, orchain of islands,most of which is partof present-dayIndonesia and thePhilippines.
Southeast Asia
Ancient mariners called the area the “golden region”or “golden islands.”
Located between India and China, Southeast Asia is amelting pot of peoples. It contains a vast mixture ofraces, cultures, and religions.
Several mountain ranges in the mainland, along withseveral fertile river valleys.
Mountains are densely forested and full of malaria-bearing mosquitoes, which caused isolation amongthe river valleys, as it was difficult to traverse themountains
Prevented Southeast Asia from being unified underone government; instead separate, distinct culturesgrew throughout Southeast Asia
Mainland Southeast Asia
“Diasporic Communities”
People from all over the Indian OceanBasin came to settle in Southeast Asia
Blend of religions and customs By 13th century, Islam was widespread in
Southeast Asia due to trade and activemissionaries (most done peacefully)
Between 500 and 1500 a number oforganized states developed throughoutSoutheast Asia
Each state was influenced by Chinaand India, but they adapted the modelsto their own needs and created severalunique states:
Vietnam Angkor Thailand Burma
Formation of States
The Vietnamese were conqueredby China in 111 BCE; however, theChinese struggled to control theVietnamese who clung fiercely totheir own identity
When the Vietnamese threw out theChinese, they created a newVietnamese state called Dai Viet. They followed the Chinese
model of government They followed Confucianist
ideals The Vietnamese conquered the
coastal region of Southeast Asiaand extended from China to theGulf of Thailand by 1600
Vietnam
In the 9th century, the kingdom of Angkor arose in theregion that is present-day Cambodia
Jayavarman united the Khmer people and establisheda capital at Angkor Thom. In 802, Jayavarman wascrowned god-king of the people
The Khmer Empire was the most powerful state inmainland Southeast Asia for several hundred years
When the Thai people arrived from the north in the 14th
century, Angkor began to decline In 1432, the Thai destroyed the Angkor capital and set
up a new capital near Phnom Penh, the capital ofpresent-day Cambodia
Angkor
Angkor Wat -
The Thai people first appeared in the 6th
century as frontier people in China They began moving southward in the 11th or
12th century, as a result of the Mongol invasionof China
The Thai eventually destroyed Angkor and tookover the region
The Thai converted to Buddhism, but alsoincorporated some Indian political practices,melding into a modern-day culture of Thailand
Thailand
The Burman people were established in the Salweenand Irrawaddy River valleys, where they had migratedfrom Tibet in the 7th century
Burmans were pastoral people, but adopted farmingsoon after arriving in Southeast Asia
They converted to Buddhism and adopted politicalinstitutions and culture
In the 11th century, they founded the first Burmesestate, the kingdom of Pagan, which was powerful for200 years
Attacks from the Mongols in the late 13th centuryweakened Pagan, causing it to decline
Burma
Kingdom of Pagan
Malay Peninsula
Two organized states eventuallyemerged in the peninsula: the state ofSrivijaya and the kingdom of Sailendra
Srivijaya dominated the trade routepassing through the Strait of Malaccaand depended on trade for their wealth
Sailendra was based on farming, butheavily influenced by Indian culture
Malay Peninsula
In the 13th century, the kingdom of Majapahit wasfounded
Majapahit incorporated most of the archipelago andparts of the mainland under single rule
Majapahit only lasted 200 years, until the Muslimconquest of India caused Muslim merchants to settle inport cities and convert the local population
Around 1400, an Islamic state began to form in Melaka(Malacca), which became a major trading point in theregion
Almost the entire population of the region wasconverted to Islam and became part of the Sultanateof Melaka
Malay Peninsula
Two groups lived in Southeast Asia:agricultural societies and trading societies
Trade in Southeast Asia expanded after theemergence of states in the area reachedtheir greatest heights under Muslim control
Demand for products from East Asia grew inEurope, increasing trade opportunitiesthroughout Southeast Asia Southeast Asia exported: cloves, pepper,
nutmeg, cinnamon, teak, sandalwood and rice
Economics
Aristocrats were the top of the social ladder inmost Southeast Asian societies Held political power Held economic wealth
Most of the population were farmers, fishers,artisans, and merchants Rice farmers tended to live at lowest level, paying
heavy rent or taxes to lords or local rulers
Women enjoyed greater rights in SoutheastAsian than in other parts of Asia, often findingequality with men
Social Structures
Chinese culture was the region’s strongestinfluence
Architecture throughout Cambodia, MalayPeninsula and Archipelago show Chinese-style temples and buildings
Hindu and Buddhist ideas had earlyprominence, arriving in the first century CE Theravada Buddhism became the religion of
choice for most of Southeast Asia until the arrivalof Islam
Culture & Religion
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Figure 9-6 p259
SoutheastAsiaintheThirteenthCentury.ThismapshowsthemajorstatesthataroseinSoutheastAsiaa6ertheyear1000C.E.Some,suchasAngkorandDaiViet,werepredominantlyagricultural.Others,suchasSrivijayaandChampa,werecommercial.
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Besakih,theBalinese‘‘MotherTemple.’’InSoutheastAsiaasinmanyothercultures,mountainshavetradiFonallybeenconsideredtobetheabodeofthegods.OntheislandofBali,beauFfulMountAgung(AH‐goong)issFllviewedbyHindusasBali’sholiestsite—thelocalequivalentofMountMeru(MAY‐roo),thetradiFonalhomeofthegodsinIndia.InBalinesecosmology,theseaisthehomeofevilspirits,whilehumansoccupytheprofaneworldinbetween.
ConstructedlongagoonMountAgung,Besakih(bee‐SAHK‐ee)isconsideredthemostsacredBalinesetemple.Composedofmanybuildings,thetemplecomplexrisesonseventerracesupthesideofthevolcanicmountain,asseenhere.Althoughthevolcanoeruptedin1963,killingthousandsofislandersinacloudofvolcanicash,theBesakihtemplewasrelaFvelyunscathed.
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TheTempleofBorobudur.ThecolossalpyramidtempleatBorobudur,ontheislandofJava,isoneofthegreatestBuddhistmonuments.ConstructedintheeighthcenturyC.E.,itdepictsthepathtospiritualenlightenmentinstone.SculpturesandreliefportrayalsofthelifeoftheBuddhaatthelowerleveldepicttheworldofdesire.AthigherelevaFons,theygivewaytoemptybelltowers(seeinset)andculminateatthesummitwithanemptyandclosedstupa,signifyingthestateofNirvana.Shortlya6eritwasbuilt,BorobudurwasabandonedwhenanewrulerswitchedhisallegiancetoHinduismandorderedtheerecFonoftheHindutempleofPrambanannearby.Buriedforathousandyearsundervolcanicashandjungle,Borobudurwasrediscoveredinthenineteenthcenturyandhasrecentlybeenrestoredtoitsformersplendor.
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TheTempleofBorobudur.ThecolossalpyramidtempleatBorobudur,ontheislandofJava,isoneofthegreatestBuddhistmonuments.ConstructedintheeighthcenturyC.E.,itdepictsthepathtospiritualenlightenmentinstone.SculpturesandreliefportrayalsofthelifeoftheBuddhaatthelowerleveldepicttheworldofdesire.AthigherelevaFons,theygivewaytoemptybelltowers(seeinset)andculminateatthesummitwithanemptyandclosedstupa,signifyingthestateofNirvana.Shortlya6eritwasbuilt,BorobudurwasabandonedwhenanewrulerswitchedhisallegiancetoHinduismandorderedtheerecFonoftheHindutempleofPrambanannearby.Buriedforathousandyearsundervolcanicashandjungle,Borobudurwasrediscoveredinthenineteenthcenturyandhasrecentlybeenrestoredtoitsformersplendor.
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AngkorWat.TheKhmer(kuh‐MEER)rulersofAngkorconstructedanumberofremarkabletemplesandpalaces.DevisedaseitherHinduorBuddhistshrines,thetemplesalsoreflectedthepowerandsancFtyoftheking.Thistwel6h‐centurytempleknownasAngkorWatisrenownedbothforitsspectaculararchitectureandforthethousandsoffinebas‐reliefsrelaFngHindulegendsandKhmerhistory.Mostmemorablearetheheavenlydancingmaidensandtheroyalprocessionswithelephantsandsoldiers.
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Giant Heads of Easter Island. When the Malayo-Polynesian-speaking peoples spread out from their homeland into the islandsof the Pacific, they eventually settled in areas as distant as Hawaii and Easter Island. Some of these peoples first arrived onEaster Island in the fifth century C.E. and soon began to erect giant stone statues. It is thought that they were erected by rivalchiefdoms for reasons of prestige. The process of moving the statues from the quarry (shown here) by rolling them on a bedof rounded logs eventually devastated the forests and caused the total erosion of the landscape. As a result, almost the entirepopulation was wiped out.
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