8TH ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT I

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I. GENERAL COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT FOR THE YEAR:To understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance and to describe in simple terms aspects of his past and his environment and matters related to their immediate needs

II. TERM COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT:To use with the Present Perfect and Past Simple to address issues such experiences and achievements and to used correctly gerunds and infinitives and using modals (should and must) to express necessity or obligation.

III. GENERATIVE TOPIC

By the way...have you ever...?

IV. CONTENT AND SKILLS:1. Revisit Present perfect2. Gerunds and Infinitive Forms.3. Recycle Modals: Should and Must

V. CONNECTION WITH OTHER SUBJECTS:English is important to comprehend information from other subjects such as science and social studies. With that information you will get ready to understand all the different information you can find all over the world, in a second language.

SUBJECT English GRADE 8th LENGTHAREA Foreign Languages START DATE GUIDEI.H.S. 5 DUE DATE TERM I

English Assignment

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VI. RESOURCES: Spanish – English Dictionary. English Assignment (Includes: English exercises, handouts, content, and word banks) Pencil case. English Book and Workbook.

VII. ACHIEVEMENT INDICATORS:

Superior Alto Básico BajoUtiliza con facilidad el Presente Perfecto y Pasado Simple para abordar temas como experiencias y logros. Utiliza de manera correcta los gerundios e infinitivos y expresa necesidad u obligatoriedad usando los modales should and must en el presente perfecto.

Comprende y participa en conversaciones sobre temas como experiencias y logros. Reconoce y usa correctamente algunos de los gerundios e infinitivos y expresa necesidad u obligatoriedad usando los modales should and must en el presente perfecto.

Reconoce el presente perfecto como la estructura apropiada para hablar de experiencia y logros. Reconoce el uso de gerundios y de infinitivos y los modales should and must en el presente perfecto

Se le dificulta usar, comprender o reconocer el Presente Perfecto para hablar de experiencias y logros; reconocer y usar los infifnitivos y los modales should and must en el presente perfecto para expresar obligatoriedad o necesidad.

VIII. REQUIRED RESOURCES: http://www.english-4kids.com/grade6.html

http://englishpage.com/

http://englishpage.com/

http://www.english-4kids.com/grade6.html

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STANDARD UNDERSTANDING PERFORMANCES

TEACHING ACTIVITIES DATE ONGOING ASSESMENTS

Leo y comprendo textos narrativos y descriptivos o narraciones y descripciones de diferentes fuentes sobre temas que me son familiares, y comprendo textos argumentativos cortos y sencillos.

Comprendo mensajes cortos y

PRESENT PERFECT

The guide will introduce the topic.Board warming up exercise.

Oral skills and feedback.

Students are capable of choosing the correct auxiliary verb (have/has) and use the correct Past Participle.

Students will work in pairs on ACTIVITY 1.The students can use the VERB LIST to work.

Class participation and effort to make contributions to the topic being developed.

Students use the correct tense to complete sentences

Students work on ACTIVITY 2. No pair work is allowed.Students underline the key words that helped them decide which the correct tense.


Students work on ACTIVITY 3

Further practice: ACTIVITIES 4-5

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Gerunds and Infinitive Forms The guide will present the topic using a series of sentencesRead and go over Gerund and Infinitive Verb list.ATTACHMENT 1


Differentiate gerunds and infinitives.Uses gerunds and infinitives correctly

Students will work on ACTIVITY 6Pair work is allowed. The guide will assist students in their work.


Students will work on ACTIVITY 7Pair work is NOT allowed.

Adequate use of the tenses according to the situation in reference.

Students will work on ACTIVITY 8 Pair work is allowed. The guide will assist students in their work.


Students work at home on ACTIVITY 9ATTACHMENT 2

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simples relacionados con mi entorno y mis intereses personales y académicos.

Cuando me hablan sobre lo que hago en la escuela o en mi tiempo libre, comprendo las ideas generales si el lenguaje es claro.

Converso con mis compañeros y mi profesor sobre experiencias pasadas y planes futuros.

Students prepare a Study sheet.Oral assessment and quiz

MODALS

Identifies single-word modals and phrasal modals using the module.

Modals introduction. Oral skills and feedback.

CANStudents understand the use of can and recognize CAN as a single-word modal.

Students differentiate the two uses of CAN: Ability and Permission (informal)

The teacher elicits/wirtes on the board sentences using CAN. The teacher then ask the students to identify which use is given to


Students work onACTIVITY 10No pair work is allowed in PART 1.


Students produce and identify sentences using CAN with ease.

Students work on ACTIVITY 6.Pair work is required for PART 2.

SHOULD The teacher presents a situation and asks for advice. Then the teacher presents SHOULD as a way of providing

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advice.Students elicit possible solutions or advice using SHOULD.

Students are capable choosing SHOULD or SHOULDN'T

Students work on ACTIVITY 2, PART 1.

Students are capable or producing sentences using SHOULD followed by a base verb (original form) to give advise.

Students work on ACTIVITY 2, PART 2

MUST The teacher presents a set of signs. The students explain their meanings.The teacher writes sentences using MUST explaining the meaning of each image.Signs: ATTACHMENT 1


Students are capable choosing MUST or MUSTN'T

Students work on ACTIVITY 11, PART 1


Students are capable of producing sentences to discuss prohibtion or obligation.

Students work on ACTIVITY 11, PART 2.


HAVE TO The teacher presents a list of things that need to be done in a house (chores)The students talk about which ones need to be done by them in their homes.The teacher takes some interventions as examples and presents HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO as a way of talking about necessity or responsability.


Students are capable of choosing HAVE TO or DON'T HAVE TO correctly

Students work on ACTIVITY 13. Class participation and effort to make contributions to the topic being developed.

Students choose the correct modal depending on the situation.

Students work on ACTIVITY 15. Oral feedback in preparation for a quiz.Quiz on modals.


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Students are capable of providing advice and discussing responsibilities, obligations and prohibitions and describing situations using modals.

Students work on ACTIVITY 15 Homework.

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REFERENCE

CONTENT 1: PRESENT PERFECThttp://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/presentperfect.html

FORMPositive → PERSON + [has/have] + [past participle] + …

Negative → PERSON + [has/have] + NOT + [past participle] + …

Question → [has/have] + PERSON + [past participle] + …?

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times.

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

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TOPIC 1 ExperienceYou can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have eaten pizza.

I have eaten pizza many times.

I have seen the new show.

I haven't seen the new show

TOPIC 2 Change Over TimeWe often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you. She has been interested in music since she went to the concert. Tattoos have become increasingly accepted in mainstream culture. My English has really improved since I started this course.

TOPIC 3 AccomplishmentsWe often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Colombia has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.

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TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different TimesWe also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.

ACTIVITY 1

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present perfect tense.

Example: I / You / We / they (visit) have visited Argentina before.

Example: He / She / It (visit) has visited Argentina before.

1. I (visit) _______ ________ Australia before.

2. You (visit) _______ ________ Mexico before.

3. We (visit) _______ ________ Canada before.

4. They (visit) _______ ________ China before.

5. He (visit) _______ ________ Africa before

6. She (visit) _______ ________ India before.

7. It (visit) _______ ________ Europe before.

8. Our company (arrive) ______ ________. Please answer the door.

9. The ice on the sidewalk (melt) _______ ________. I think the sun is out today.

10. The McMillans (prepare) _______ _________ a lot of food for the party. It looks delicious.

11. Tony’s flight from New Jersey (land) _______ ________. We should see him any minute.

12. The bank officers (suggest) _______ _________ that the meeting be scheduled for

13. Wednesday morning. I will try to locate a conference room.

14. Sparky (taste) _______ ________ his new dog food, and he seems to like it.

15. The police (arrest) _______ ________ two men for the robbery. It is time to question them.

16. The medicine (cure) _______ ________ William’s illness. It seems miraculous.

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ACTIVITY 2

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present perfect tense. Rewrite the sentences in your notebook.

Affirmative (+) :Example: Charles (taste) has tasted Guacamole before.

Negative (-) : Example: We (not, eat) have not eaten dinner yet.

1) Mrs. Polanski (know) _______ ________ Peter since he was a little boy. She has lived next door to his family for many years.

2) After eight hours, Angel and Roberto (arrive) _______ ________ in California. They drove there today from New Mexico, and want to go to San Diego tomorrow.

3) Nastia (live) ______ ________ in Norway for twenty-two years. She enjoys living there. She doesn’t mind the cold winters, but she especially likes to spend summer vacations at the North Sea.

4) Ariel (be) _______ ________ a gymnast for eight years. She (break) _______ ________ six bones since she began practicing gymnastics. She likes to get her friends to sign her casts.

5) (You, be) ________ _______ ________ to Africa before? I (hear) ________ _________ it is beautiful there. I would like to go on a safari in Kenya.

6) The President (speak) _______ _________. His decision is final. Many people don’t agree with him, but making hard decisions is part of his job. I would not want that job!

7) The letter you sent me (not, arrive) _______ _______ _________ yet. I (check) _______ ________ my mailbox for it every day. I wonder where it could be.

8) I (wait) _______ ________ for thirty minutes and my friend (not, come) ______________ ________ to meet me. I am a little worried about her, because she is always on time.

9) I (visit) ________ _________ Spain before. It is a beautiful country. I love the old, southern city of Cádiz, which has wonderful plazas and beaches.

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ACTIVITY 3

Fill in the spaces with the correct form of the verb in simple present perfect tense.

Example: Amy (eat) has eaten lunch already.

1) Mark (eat) _______ ________ dinner already. He is not hungry.

2) Beth (write) _______ ________ three letters today. She misses her family.

3) Yoko and Armand (take) _______ ________ the test. Now they can relax.

4) Marty and I (be) _______ ________ to Costa Rica three times. We are familiar with the culture.

5) I (drink) _______ _______ six cups of water today.

6) Eva (sing) _______ ________ in a chorus before. Her voice is pretty.

7) Chong-Li (get) _______ ________ very good at speaking English. She has practiced a lot.

8) Lucy (hide) _______ ________ in the woods. Now her friends will try to find her.

9) It (be) _______ ________ a good week so far.

10) You (show) ________ _________ that you are a hard worker. Good job!

11) Daisy (wear) _______ _________ a dress to work every day this week.

12) Mr. Lee (drive) _______ ________ from Texas to Iowa for the conference. He needs to get some rest before it starts.

13) Juan (ride) _______ ________ horses since he was a little boy. It is easy for him.

14) Mr. and Mrs. Sanchez (become) _______ ________ grandparents. Their daughter, Josefina, had a baby yesterday.

15) The movie (begin) _______ _______. Please be quiet!

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ACTIVITY 4

Write negative sentences in present perfect simple. Use your notebook. The sentences must be at least 8 words long.

Example:The weather was wonderful today. So the children were in the park all afternoon and have not done their household chores:

1. Sarah / not / wash the dishes

2. Anita / not / clean the kitchen

3. Maureen and Gavin / not / water the plants

4. Joey / not / make his bed

5. David / not / buy milk

6. Lisa / not / be to the baker's

7. Aran and Jack / not / do their homework

8. Jane and Ben / not / tidy up their rooms

9. Alex / not / feed the hamster

10. Hazel / not / empty the bin

ACTIVITY 5

Write a story about your life, include your experiences and accomplishments.

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CONTENT 2: GERUND AND INFINITIVES

http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_list.htm

2.1. GERUND

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding "-ing." The gerund form of the verb "play" is "playing." You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.Example:Playing sports is good for your health. Subject.Her favorite activity after school is playing tennis. ComplementI enjoy playing tennis. Object.

Gerunds can also be used in the negative form:She hates not playing tennis when it is raining.

2.2 INFINITIVE

Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of "learn" is "to learn." You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

To study is crucial if you want to graduate from High School. SubjectThe most important thing is to eat healthy meals. Complement I want to speak another language. Object

Infinitives can also be used in the negative form:I decided not to go.

There are many "go + gerund" expressions used for adventure sports and individual recreational activities. Example:

go boatinggo sailing go bowlinggo scuba diving

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Gerunds and infinitives are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the main verb in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.SEE ATTACHMENT 1

ACTIVITY 6

Gerunds and Infinitives. Exercise choose the correct answer for each gap below.

1. Dan enjoys _______________( read) science fiction.

2. Cheryl suggested ___________(see) a movie after work.

3. I miss____________(work) in the travel industry. Maybe I can get my old job back.

4. Where did you learn __________(speak) Spanish? Was it in Spain or in Latin America?

5. Do you mind________________(help) me translate this letter?

6. He asked________________(talk) to the store manager.

7. You've never mentioned __________(live) in Japan before. How long did you live there?

8. If he keeps________________(keep) to work late, he's going to get fired!

9. Debbie plans____________(study) abroad next year.

10. I agreed_________(help) Jack wash his car.

ACTIVITY 7

Fill in the blanks. You may choose the verb, make sure your choice is logical.

1. After his insulting comments, I thought Jack deserved ______________________fired.

2. Max avoided__________________ his cell phone when other people were in the room.

3. We arranged______________________________ a taxi pick us up and take us to the airport.

4. I resent____________________________ treated like a servant in my own home!

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5. Frank completed ____________________________the new barn last week. Next, he is going to paint it red.

6. Don't worry, I don't mind ________________________dinner. I think I'll make fish with steamed vegetables, and a big salad on the side!

7. Crying, the mother looked into the television camera and said, "Society will no longer tolerate _________________________."

8. Karen and Neil would like______________ that new dance club downtown. It's supposed to have one of the largest dance floors in the world.

9. I can't see_______________________________ a car when you don't even have a driver's license. That doesn't make any sense!

10. When do you wish__________________________ , now or later?

ACTIVITY 8

Attachment 2.

ACTIVITY 9

Write and present a dialogue using present perfect and past simple.The dialogue should last at least 3 minutes.

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CONTENT 3: MODAL VERBS

3.1. WHAT ARE THEY FOR?http://www.eslcafe.com/grammar/understanding_and_using_modal_verbs01.html

Modals express the mood a verb, such as ability, possibility, necessity, or another condition. They are used with a main verb to form a sentence or a question. Modals are not conjugated, have no tense, and cannot be used without a main verb.

In a statement the word order is subject + modal + main verb.

Here are some important general guidelines on the use of modal verbs:

1. The English modal verbs are auxiliary verbs.Modal verbs are always combined with other verbs to show complete meanings.

2.There are both single-word modals and phrasal modals.

The single-word modals are:

can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would

Phrasal modals include the following:

be able to, be going to, be supposed to, had better, have to, have got to, ought to

3. All the single-word modals above are followed by the simple form of verbs

INCORRECT:

*He may knows the answer.

*He may knowing the answer.

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*He may knew the answer.

*He may known the answer.

CORRECT!!! → He may know the answer.

4. Most of the phrasal modals include to:

be able to, be going to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, ought to, used to

With these phrasal modals, the simple form of a verb follows to:

He's able to help us. He's going to help us. He's supposed to help us. He ought to help us. He used to help us.

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SINGLE-WORD MODALS:

3.1.1 CAN

Can #1: Ability

The modal auxiliary can is used in two main ways. One way is in showing ability.

Examples:

Larry can play piano well.

(Larry knows how to play piano well. / Larry has the ability to play piano well.)

Joan can solve that problem.

(Joan is able to solve that problem. / Joan knows how to solve that problem.)

Most of Fouad's friends can speak both Arabic and French.

(Most of Fouad's friends are able to speak both Arabic and French. / Most of Fouad's friends know how to speak both Arabic and French.)

The negative of can is cannot (one word), but cannotis generally contracted to can't in speaking.

Examples:

I'm sorry, but I can't (cannot) understand you.

Judy can't (cannot) swim very well.

João can't (cannot) speak Spanish, but he can understand it.

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Because can and can't (cannot) are auxiliary verbs, they are used with verbs in simple form:

INCORRECT:

*He can't to understand you.

*He can't understanding you.

*He can't understands you.

CORRECT!!!!

He can't understand you.

Can #2:Asking and Giving Permission, Making Requests (Informal)

Another way to use the modal auxiliary can is in informally asking and giving permission and in making requests.

Examples:

Can I leave early?

(Do I have your permission to leave early? [informal])

Yes, you can leave any time after 3:00.

(Yes, you have permission to leave any time after 3:00. [informal])

Can you tell me the time?

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(request [informal]: Please tell me the time.)

Can you help me?

(request [informal]: Please help me.)

The negative of can is cannot (one word), but cannot is generally contracted to can't in speaking. Here, can't (cannot) shows that someone does not have permission or that someone is not able to do what is requested.

Examples:

I'm sorry, but you can't (cannot) leave early. The project that you're working on needs to be finished.

(Someone does not have permission to leave early. [informal])

Unfortunately I can't (cannot) tell you the time because I don't have a watch.

(Someone is not able to do what is requested--tell the time.)

I'd like to help you, but I can't right now. I have a meeting in just a few minutes.

(Someone is not able to do what is requested--to help another person.)

Special Notes:

1.Informal is not the same as impolite.

Informal speech is used in relaxed, friendly situations. Formal speech is used to show respect. Impolite speech is angry, rude, and probably insulting.

2. Sometimes teachers use a kind of joke to show the difference between can and may in asking permission:

student: Can I get a drink of water?

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Teacher: Yes, you are able to, but no, you do not have permission to.

(The teacher thinks that the student is asking for permission too informally and pretends to understand the meaning of can as ability, not as permission.)

3. In requests, it's possible to use can with you, but not with may:

INCORRECT: *May you help me?

CORRECT: Can you help me?

3.1.2. SHOULD:

Should

The modal auxiliary should has several uses. The most common one is probably in showing advisability--that is, in showing that something is a good idea. It's important to understand that when should is used in this way, there is always a choice for whether to do something or not-- because advisability is not the same as a requirement. Examples:

I should study tonight. (It would be a good idea for me to study tonight, but maybe I'll study and maybe I won't.)

You look tired. You should rest. (Because you look tired, I think it would be advisable for you to rest--but I know that maybe you'll rest and maybe you won't.)

I think X was cheating on the test. Should I tell the teacher? (I think, but don't know, that X was cheating on the test. Do you think it would be a good idea for me to tell the teacher? Maybe I'll tell the teacher and maybe I won't, but I want to know what you think would be advisable.)

The negative form of should is should not (which is commonly contracted to shouldn't). Shouldn't can also be used to show advisability:

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Examples:I shouldn't surf the Internet tonight because I have a lot of homework to do. (It wouldn't be a good idea for me to surf the Internet tonight because I have a lot of homework to do, but whether I surf the Internet or not is up to me.)

You look tired. You shouldn't work so hard. (Because you look tired, I think you're working too hard. I also think it would be advisable for you not to work as hard as you do. Whether you work hard or not is up to you, however.)

No, you shouldn't tell the teacher that X was cheating on the test because you're not really sure that he was. (I think that because you're not sure that X was cheating on the test, it wouldn't be a good idea for you to tell the teacher that he was--but whether you tell the teacher or not is up to you.)

Special Note:

Should does not show a requirement. When should is used to show advisability, something is a good idea--but there is always a choice about whether or not to do it.

3.1.2 MUST

The modal auxiliary must (negative must not--which is often contracted to mustn't) has several uses and meanings in present or future time. The meaning that most people are most familiar with is obligation--that is, a requirement.

Examples:

All airline passengers must pass through the security checkpoint. (It's necessary / a requirement for all airline passengers to pass through the security checkpoint.)

If he wants to cash a check, he must show identification that has his picture on it. (If he wants to cash a check, it's necessary / a requirement for him to show identification that has his picture on it.)

You must not (mustn't) disturb Ms. Park just now. She's in a very important meeting. (It's necessary / a requirement for you not to disturb Ms. Park just now. She's in a very important meeting.)

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They must not (mustn't) stay here a moment longer! It's too dangerous! (It's necessary / a requirement for them not to stay here a moment longer! It's too dangerous!)

ACTIVITY 10

I. CANCopy in your notebook and fill in the blanks with can or can't and then check your answers below.PART 1.

1. The boy ____ run because his leg is broken.

2. She ____ go to the store after lunch. Let's eat.

3. ____ you get the door for me please? My hands are full.

4. They ____ be happily married because they are always fighting.

5. That boy ____ have written this essay. He doesn't have the skills.

6. We ____ go to the movies tomorrow night. Let's stay in tonight.

7. Mom, ___ I watch the football match on TV?

8. Can I go to Steve's tonight after dinner? No, you ____.

9. He's a smart boy. He ____ do multiplication tables and he's only 5.

10. You ____ be serious. There's no way we will finish by then!

11. I __________ remember his name.

12. A. Can you lend me some money? B: Sorry. I __________ . I haven't got any either.

13. Diana ________ the piano.

14. 1. Where I see a good rock concert?

15. Can Lisa speak French? No, she____

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CAN

PART 2

1. Write 5 sentences using CAN to express ability.2. Write 5 sentences using CAN to ask/give permission or to make a request.3. Rewrite them on a piece of paper and cut it into individual sentences. Ask a partner to classify your sentences and classify their sentences. Check using your notebooks.

ACTIVITY 11

II. SHOULDPART 1

Read the sentences. Write should or shouldn´t. Use your notebook.

1)If it´s rainy you ________________take an umbrella.

2)Tom____________eat so many lollipops. It´s bad for his teeth.

3) a)________________ I drink hot tea if I have a sore throat? b) Yes, you.

4) They have a test tomorrow. They______________ go to the cinema. They_____________stay at home and study!

5) Children________eat lots of vegetables but they________________eat lots of sweets.

6) I have a party tonight. What_________________I wear?_____________ A dress or a pair of trousers?

7) The doctor said: "You_____________ eat healthy food. You___________eat fast food. You___________ watch so much_______ TV. You______________ walk 1 hour a day. You____________drink fruit juice and water. You_____________ drink wine or beer

8) She is ill, so she_________see the doctor.

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9) You_________throw litter on the stairs

10) This is a secret. You__________tell anybody.

PART 2Write 5 sentences providing/asking advice to each one of the following situations:

1. Headache for over a week.

2. Sad because she/he/you is/are heartbroken.

3. Your parents don't know what to buy for your sister's birthday present.

4. You are not sure about what to do with some extra money you got as a present.

5. Had a fight with parents

ACTIVITY 12

III. MUSTPART 1Fill in the blanks with must or mustn't. Use your notebook.

1. You______________eat in the class.

2. You______________ obey the traffic rules.

3. You______________ make your bed in the morning.

4. You______________ be polite to your parents.

5. You______________ write on the desks.

6. You______________ never tell a lie.

7. You______________ brush your teeth everyday.

8. You______________ fight in the class.

9. You______________ run across the street.

10. You______________ listen to the teacher.

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PART 2 Write 10 rules of your house.

MODAL VERBS – PHRASAL MODA LS

http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/to_have_uses.htm http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/have_to.htm

3. 2.1. HAVE TO

To have to do something expresses the idea that an action or routine is required of someone. We use to have to do something to speak about our responsibilities in life. This form can have the same meaning as 'must', but is generally preferred when speaking about responsibilities. 'Must' is generally used to speak about strong personal obligation (For example: I must talk to Peter. It's important!)

Will have to do something is used to speak about future obligations, and had to do something is used to speak about past obligations. The negative form don't / didn't have to do something refers to an action which is not required of someone, but possible nonetheless. 'Mustn't', on the other hand, refers to something that is prohibited.

Use 'have to' in the past, present and future to express responsibility or necessity. NOTE: 'have to' is conjugated as a regular verb and therefore requires an auxiliary verb in the question form or negative.

"He must not (mustn't) go into that room" means 'Don't go into that room!', but "He doesn't have to go into that room" means 'It isn't necessary for him to go into that room.' (It doesn't matter if he goes into that room or not. He can choose what to do.)

Examples:

We have to get up early.

She had to work hard yesterday.

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They will have to arrive early.

Does he have to go?

Don't have to do - Not Required

The negative form of 'have to' expresses the idea that something is not required. It is however, possible if so desired.

Examples:

You don't have to arrive before 8.

They didn't have to work so hard.

We don't have to work overtime on Saturdays.

She didn't have to attend the presentation.

HAVE TO IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES (SIMPLE PRESENT)

The expressions has to and have to (plus the simple form of a verb) also show the meaning "necessity":

All airline passengers have to pass through the security checkpoint.

If he wants to cash a check, he has to show identification that has his picture on it.

Example:

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I/we/you/they have to get up early.

He/she/it has to get up early.

HAVE TO IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES (SIMPLE PRESENT)

Example:

I/we/you/they do not have to get up early.

He/she/it does not have to get up early.

CONTRACTED FORMS:

I/we/you/they don't have to get up early.

He/she/it doesn't have to get up early.

HAVE TO IN QUESTIONS (SIMPLE PRESENT)

Example:

Do I/we/you/they have to get up early?

Does he/she/it have to get up early

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HAD TO IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES (SIMPLE PAST)

Example:

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they had to get up early.

HAD TO IN NEGATIVE SENTENCES (SIMPLE PAST)

Example:

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they did not have to get up early

CONTRACTED FORMS:

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't have to get up early.

HAD TO IN QUESTIONS (SIMPLE PAST)

Example:

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they have to get up early?

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ACTIVITY 13

IV. HAVE TO

Put in have to or has to into the gaps.

Example: I _________ get up early every day.

Answer: I have to get up early every day.

1) They _________write a test.

2) She _________clean her desk.

3) Ken and Liz _________learn English words.

4) Andy_________ help his brother.

5) We _________do our homework.

6) He_________ write with a pencil.

7) I_________ feed the hamster.

8) You_________ take photos.

9) Victoria_________ read the newspaper.

10) The teacher _________send a text message.

ACTIVITY 14

Mixed modals. Write the correct modal for each sentence. Rewrite them in your notebook.

___ you speak any foreign languages?

Liz ___ get tired of her job. It is so boring.

Jack ___ go to hospital yesterday.

It is impossible, ____ you run that distance !

It's not obligatory to take a tie. You _______ wear one.

Slow down or we're going to have an accident. You ______ drive so fast.

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You______ try to overtake him if you want to win the race.

You look tired. You ___ go to bed.

___ it be true?

Jane was so tired. She ___ have worked days and nights.

The museum is free. You____________ pay to get in.

ACTIVITY 15

PART 1Write a 20 line dialogue using modals, each dialogue must include at least 3 modals. Choose from the situations listed below:1. You want to go to a party. You need to ask for permission.2. You are explaining the rules of some sport to a new player that doesn't know the rules3. A friend has problems with this/her parents.

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PART 2

Explain the image below using the modals as needed. Make sure to include once example of each modal (both in positive and negative form)

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ATTACHMENT 1

Verbs Followed by Gerunds9 = verb followed by a gerund OR a noun + an infinitive13 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with a difference in meaning14 = verb followed by a gerund OR an infinitive with little difference in meaning

admit He admitted cheating on the test.

advise [9] The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.

allow [9] Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.

anticipate I anticipated arriving late.

appreciate I appreciated her helping me.

avoid He avoided talking to her.

begin [14] I began learning Chinese.

can't bear [14] He can't bear having so much responsibility.

can't help He can't help talking so loudly.

can't see I can't see paying so much money for a car.

can't stand [14] He can't stand her smoking in the office.

cease [14] The government ceased providing free healthcare.

complete He completed renovating the house.

http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_or_infinitive_same_list.htm




http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_or_noun_infinitive_list.htm



http://www.englishpage.com/gerunds/gerund_or_infinitive_different_list.htm


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consider She considered moving to New York.

continue [14] He continued talking.

defend The lawyer defended her making such statements.

delay He delayed doing his taxes.

deny He denied committing the crime.

despise She despises waking up early.

discuss We discussed working at the company.

dislike She dislikes working after 5 PM.

don't mind I don't mind helping you.

dread [13] She dreads getting up at 5 AM.

encourage [9] He encourages eating healthy foods.

enjoy We enjoy hiking.

finish [13] He finished doing his homework.

forget [13] I forgot giving you my book.

hate [14] I hate cleaning the bathroom.

imagine He imagines working there one day.







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involve The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.

keep She kept interrupting me.

like [14] She likes listening to music.

love [14] I love swimming.

mention He mentioned going to that college.

mind Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.

miss She misses living near the beach.

need [13] The aquarium needs cleaning.

neglect [14] Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.

permit [9] California does not permit smoking in restaurants.

postpone He postponed returning to Paris.

practice She practiced singing the song.

prefer [14] He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.

propose [14] I proposed having lunch at the beach.

quit [13] She quit worrying about the problem.

recall Tom recalled using his credit card at the store.









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recollect She recollected living in Kenya.

recommend Tony recommended taking the train.

regret [13] She regretted saying that.

remember [13] I remember telling her the address yesterday.

report He reported her stealing the money.

require [9] The certificate requires completing two courses.

resent Nick resented Debbie's being there.

resist He resisted asking for help.

risk He risked being caught.

start [14] He started studying harder.

stop [13] She stopped working at 5 o'clock.

suggest They suggested staying at the hotel.

tolerate I tolerated her talking.

try [13] Sam tried opening the lock with a paperclip.

understand I understand his quitting.

urge [9] They urge recycling bottles and paper.








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Verbs Followed by Either Gerunds OR Nouns + Infinitivesadvise I advised seeing a doctor. I advised them to see a doctor.

allow Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars. Ireland doesn't allow people to smoke in bars.

encourage He encourages eating healthy foods. He encourages his patients to eat healthy foods.

permit California doesn't permit fishing without a fishing license. California doesn't permit people to fish without a fishing license.

require The certificate requires completing two courses. The certificate requires students to complete two courses.

urge They urge recycling bottles and paper. They urge citizens to recycle bottles and paper.

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Verbs Followed by Gerunds OR Infinitives (Different Meaning)

begin

She began singing.She began to sing.

When "begin" is used in non-continuous tenses, you can either use a gerund or an infinitive.

She is beginning to sing.

When "begin" is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used.

dread

She dreaded taking the test.

Usually "dread" is followed by a gerund.

He dreaded to think of the consequences of his actions.

"Dread" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "think" or "consider." In the sentence above, "dreaded to think" means "did not want to think."

forget

She forgot reading the book when she was a kid.

When "forget" is used with a gerund, it means "to forget that you have done something." The sentence above means that she read the book when she was a kid, and that she has forgotten that fact.

She forgot to pay the rent this month.

When forget is used with an infinitive, it means "to forget that you need to do something." The sentence above means that she forgot that she needed to pay the rent.

keep

She kept talking.

"Keep" is normally used with a gerund to mean that you continue doing an action.

The attackers kept hostages to prevent the police from entering.

"Keep" can also be used with an object followed by an infinitive, but then the infinitive takes on the meaning of "in order to... ." In the sentence above, the attackers kept hostages in order to prevent the police from entering.

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need

The house needs cleaning.

When "need" is used with a gerund, it takes on a passive meaning. The sentence above means "the house needs to be cleaned."

He needs to call his boss.He needs him to call his boss.

"Need" is usually used with an infinitive or an object + an infinitive.

regret

I regretted being late to the interview.

"Regret" is normally used with a gerund.

We regret to inform you that your position at the company is being eliminated.

"Regret" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "to inform." In the sentence above, "We regret to inform you" means "We wish we did not have to tell you (bad news)."

remember

I remember mentioning the meeting yesterday.

When "remember" is used with a gerund, it means "to remember that you have done something." The sentence above means that I mentioned the meeting, and that I remember the fact that I did that.

He remembered to turn off the lights before he left.

When "remember" is used with an infinitive, it means "to remember that you need to do something." The sentence above means that he remembered that he needed to turn the lights off.

start Marge started talking really fast.Marge started to talk really fast.

When "start" is used in non-continuous tenses, you can either use a gerund or an infinitive.

Marge is starting to talk really fast.

When "start" is used in continuous tenses, an infinitive is used.

I started to learn Russian, but it was so much work that I finally quit the class.

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In other situations, an infinitive means that you did not complete or continue an action.

stop

He stopped smoking for health reasons.

"Stop" is normally used with a gerund.

He stopped to rest for a few minutes.

When "stop" is used with an infinitive, the infinitive takes on the meaning of "in order to." In the sentence above, he stopped in order to rest for a few minutes.

try

She can't find a job. She tried looking in the paper, but there was nothing. She tried asking friends and family, but nobody knew of anything. She also tried going shop to shop, but nobody was hiring.

"Try + gerund" means to try or to experiment with different methods to see if something works.

She tried eating the snake soup, but she didn't like it.

"Try + gerund" is often used when you experiment with something, but you do not really like it or want to do it again.

She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn't even get off the ground.

When you "try to do" something, you want to do it, but you do not succeed in actually doing it. In the sentence above, an infinitive is used because she cannot successfully climb the tree.

Try not to wake the baby when you get up tomorrow at 5 AM.

An infinitive is also used if you are asking someone to try something they may or may not be able to accomplish.

Verbs Followed by Gerunds OR Infinitives (Similar Meaning)can't bear He can't bear being alone. He can't bear to be alone.

can't stand Nancy can't stand working the late shift. Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.

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cease The government ceased providing free health care. The government ceased to provide free health care.

continue She continued talking. She continued to talk.

hate He hates cleaning dishes. He hates to clean dishes.

like Samantha likes reading. Samantha likes to read.

love We love scuba diving. We love to scuba dive.

neglect He neglected doing his daily chores. He neglected to do his daily chores.

prefer He prefers eating at 7 PM. He prefers to eat at 7 PM.

propose Drew proposed paying for the trip. Drew proposed to pay for the trip.

REMEMBERAlthough the difference in meaning is small with these particular verbs, and gerunds and infinitives can often be used interchangeably, there is still a meaning difference. Using a gerund suggests that you are referring to real activities or experiences. Using an infinitive suggests that you are talking about potential or possible activities or experiences. Because of this small difference in meaning, gerunds and infinitives cannot always be used interchangeably, such as in the examples below. Examples:

The British reporter likes living in New York. He lives in New York and he likes what he experiences there. The British reporter likes to live in New York whenever he works in the United States. He likes the option or possibility of living in New York when he works in

the United States. I like speaking French because it's such a beautiful language. I like the experience of speaking French, and the way it makes me feel when I speak the

language.

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ATTACHMENT 2Shopping in the Haight

Gap-Fill Exercise - Use the words supplied at the bottom.Yasu and Sun-Young wanted to go shopping. Yasu needed to buy a jacket because he had forgotten one from Japan. They asked their

teacher to recommend a good place to buy second-hand clothes. She told them to go to Haight Street.

That afternoon, they took the #71 bus to Haight Street. As soon as they got off the bus, Yasu was cold. Sun-Young offered him her jacket, but he refused

it. He regretted not his leather jacket from home, but he couldn't stand a jacket from a girl.

As they were entering the thrift store, a homeless Vietnam veteran in a wheelchair asked them him money. They pretended not him. Inside the

thrift store, there was lots of great stuff! Sun-Young bought two hats and a red dress. Yasu found a cool Levi's jacket. the clerk was difficult because he

had three piercings in his lip and two in his tongue. Now that Yasu was warm, they decided Haight Street and nearby Golden Gate Park. They stopped at a lot of different shops. Yasu even considered

a tattoo, but he decided to wait. At Golden Gate Park, they saw about fifty people dancing and playing drums. to the music was a lot of fun. for the

#71 bus home was not fun.Overall, they really enjoyed Haight Street and agreed all of their clothes shopping at second-hand stores--except for underwear. After that, they

avoided clothes at the expensive department stores on Union Square.

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Use These Words:

bringing buying exploring getting listening

taking to bring to do to explore to give

to give to take to understand understanding waiting

ATTACHMENTVERB LISTAInfinitive Simple Past Past Participlearise arose arisen

awake awakened / awoke awakened / awoken

Bbackslide backslid backslidden / backslid

be was, were been

bear bore born / borne

beat beat beaten / beat

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bid (offer amount) bid bid

bind bound bound

bite bit bitten

bleed bled bled

blow blew blown

break broke broken

breed bred bred

bring brought brought

browbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeat

build built built

burn burned / burnt burned / burnt

burst burst burst

bust busted / bust busted / bust

buy bought bought

Ccast cast cast

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

Ddeal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

disprove disproved disproved / disproven

dive (jump head-first) dove / dived dived

dive (scuba diving) dived / dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt

drink drank drunk

drive drove driven

E

eat ate eaten

Ffall fell fallen

feed fed fed

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit

fly flew flown

forbid forbade forbidden

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

forsake forsook forsaken

freeze froze frozen

Gget got gotten / got

give gave given

go went gone

grow grew grown

Hhave had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

Kkeep kept kept

kneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeled

know knew known

Llay laid laid

lead led led

learn learned / learnt learned / learnt

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lie (not tell truth)REGULAR lied lied

light lit / lighted lit / lighted

lose lost lost

Mmake made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

misread misread misread

misspell misspelled / misspelt misspelled / misspelt

mistake mistook mistaken

misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood

NNo irregular verbs beginning with "N."

Ooutspeak outspoke outspoken

overcome overcame overcome

overdo overdid overdone

overdrink overdrank overdrunk

overeat overate overeaten

overfeed overfed overfed

overhear overheard overheard

overlay overlaid overlaid

overpay overpaid overpaid

override overrode overridden

oversee oversaw overseen

oversleep overslept overslept

overspeak overspoke overspoken

overspend overspent overspent

overtake overtook overtaken

overthink overthought overthought

overthrow overthrew overthrown

overwrite overwrote overwritten

Ppay paid paid

prepay prepaid prepaid

preset preset preset

preshrink preshrank preshrunk

prove proved proven / proved

put put put

Qquit quit quit

Rread read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red")

rebuild rebuilt rebuilt

recut recut recut

redo redid redone

redraw redrew redrawn

relay (for example tiles) relaid relaid

remake remade remade

repay repaid repaid

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

Ssaw sawed sawed / sawn

say said said

see saw seen

seek sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sew sewed sewn / sewed

shake shook shaken

shave shaved shaved / shaven

shed shed shed

shine shined / shone shined / shone

shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shitted

shoot shot shot

show showed shown / showed

shrink shrank / shrunk shrunk

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sink sank / sunk sunk

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

smell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt

sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snuck

speak spoke spoken

speed sped / speeded sped / speeded

spend spent spent

spill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt

spit spit / spat spit / spat

split split split

spoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt

spread spread spread

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stick stuck stuck

stink stunk / stank stunk

strike (delete) struck stricken

strike (hit) struck struck / stricken

sunburn sunburned /sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt

swear swore sworn

sweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweated

sweep swept swept

swell swelled swollen / swelled

swim swam swum

Ttake took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

typecast typecast typecast

typewrite typewrote typewritten

Uunbend unbent unbent

unbind unbound unbound

undo undid undone

unlearn unlearned / unlearnt unlearned / unlearnt

unwind unwound unwound

upset upset upset

Wwake woke / waked woken / waked

wear wore worn

weave wove / weaved woven / weaved

wed wed / wedded wed / wedded

weep wept wept

wet wet wet

win won won

wind wound wound

withdraw withdrew withdrawn

withstand withstood withstood

write wrote written

8TH ENGLISH ASSIGNMENT I

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