8 What Is the Human Body Made Of?
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Transcript of 8 What Is the Human Body Made Of?
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Back to the macroscopic world
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 2
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Nuclear fusion within the Sun:
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• Proton: positively charged, found in nucleus of the atom • Neutron: neutral, found in nucleus of atom • Positron: positive charge, antiparticle of electron • Neutrino: neutral, interacts only weakly, small mass • Gamma ray: highly-energetic photon
Week 3a
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 4
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Hydrogen Helium
Proton
Carbon
Produced in supernovae
Nuclear fusion in the sun and early big bang nucleosynthesis 3 minutes H+H He
Beta decay Alpha particle
Alpha decay
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6 Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC
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99 % consists of:
Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Calcium
Phosphorus
98 % of matter in the universe is hydrogen and helium
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Atoms are neutral
Number of electrons equals number of protons
Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons in (approximately) equal numbers
Atomic number (Z): number of protons
Mass number (A): number of p+n
Number of neutrons (N=A-Z) may vary: isotope
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6p+6n 6p+7n 6p+8n
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Isotopes have similar chemical properties.
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(0.7 %)
(99,3 %)
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 10
Atomic number, Z
Atomic weight (close to A)
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Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869
Illustrates recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements
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Bohr’s model: Nucleus has internal structure:
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Build up of the periodic table based on few simple physical principles:
Total number of electrons such that atom is neutral.
Electrons in discrete orbits, as in Bohr’s model.
Orbit has “quantum number”. Determines:
Energy
Size of the orbital
Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 14
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Each orbital specific number of electrons:
Pauli exclusion principle: no two electrons in the same state. At most two electrons in each orbital.
There are suborbitals, wich give two extra quantum numbers
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: s-orbital. Max: 2 electrons : p-orbital. Max: 6=2x3 electrons : d-orbital. Max: 10=2x5 electrons : f-orbital. Max: 14=2x7 electrons
Total:
• The quantum states
are called orbitals. • States with the same
are called shells (have the same energy). • Each orbital has
electrons, hence:
shell can host
electrons
shell can host
electrons
shell can host
electrons, etc.
• This should give the length of each row of the periodic table (2,8,18, etc.). • There are exceptions due to screening of electrons. The actual lengths are
(2,8,8,18, etc.)
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The Periodic Table is based on the observation that an element's chemical properties depend on the number of electrons in its outer shell.
You can count to see how many electrons are in the outer unfilled shell. Elements with the same number of electrons in their outer shell are grouped together.
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Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 18
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Halogens: • Highly reactive, harmful or lethal to biological organisms. • Reactivity due to the atoms being highly electronegative. They can gain an
electron by reacting with atoms of other elements. • Fluorine one of the most reactive elements, attacking otherwise inert
materials such as glass. Corrosive, highly toxic gas. • Once it does react with something, it bonds so strongly that resulting
molecule is very inert and non-reactive. For example, Teflon is fluorine bonded with carbon.
• Chlorine and bromine used as disinfectants for drinking water, swimming pools, fresh wounds, dishes, and surfaces. They kill bacteria and microorganisms.
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Atoms (or molecules) in which number of electrons does not equal number of protons.
Electrically charged.
: has lost one electron.
: has gained one electron.
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The periodic table is the alphabet or genetic code in which we can write “words”.
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Atoms Periodic table Molecules
Letters Alphabet Words
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Next level of complexity: the words of chemistry (molecules) become the letters of biology.\ Big Questions in Science, fall 2012. SdH, AUC 24
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Subatomic particles Atom: nucleus and electrons. Strong and
electrical force. Molecules. Periodic table. Electrical force.
Emerging: van der Waals forces between molecules.
Substances, tissues. Electrical force.
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