9.1 revolutionary war_i
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Transcript of 9.1 revolutionary war_i
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Notes on the RevolutionLexington & Concord, April 1775 - First Shots
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The 2nd Continental Congress - Began meeting in May 1775 in Philadelphia, PA- Became the government of the colonies during the Revolutionary War
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Second Continental Congress (cont’d) - Recognized George Washington as commander of the Continental Army - the Colonial militia that surrounded Boston - Authorized paper money - Established a committee for foreign relations
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Battle of Bunker Hill- June 17, 1775 British General Gage attacked colonial militia on Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, with 2,400 redcoats- Colonists had limited ammunition and waited to fire: American officer William Prescott commanded, “Do not fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”- The militia mowed down the British, until the colonists ran out of ammunition and retreated- The British had over 1,000 casualties to 311 for the Americans - It was the bloodiest battle of the WarThe casualties embarrassed & outraged the British government
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Olive Branch Petition – July of 1775 – Colonists offered to make peace with King George III and return to “the former harmony” between Britain & America
Loyalists & Patriots – early in the war there was fighting (civil war) throughout the colonies between supporters of the King (loyalists) and supporters of the Revolution (patriots).
Summer/Fall of 1775 - The colonists fought British troops in upstate New York and Montreal – the colonists hoped Quebec would join the Revolution – they did not.George III, in August 1775, declared that the colonists were in rebellion and issued a proclamation to suppress it
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Common Sense – Thomas Paine wrote this 43-page pamphlet, published in January of 1776.
He argued that America should become independent and form a republic – with social equality and equal economic opportunity for all citizens.
By spring 100’s of thousands of Americans had been influenced by Common Sense and had begun to favor American Independence.
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Colonial Siege of Boston - April 1775 ‘til March of 1776
- The militia under Washington surrounded Boston
- Henry Knox brought cannons from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston, which were used to threaten the British Army & fleet
- in March ‘76 the British army finally withdrew from Boston to Canada
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The Declaration of Independence- Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposed Independence in June of 1776
- The Congress finally agreed and formed a committee to write a formal declaration
- The committee included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams.
- Jefferson was appointed to write the document
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The Declaration of Independence- Jefferson based his argument for Independence on John Locke’s political philosophy & Enlightenment Ideals- natural rights - Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness- social contract - government formed to protect rights- citizens may abolish a government that does not protect their rights- government draws its authority from the consent of the governed- “All men are created equal” – equal political rights- The signers were committing Treason against Britain
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The Northern Campaign- New York, August 1776 – The British forced Washington to retreat from and abandon New York City to the British- Washington’s army reduced from about 20,000 men to as few as 5,000 after the retreat
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Nathan Hale, a spy for Gen. Washington, was captured during the New York campaign and before he was hanged said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”
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The American Crisis
- Winter 1776 - Washington’s Army was in retreat from N.Y. and was on the verge of disintegrating.
- Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet encouraging Americans to continue to fight - arguing that anything worth having would be difficult to obtain
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- Trenton, Christmas 1776 - Washington won a surprise victory by crossing the Delaware River into New Jersey, and defeating Hessian mercenaries who had been celebrating the holiday - The victory convinced many troops, who could have left the Army, to re-enlist
- Princeton, January 1777 – Another Washington victory against a small British force helped encourage the troops and American patriots
Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Leutze
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Philadelphia, Fall 1777- British moved against the ‘capital’ and Washington delayed the British while the Continental Congress fled.- Washington lost two battles to the British - Brandywine Creek September 1777 - Germantown, October 1777- The British occupied Philadelphia until mid-1778
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Saratoga - The Turning Point of the War- British General John Burgoyne moved south down the
Hudson River with a mixed force of Redcoats, mercenaries, and Mohawk – Summer/Fall 1777
- Burgoyne expected help from Howe in New York- The British were constantly ambushed by American
troops as they moved south- October 1777 at Saratoga in upstate New York
American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold defeated Burgoyne & forced a British surrender
Three important outcomes1)Americans believed they could win2)British realized they could lose, and began to focus
on cities3) France agreed to ally with America, giving America a
chance to win
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Valley Forge- Washington’s Army spent the freezing winter of 1777-78 in terrible conditions in this Pennsylvania village- The Army dwindled from about 12,000 to about 8,000 from death and desertion
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- Despite the conditions, Washington was joined by two important European officers: - Marquis de Lafayette – young French aristocrat - cared passionately for the American cause and served on Washington’s staff - Baron von Steuben – Prussian (German) officer - helped train the Continental Army to fight like a European Army – to march, maneuver, and fire in an organized way - This training turned the Continental Army into a more effective fighting force