8.1 Cellular Respiration

October 5, 2012

8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves the gain of electrons and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.

• Oxidation Involves the Loss of electrons from an element, whereas Reduction Involves the Gain of electrons

• Oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.

Oxidation - ReductionOxidation Reduction

Oxidation is Loss of electrons Reduction is Gain of electrons

Results in Gain in Oxygen Results in Gain in Hydrogen

Results in C-O bonds Results in C-H bonds

Results in lower potential energy Results in increased potential energy

C

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

A: Matrix

B: Inner membrane

C: Intermembrane spaceC

A

B

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

• Matrix: – Watery substance that contains ribosomes and

many enzymes. – These enzymes are vital for the link reaction and the

Krebs cycle. • Inner membrane:

– The electron transport chain and ATP synthase are found in this membrane.

– These are vital for oxidative phosphorylation.

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

• Space between inner and outer membranes: – Small volume into which protons are pumped into. – Small volume high concentration gradient can be

reached very quickly. – This is vital for chemiosmosis.

• Outer membrane: – Separates the contents of the mitochondrion from

the rest of the cell. – Creates a good environment for cell respiration.

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs

• Cristae: – Tubular projections of the inner membrane – Increase the surface area for oxidative

phosphorylation. • Mitochondrial DNA

– Encode mitochondrial enzymes.• Ribosomes

– Translation of mitochondrial proteins.

8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function

A. Matrixsite for Krebs' cycle link reaction ATP synthesis

B. Inner Membranesite of oxidative phosphorylation e– transport chain increase surface areaATP synthesis;

C. Inner Membrane SpaceH+ / proton build up;

C

A

B

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. • 2 ATP molecules are used. • 4 ATP molecules are produced. • NET yield of two ATP molecules. • 2 NAD+ are reduced into 2 NADH + 2 H+ during

glycolysis.

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

Step 1 - Glucose is phosphorylated. Step 2 - Lysis of hexose (6C) biphosphate into two triose (3C) phosphatesStep 3 - Each triose (3C) phosphate molecule is oxidized. Step 4 – Two pyruvate molecules (3C) are formed by removing two phosphate groups from each molecule. Type of phosphorylation? Why?