8 fighter aircraft avionics-part i

Fighter Aircraft AvionicsPart I

SOLO HERMELIN

Updated: 04.04.13

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Table of Content

SOLO Fighter Aircraft Avionics

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Introduction

Jet Fighter Generations

First generation (1945-1955)Second Generation (1950-1965)Third Generation (1965-1975)Fourth Generation (1970-2010)

4.5 Generation

Fifth Generation (1995 - 2025) Aircraft Avionics

Cockpit Displays

Communication (internal and external)Data Entry and ControlFlight ControlThird Generation Avionics

Fourth Generation Avionics

4.5 Generation AvionicsFifth Generation Avionics

Table of Content (continue – 1)


Aircraft Propulsion System

Earth Atmosphere

Flight Instruments

Power Generation SystemEnvironmental Control System

Aircraft Aerodynamics

Fuel System

Jet Engine

Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing (VSTOL)

Engine Control System

Flight Management System

Aircraft Flight Control

Aircraft Flight Control Surfaces

Aircraft Flight Control Examples

Fighter

Aircraft

Avionics

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Table of Content (continue – 2)

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Fighter Aircraft Avionics

Equations of Motion of an Air Vehicle in Ellipsoidal Earth Atmosphere

Fighter Aircraft Weapon System

Safety Procedures

Tracking Systems

Aircraft Sensors

Airborne Radars

Infrared/Optical Systems

Electronic Warfare

Air-to-Ground Missions

BombsAir-to-Surface Missiles (ASM) or Air-to-Ground Missiles (AGM)

Fighter Aircraft Weapon Examples

Air-to-Air Missiles (AAM)

Fighter Gun

Aircraft Flight Performance

Navigation

Part II

References

Avionics IV

Avionics III



Introduction

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Aircraft Avionics helps the Pilot to perform all Aircraft Tasks, from the Power-On through Taxiing to Take off, Taking off, Flying and performing the Required Missions , and finally Landing and Taxing from Landing. A Fighter Aircraft has additional tasks, to deliver its Weapons, to Defend itself from Incoming Threats, and to perform Surveillance Tasks. All those tasks are performed by a Single Pilot or in some cases Two Pilots. Therefore the Fighter Avionics is adapted to enable to performs the Pilot/s Multitasks. The Fighter Aircraft Avionics can be in one of the three Modes: Navigation (NAV), Air-to-Air (A/A), Air-to-Ground (A/G).


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SOLO Jet Fighter Generations

Various features in jet fighters are described in terms of "generations", whereby a typical jet fighter of a given generation tends to have a certain class of engines, avionics, etc., and a typical jet fighter of the succeeding generation tends to have a different (and superior) set of engines, avionics, etc.

First generation (1945-1955)This generation encompasses all early jet fighters up to and including those used in the Korean War. The early models are similar in construction to their propellor driven predecessors with 1st and 2nd generation turbojets for power. The first operational fighters were the German Messerschmitt Me 262 and British Gloster Meteor during World War II. During the Korean War, the first air combat between jet fighters took place when MiG 15 and F-86 Sabre met.

Messerschmitt Me 262 Gloster Meteor MiG 15 North American F-86 Sabre

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generation (1953-1960) generation (1960-1970) generation (1970-2000)

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Second Generation (1950-1965)

These jet fighters started to regularly use onboard radar and passive-homing infrared-guided (IR) missiles. Early IR missile sensors had poor sensitivity and a very narrow field of view (typically no more than 30°)

Mirage III

MIG 17

Hawker Hunters

MIG 21

MIG 19

SukhoiSu - 7

Armament

•Guns•Rockets:•Missiles:•Bombs: Dumb Bombs.

Sensors

•Radar (A/A Boresight Range)•Gyro Lead Computing Optical Sight (LCOS)•INS, TACAN, LORAN C•Radio Communication

North American F-100 Super Sabre

Convair F-102 Delta Dagger

Lockheed F-104 Starfighter

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smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Hawker_hunter_t7_blue_diamond_in_planform_arp.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Su-7_Skar%C5%BCysko.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_American_YF-100_(SN_52-5754)_in_flight_060905-F-1234S-053.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Lockheed_XF-104.jpg


Third Generation (1965-1975)

The archetype of this generation is the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, the US jet fighter model with the highest production number to date.

• improved air-to-air missiles• improved (analog) radar systems (A/A and A/G Modes)• other avionics (analog)• guns remained standard equipment• air-to-air missiles became the primary weapons for air superiority fighters, which employed more sophisticated radars and medium-range RF AAMs (AIM 7 Sparrow) to achieve greater "stand-off" ranges,• guided ground-attack missiles (Anti Radar Missiles ARM: AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-88 HARM)• first truly effective avionics (analog) for enhanced ground attack• terrain-avoidance systems.• Air-to-surface missiles (ASM) equipped with electro-optical (E-O) contrast seekers – such as the initial model of the widely used AGM-65 Maverick – became standard weapons• laser-guided bombs (LGBs) became widespread

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Fourth Generation (1970-2010)

Fourth-generation designs are heavily influenced by lessons learned from the previous generation of combat aircraft. They include the Teen Series (F-14, F-15, F-16 and F-18) group of Jet Fghters.• much higher maneuverability due to low static stability, made possible by fly-by-wire flight control system (F-16)• advances in digital computers and system integration techniques• system upgrades, digital avionics buses and IRST

Mikoyan MiG-29

Mikoyan MiG-31Foxhound

Sukhoi Su-27

Grumman F-14 Tomcat

McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle

General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon

McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet

Saab 37 Viggen

Panavia Tornado

British Aerospace Harrier II

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smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/MiG-31_in_flight.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Sukhoi_Su-27SKM_at_MAKS-2005_airshow.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/F-14A_Tomcat_over_Iraq_during_Southern_Watch.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/USAF_F-15C_fires_AIM-7_Sparrow_2.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/F-16_June_2008.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FA-18-NAVY-Blue-Diamond.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saab_JA37_37447_Swedish_Air_Force_Marcel_van_Leeuwen.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/US_Navy_030617-N-4374S-016_A_German_fighter_jet_Panavia_Tornado_GR.Mk_1%2C_flies_over_the_Aegis_class%2C_guided_missile_cruiser_USS_Vella_Gulf_%28CG_72%29_during_the_annual_maritime_exercise_Baltic_Operations_2003_%28BALTOPS%29.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_Harrier_GR9.JPG



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The Fourth Generation has been characterized by significant evolutionary growth in several areas of basic technologies:

• Microwave Semiconductors• Phased Array• Radar Imaging Algorithms• Passive Microwave Targeting• High Density Semiconductors• Computation Capabilities• Flat Panel Displays• Helmet Mounted Displays (HMD)• Infra red and Optical Focal Plane Arrays (FPA)• GPS and Navigation• Supercruising Turbofan Propulsion• Radar Signature Control (Stealth)• Sensor Fusion



F-16 Armament

• Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan 6-barreled gatling cannon, 511 rounds• Hardpoints: 2× wing-tip Air-to-air missile launch rails, 6× under- wing & 3× under-fuselage pylon stations holding up to 17,000 lb (7,700 kg) of payload• Rockets:

4× LAU-61/LAU-68 rocket pods (each with 19× /7× Hydra 70 mm rockets, respectively) or4× LAU-5003 rocket pods (each with 19× CRV7 70 mm rockets) or4× LAU-10 rocket pods (each with 4× Zuni 127 mm rockets)

• Missiles:Air-to-air missiles:

2× AIM-7 Sparrow or6× AIM-9 Sidewinder or6× IRIS-T or6× AIM-120 AMRAAM or6× Python-4/5

Air-to-ground missiles: 6× AGM-45 Shrike or6× AGM-65 Maverick or4× AGM-88 HARM

Anti-ship missiles: 2× AGM-84 Harpoon or4× AGM-119 Penguin

F-15Armament

• Guns: 1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan 6-barreled gatling cannon, 940 rounds• Hardpoints: Total 11 (not including CFTs): two under- wing (each with additional two missile launch rails), four under-fuselage (for semi-recessed carriage of AIM-7 Sparrows) and a single centerline pylon station, optional fuselage pylons (which may include conformal fuel tanks, known initially as Fuel And Sensor Tactical (FAST) pack for use on the C model) with a capacity of 16,000 lb (7,300 kg) and provisions to carry combinations of:

• Missiles:AIM-7 SparrowAIM-120 AMRAAMAIM-9 SidewinderPython

• Other:up to 3× 600 US gallons (2,300 L) external drop tanks for ferry flight or extended range/loitering time.MXU-648 Cargo/Travel Pod – to carry personal belongings, and small pieces of maintenance equipment

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1. AIM-92. AIM-73. AIM-1204. ALQ-1315. IR sensors, radar for low flying6. up 25 Mk 827. Mk 848. Paveway II or GBU-159. Paveway II or GBU-1510. up 17 Mk 8211. AGM-6512. fuel tank 370 gal13. fuel tank 300 gal14. fuel tank 600 gal

F-16 Armament


Fourth Generation (1970-2010)Su-30 Armament

The Su-27PU had 8 hardpoints for its weapon load, whereas the Su-30MK's combat load is mounted on 12 hardpoints: 2 wingtip AAM launch rails, 3 pylons under each wing, 1 pylon under each engine nacelle, and 2 pylons in tandem in the "arch" between the engines. All versions can carry up to 8 tonnes of external stores.• Guns: 1 × GSh-30-1 gun (30 mm calibre, 150 rounds)• AAMs: 6 × R-27ER1 (AA-10C), 2 × R-27ET1 (AA-10D), 6 × R-73E (AA-11), 6 × R-77 RVV-AE (AA-12)• ASMs: 6 × Kh-31P/Kh-31A anti-radar missiles, 6 × Kh-29T/L laser guided missiles, 2 × Kh-59ME• Aerial bombs: 6 × KAB 500KR, 3 × KAB-1500KR, 8 × FAB-500T, 28 × OFAB-250-270, nuclear bombs

Su-35 Armament• 1 × 30 mm GSh-30 internal cannon with 150 rounds• 2 × wingtip rails for R-73 air-to-air missiles or ECM pods• 12 × wing and fuselage stations for up to 8,000 kg (17,630 lb) of ordnance, including a variety of air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, rockets, and bombs such as:• Vympel R-27: R-27R, R-27ER, R-27T, R-27ET, R-27EP, R-27AE• Vympel R-77: R-77, and the proposed R-77M1, R-77T• Vympel R-73: R-73E, R-73M, R-74M• Kh-31: Kh-31A, Kh-31P Anti-Radiation Missile• Kh-59• Kh-29: Kh-29T, Kh-29L• KAB-500L laser-guided bomb• KAB-1500 laser-guided bomb• LGB-250 laser-guided bomb• FAB-250 250 kilograms (550 lb) unguided bombs• FAB-500 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) unguided bombs• S-25LD laser-guided rocket, S-250 unguided rocket• B-8 unguided S-8 rocket pods• B-13 unguided S-13 rocket pods

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4.5 Generation The United States Government defines 4.5 generation fighter aircraft as fourth generation jet fighters that have been upgraded with AESA radar, high capacity data-link, enhanced avionics, and "the ability to deploy current and reasonably foreseeable advanced armaments

Mikoyan MiG-35

Sukhoi Su-30 Sukhoi Su-33

Sukhoi Su-34 Sukhoi Su-35

Sukhoi Su-37

Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet

McDonnell DouglasF15E Eagle Strike

Saab JAS 39 Gripen

Dassault Rafale

Eurofighter Typhoon15

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smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/F-15E_Strike_Eagle.jpg


Fifth Generation (1995 - 2025)

• General design concern about radar cross-section (RCS), in particular: • chines instead of standard leading edge extensions or canards• internal weapon bays instead of outboard weapon pylons• a high percentage of composite materials (also to reduce weight)

• commercial off-the-shelf main processors to directly control all sensors to form a consolidated view of the battlespace that is then shared via low observable data links.• newest generation of high performance jet engines

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Synergy of stealth, super-cruise and information fusion for complete situational awareness are the attributes of fifth generation fighter aircraft.

If one were to classify modern advanced fighters in the order of performance, fifth generation fighter aircraft (FGFAs) would clearly lead the pack. They represent a class of their own. However, technologies involved are so advanced and resources required so substantial that so far only the United States has been able to field a state-ofthe-art operational fifth generation fighter in its F-22, the Raptor. The US is also in the lead to develop a smaller size joint strike fighter (JSF) F-35 Lightening II the other claimant to that pedigree and which is slated to form the backbone of not only the US Air Force (USAF) but also the US Navy in its carrier-borne avatar and a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) version for the US marines. Technical complexity and high costs have encouraged like-minded nations to form consortia to share risks and costs. For the F-35, while the United States is the primary customer and financial backer, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, Canada, Turkey, Australia, Norway and Denmark, have all contributed towards the development costs of the programme with individual acquisition plans

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Fifth Generation (1995 - 2025)Russia, which came on the scene more than a decade later, is testing its own FGFA —the PAK-FA—on its own. The program has now evolved into a Russia-India joint venture with Sukhoi and the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) sharing risks and costs.

Not to be outdone, China surprised the entire global military aviation community by launching the maiden flight early last year of its own version of fifth generation aircraft, code-named the J-20.

India too, in addition to the Indo-Russian joint PAK-FA program, has its own FGFA program in the form of medium combat aircraft (MCA), but it is still on the drawing board. Therefore, the number of countries which are engaged in developing their own fifth generation fighters remains limited.

J-20

PAK-FA

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smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Sukhoi_T-50_Maksimov.jpg


Fifth Generation (1995 - 2025)Attributes of FGFA: A comparison

What are the characteristics and attributes that separate the FGFA from the other fighters and how do the current FGFAs compare with each other? Broadly the idea can be summed up as synergy of stealth, super-cruise and information fusion for complete situational awareness.

1. Stealth

Of all attributes, “stealth” or low observability is perhaps the most important defining characteristic of a FGFA. It is low visibility against the entire spectrum of sensors including radar, infrared, acoustic and even visual which yields a stealth fighter the edge that nullifies many other performance advantages that the adversary might enjoy. By outwitting all defences during the opening phases of the first Gulf War in 1991, F-117A Nighthawk (the first fighter with stealth as its predominant strength) brought home dramatically the exponential value addition of this attribute. However, in achieving low visibility, it had to sacrifice important performance parameters of speed and manoeuvrability, thus leaving a window of vulnerability, should it get detected. F-22 Raptor and other aircraft in the fifth generation stable have overcome this limitation to varying degrees. For example, in manoeuvre performance, a F-22 Raptor in dry power matches or exceeds F-15C in afterburner regime. Low observability in FGFAs is achieved by a combination aerodynamic tailoring, usage of composite materials which help both in reducing weight as well as in radar reflectivity, shaping intake ducts to prevent radar echoes from the highly reflective compressor and turbine faces and a host of other techniques which helps to reduce its footprint. Earlier stealth designs (like the B-2 spirit bomber radar and Night Hawk F-117A) used absorbent materials and coatings extensively to absorb the incident radar energy. However, they were maintenance-intensive and required climate-controlled hangars to protect their stealth coatings. Aerodynamic refinements now have reduced reliance on this method of signature control. Weapons carriage on external pylons, a major contributor to the radar cross-section (RCS) of all fighters, has been replaced by provisioning of internal weapon bays, thus maintaining the sleek stealthy airframe lines except for brief moments of weapon release. Close attention to detail has resulted in a virtually noiseless aircraft with very little thermal, acoustic or radar signature..

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Attributes of FGFA: A comparison (continue – 1)

Stealth (continue)

For instance while the exact radar cross section of the F-22 in various aspects remains classified, in early 2009, Lockheed Martin revealed that from certain critical angles, Raptor’s signature was comparable to that of a “steel marble”.

It is obvious that some trade-off are necessary between what is required to enhance low observability mission requirements and even cost. F-22A design keeps it stealthy from all aspects as required in an air dominance fighter. F-35 Lightening II on the other hand has a very low radar profile from the front, is less stealthy viewed sideways and is least stealthy in the rear quarters. The Indo-Russian PAKFA, on the other hand, has been designed to be more manoeuvrable than the US fighters at the cost of making it less stealthy. One of the design elements that have such an effect is the leading edge vortex controller (LEVCON). Similarly, Canard surfaces and leading edge extensions increase radar cross-section (RCS). But the Chinese chose to retain canards on J-20 to enhance agility while scarifying some bit of its radar signature. A lot also depends on the main role envisaged for the aircraft. For example, while in the case of US F-22, the emphasis is on air dominance, in the case of the J-20, its main role appears to be long-range, stand-off attack capability against surface targets. Similarly, in the case of PAK-FA, emphasis appears to be on multi-role capability.

2. Super-Cruise:A desirable attribute of a FGFA is the capability for it to super-cruise i.e. transit in and out of combat zone at supersonic speeds but without the use of afterburner(s). This coupled with the other major attributes of stealth and data fusion and armed with air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons of appropriate stand-off ranges, it would have the unmatched capabilities of not only ‘first look’, ‘first shoot’ and ‘first kill’, but also ‘first scoot’ capability. The US F-35 JSF was purposely not designed to super-cruise but all other FGFAs including the Chinese J-20 have the capability to super-cruise.


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Attributes of FGFA: A comparison (continue – 2)3. Sensor Fusion/Situational Awareness

With ever more challenging mission requirements, fighter aircraft have gradually come to resemble sensor beds. A host of sensors operating at different wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum connect the pilot to his operating environment. In a first, Raptor’s design for example embeds passive sensors for various wavelengths all around the aircraft’s structure. This greatly improves the aircraft’s first detection ability, even with its radar switched off. In the emerging battlefield environment, fighter aircraft on a mission no longer hunt individually. They operate in a networked environment—receiving and sharing data with a variety of dispersed sources. The APG-77 active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar system of the F-22 functions as a Wi-Fi access point which can transmit data at 548 megabit/sec and receive in the gigabit/sec range. To put it in perspective, Link 16 still in use by the US and allied aircraft transfers data at just over one Mb/sec. The intention behind high speed of connectivity is to generate seamlessly a comprehensive all-round picture to enhance the pilot’s situational awareness. The flood of information spewed by multitude of sensors (all crucial to mission accomplishment) would overwhelm the pilot unless filtered, prioritised and presented appropriately in an easily digestible format. Powerful integration processors perform that crucial function. In the F-22, the AN/APG-77 phased array radar is the key to the Raptor’s integrated avionics and sensor capabilities. However, while the sensor fusion capabilities in the F-22 are indeed impressive, it is the US F-35 JSF which is the epitome of a masterpiece to provide unmatched sensor-fusion/situational awareness capability. The F-35 has been purposefully designed with synergy between sensors as a specific requirement, with the “senses” of the aircraft expected to provide a more cohesive picture of the reality around it, and be available in principle for use in any possible way and any possible combination with one another. All of the sensors feed directly into the main processors to support the entire mission of the aircraft. For example, the AN/APG-81 functions not just as multi-mode radar, but also as part of the aircraft’s electronic warfare system. As far as the Russian and Chinese designs are concerned, not much has been revealed about this segment, but it can be safely assumed that this aspect would definitely engage the designers’ attention, albeit to varying degrees (see Table for a comparison of the various important attributes of the already operational/under development FGFAs in the world).


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Aircraft Avionics provides the following functions to the pilot:• Pilot Displays• Communication (internal and external)• Data Entry and Control• Flight Control

SOLO Aircraft Avionics

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Aircraft Avionics includes also the following functions• Aircraft State Sensor Systems - Air Data Systems - Inertial Sensors• Navigation Systems - Dead Reckoning Navigation Systems - Radio Navigation Systems •External World Sensors - Radar Systems - Infrared/Optical Systems• Attack Systems (Military Aircraft) - Weapon Management & Release SystemAircraft Avionics can provide also Task Automation• House Keeping Management• Navigation System Management• Autopilot and Flight Management Systems• Engine Control and Fuel Management


Displays

Communication

Air Data System

Radio Navigation System

Infrared/Optic Systems

Self-Defence System

Weapon System

Inertial Sensors

NavigationSystems

Radar

Navigation System

Management

Autopilot & Flight

ManagementSystem

Engine Control& Fuel Management

Data Entry& Control

Flight Control

Aircraft State Sensors

External WorldSensors

Attack System(Military)

TaskAutomation

Data Bus

Navigation

Pilot

HouseKeeping

Management 24

AVIONICSFunctional Components


HOTAS

KEYSET

Pilot

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MPD

HUD

DISPLAYPROCESSOR

MISSIONCOMPUTER

STORES

STORESMANAGEMENT

INSAIR DATA

RADARRADAR

WARNINGRADAR

ALTIMETERE-O/IR

SYSTEMS

SerialData Bus

SerialData Bus

AvionicsPhysical Components


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The boxes represent the following equipment:• Display Processor (DP), which controls the following:- Head Up Display (HUD)- Multi-Purpose Display (MPD)- Keyset (Aircrew’s MCC control switches/inputs)Inertial Navigation System (INS)• Air Data Computer (ADC)• Stores Management System (SMS)• Radar• Radar Altimeter (RALT)• Radar Warning Receiver (RWR)• Electro-Optical/Infra-Red Systems• Hands-On Throttle And Stick (HOTAS)

Avionics Physical Components

Aircraft Avionics

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Avionics Physical Components

Product Breakdown Structure of a Military Aircraft System

Aircraft Avionics

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Typical Avionics Architecture

SOLO

Aircraft Avionics

29Evolution of Avionics Architecture

SOLO

Aircraft Avionics

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Distributed Analog/Digital Architecture

SOLO

Federated Avionics Architecture

Integrated Modular Architecture

Aircraft Avionics

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SOLO

MIL-STD 1553 Data Bus is aDual-Redundant Balanced line physical layer, a (differential) network interface, time division multiplexing, half-duplex command/response protocol, and up to 31 remote terminals (devices). A version, at a 1 Mbit/sec Data Ratewith a Data Bus controllerand Remote Terminals forReceiving and TransmittingData.

MIL-STD 1553 Data Bus

MIL-STD 1553 Word Formats

MIL-STD 1553 Data Bus

A version of MIL-STD-1553 using optical cabling in place of electrical is known as MIL-STD-1773.

Aircraft Avionics

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SOLO

STANAG 3910 uses MIL-STD 1553 but increases the Data Rate to 20 Mbit/sec.The high speed is obtained using Fiber Optic Pass Data at 20 Mbit/sec and are connected using a Star Coupler.Control is exercised by MIL-STD 1553B using Electrical Connections. DataTransmission is controlled by a Bus Controller as for 1553.

STANAG 3910

STANAG 3910 Architecture

Aircraft Avionics

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SOLO

Comparative Data Bus Transmission Rates


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• Cockpit Displays provide all the necessary information using - Helmet Sight - Head-Up Display - Multifunction Displays


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-Primary Flight Displays * Height * Airspeed * Mach Number * Vertical Speed * Artificial Horizon * Velocity Vector * Pitch, Bank, Heading Angles-Navigation Displays * Aircraft Position (Latitude, Longitude, Height) * Aircraft Direction , Distance and Time-to-go to Way Points- Radar Displays

- Aircraft System Displays * Engine Data * Electrical Power Supply * Hydraulic Power Supply * Cabin pressuarisation * Fuel Management System

The Information displayed is:

- Weapon Management Displays

F-18 Head Up Display (HUD) F-18 Cockpit (New Design)

Avionics Magazine – Air Dominance with F-22 Raptor

SOLO Head-up Display (HUD)

A Head-Up Display or heads-up display—also known as a HUD—is any transparent display that presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. The origin of the name stems from a pilot being able to view information with the head positioned "up" and looking forward, instead of angled down looking at lower instruments

A typical HUD contains three primary components: a Projector Unit, a Combiner, and a Video Generation Computer

• The Projection Unit in a typical HUD is an optical collimator setup: a convex lens or concave mirror with a Cathode Ray Tube, light emitting diode, or liquid crystal display at its focus. This setup (a design that has been around since the invention of the reflector sight in 1900) produces an image where the light is parallel i.e. perceived to be at infinity

• The Combiner is typically an angled flat piece of glass (a beam splitter) located directly in front of the viewer, that redirects the projected image from projector in such a way as to see the field of view and the projected infinity image at the same time. Combiners may have special coatings that reflect the monochromatic light projected onto it from the projector unit while allowing all other wavelengths of light to pass through. In some optical layouts combiners may also have a curved surface to refocus the image from the projector

• The Computer provides the interface between the HUD (i.e. the projection unit) and the systems/data to be displayed and generates the imagery and symbology to be displayed by the projection unit

See “Computing Gunsight HUD and HMS” PDF for a detailed presentation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HUD_view.jpg


Collimating Optics

Pupil – Forming Relayed Optics

HUD Optical Arrangements


F-16 Optical Configuration (BAE SYSTEMS)

HUD Optical Arrangements


Collimating Optics


HUDs are split into four generations reflecting the technology used to generate the images.

• First Generation—Use a CRT to generate an image on a phosphor screen, having the disadvantage of the phosphor screen coating degrading over time. The majority of HUDs in operation today are of this type.• Second Generation—Use a solid state light source, for example LED, which is modulated by an LCD screen to display an image. These systems do not fade or require the high voltages of first generation systems. These systems are on commercial aircraft.• Third Generation—Use optical waveguides to produce images directly in the combiner rather than use a projection system.• Fourth Generation—Use a scanning laser to display images and even video imagery on a clear transparent medium.

Newer micro-display imaging technologies are being introduced, including liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), digital micro-mirrors (DMD), and organic light-emitting diode (OLED).

SOLO Airborne Radars

Spick M., “The Great Book of Modern Warplanes”, Salamander, 2003

F/A-18 Head Up Display (HUD)

F-18 HUD Gun Symbology

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/F-18_HUD_gun_symbology.jpeg


1 Available Gs 10 Gun Cross

2 Current Gs 11 Waterline Symbol

3 Mach Ratio 12 Velocity Vector

4 True Airspeed 13 Barometric Altitude

5 Angle of Attack (AOA) 14 Radar Altitude

6 Indicated Airspeed 15 Horizon Line

7 Pitch Ladder 16 Ghost Velocity Vector

8 Command Heading Marker 17 Maximum Projected Area

9 Heading Scale

F-15E - Head-Up Display

F-15C_ M61A1 Vulcan Cannon and AIM-9M Sidewinder


In addition to the generic information described above, military applications include weapons system and sensor data such as:• Target Designation (TD) indicator—places a cue over an air or ground target (which is typically derived from radar or inertial navigation system data). • Vc—closing velocity with target. • Range—to target, waypoint, etc. • Launch Acceptability Region (LAR)—displays when an air-to-air or air-to-ground weapon can be successfully launched to reach a specified target. • Weapon Seeker or sensor line of sight—shows where a seeker or sensor is pointing. • Weapon status—includes type and number of weapons selected, available, arming, etc.

Military aircraft specific applications

SOLO Airborne Radars

http://www.ausairpower.net/Profile-F-15A-D.html

F-15 Head Up Display (HUD) Data at Different Mission Modes

SOLO Head-Mounted Display (HMD)

Other than fixed mounted HUDs, there are also HMDs head-mounted displays. Including Helmet Mounted Displays (both abbreviated HMD), forms of HUD that features a display element that moves with the orientation of the users' heads.Many modern fighters (such as the F/A-18, F-16 and Eurofighter) use both a HUD and HMD concurrently. The F-35 Lightning II was designed without a HUD, relying solely on the HMD, making it the first modern military fighter not to have a fixed HUD

Types

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_display


Normal Helmet Functions

Typical Optical Configurations


Typical HMD System Configurations


Possible Uses of a HMD to Cue, Designate and Aim “Off Boresight”

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Return to TOC

Aircraft Avionics provides the following functions to the pilot:• Communication (internal and external)


51

The radio communication of the aircraft enables voice transfer to and from the aircraft at various bands UHF and VHF (240 – 400 MHz). It is usually at duplex level of redundancy. The military part of the communication is coded. At Modern Aircraft data is also transferred to and from the avionics trough specialized Communication Networks.

• Data Entry and Control

Data Entry and Control provides the interaction with the system avionics

On the Military Aircraft the flight is performed using the- Stick (controls the aircraft in pitch, roll, heading)- Throttle (controls the aircraft engines)Different control are placed on Stick and Throttle.

In additions data and control is provided by mechanically interacting with the avionics or by direct voice input in Modern Aircraft (see F-22, F-35).

Return to TOC

Aircraft Avionics provides the following functions to the pilot:• Flight Control


52

In order to enable to perform the flying tasks of the Aircraft a Flight Control Systemtranslates the Pilot commands to activate the Aerodynamic Control Surfaces and Thrust (magnitude and for some Aircraft, direction). The Flight Control also Stabilizes the Aircraft. Some Modern Fighters are Aerodynamically unstable (F-16)and the Flight Control enables to fly through the entire Flight Envelope.


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• House Keeping Management

- Fuel System Management - Electrical Power Supply System Management - Hydraulic Power Supply System Management - Environmental Control System - Warning Systems - Maintenance & Monitoring Systems

Task Automation

• Autopilot and Flight Management System (FMS)

- Flight Planning - Navigation Management - Engine Control to maintain the planned Speed or Mach number. - Control of the Aircraft Flight Path to follow the optimized planned route. - Control of the Vertical Flight Profile. - Flight Envelope Monitoring. - Minimal Fuel Consumption, - Automatic Take-off and Landing

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McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIGeneral characteristics

•Crew: 2•Length: 63 ft 0 in (19.2 m)•Wingspan: 38 ft 4.5 in (11.7 m)•Height: 16 ft 6 in (5.0 m)•Wing area: 530.0 ft² (49.2 m²)•Airfoil: NACA 0006.4–64 root, NACA 0003-64 tip•Empty weight: 30,328 lb (13,757 kg)•Loaded weight: 41,500 lb (18,825 kg)•Max. takeoff weight: 61,795 lb (28,030 kg)•Powerplant: 2 × General Electric J79-GE-17A axial compressor turbojets, 11,905 lbf dry thrust (52.9 kN), 17,845 lbf in afterburner (79.4 kN) each•Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0224•Drag area: 11.87 ft² (1.10 m²)•Aspect ratio: 2.77•Fuel capacity: 1,994 U.S. gal (7,549 L) internal, 3,335 U.S. gal (12,627 L) with three external tanks (370 U.S. gal (1,420 L) tanks on the outer wing hardpoints and either a 600 or 610 U.S. gal (2,310 or 2,345 L) tank for the centerline station).•Maximum landing weight: 36,831 lb (16,706 kg)

Performance

•Maximum speed: Mach 2.23 (1,472 mph, 2,370 km/h) at 40,000 ft (12,190 m)•Cruise speed: 506 kn (585 mph, 940 km/h)•Combat radius: 367 nmi (422 mi, 680 km)•Ferry range: 1,403 nmi (1,615 mi, 2,600 km) with 3 external fuel tanks•Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,300 m)•Rate of climb: 41,300 ft/min (210 m/s)•Wing loading: 78 lb/ft² (383 kg/m²)•lift-to-drag: 8.58•Thrust/weight: 0.86 at loaded weight, 0.58 at MTOW•Takeoff roll: 4,490 ft (1,370 m) at 53,814 lb (24,410 kg)•Landing roll: 3,680 ft (1,120 m) at 36,831 lb (16,706 kg)

Armament

•Up to 18,650 lb (8,480 kg) of weapons on nine external hardpoints, including general purpose bombs, cluster bombs, TV- and laser-guided bombs, rocket pods (UK Phantoms 6 × Matra rocket pods with 18 × SNEB 68 mm rockets each), air-to-ground missiles, anti-runway weapons, anti-ship missiles, targeting pods, reconnaissance pods, and nuclear weapons. Baggage pods and external fuel tanks may also be carried.•4× AIM-7 Sparrow in fuselage recesses plus 4 × AIM-9 Sidewinders on wing pylons; upgraded Hellenic F-4E and German F-4F ICE carry AIM-120 AMRAAM, Japanese F-4EJ Kai carry AAM-3, Hellenic F-4E will carry IRIS-T in future. Iranian F-4s could potentially carry Russian and Chinese missiles. UK Phantoms carried Skyflash missiles[117]•1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan 6-barreled gatling cannon, 640 rounds•4× AIM-9 Sidewinder, Python-3 (F-4 Kurnass 2000), IRIS-T (F-4E AUP Hellenic Air Force)•4× AIM-7 Sparrow, AAM-3(F-4EJ Kai)•4× AIM-120 AMRAAM for F-4F ICE, F-4E AUP (Hellenic Air Force)•6× AGM-65 Maverick•4× AGM-62 Walleye•4× AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-88 HARM, AGM-78 Standard ARM•4× GBU-15•18× Mk.82, GBU-12•5× Mk.84, GBU-10, GBU-14•18× CBU-87, CBU-89, CBU-58•Nuclear weapons, including the B28EX, B61, B43 and B57

Dogfights, F4 Phantom II, Movie

Third Generation Avionics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrIRKY8o-ww

McDonnell Douglass F-4 Phantom All Weather Fighter - Bomber55


McDonnell Douglass F-4B Phantom Instrument Panel 56


http://forum.combatace.com/index.php?automodule=downloads&showfile=3395

McDonnell Douglass F-4 Phantom Cockpit57


McDonnell Douglass F-4 Phantom Avionics

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• Instrument Panel based on Analog Instruments and Mechanical Controls• Westinghouse APQ-120 Radar (Analog) with A/A and A/G Modes• CRT Radar Display, TV Weapon Display replaced by MFT Display• AN/APG 22, AN/APG 26 Lead Computing Optical Sight for Gun Mode• Target Identification System, Electro-Optical (TISEO) F-4 (V) Phantom • INS (Platform Leveled) with Analog Computer• Analog Weapon Delivery System (Dumb Bomb Release Computations)• Analog Missile Computer (AIM4, AIM7 Sparrow) (Radar LRU)

Armament

•Up to 18,650 lb (8,480 kg) of weapons on nine external hardpoints, including general purpose bombs, cluster bombs, TV- and laser-guided bombs, rocket pods (UK Phantoms 6 × Matra rocket pods with 18 × SNEB 68 mm rockets each), air-to-ground missiles, anti-runway weapons, anti-ship missiles, targeting pods, reconnaissance pods, and nuclear weapons. Baggage pods and external fuel tanks may also be carried.•4× AIM-7 Sparrow in fuselage recesses plus 4 × AIM-9 Sidewinders on wing pylons; upgraded Hellenic F-4E and German F-4F ICE carry AIM-120 AMRAAM, Japanese F-4EJ Kai carry AAM-3, Hellenic F-4E will carry IRIS-T in future. Iranian F-4s could potentially carry Russian and Chinese missiles. UK Phantoms carried Skyflash missiles[117]•1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61 Vulcan 6-barreled gatling cannon, 640 rounds•4× AIM-9 Sidewinder, Python-3 (F-4 Kurnass 2000), IRIS-T (F-4E AUP Hellenic Air Force)•4× AIM-7 Sparrow, AAM-3(F-4EJ Kai)•4× AIM-120 AMRAAM for F-4F ICE, F-4E AUP (Hellenic Air Force)•6× AGM-65 Maverick•4× AGM-62 Walleye•4× AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-88 HARM, AGM-78 Standard ARM•4× GBU-15•18× Mk.82, GBU-12•5× Mk.84, GBU-10, GBU-14•18× CBU-87, CBU-89, CBU-58•Nuclear weapons, including the B28EX, B61, B43 and B57

McDonnell Douglass F-4 Phantom Instrument Panel 59

Westinghouse APQ-120 Radar in the Nose of McDonnell Douglass F-4 Phantom


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Westinghouse APQ-120 Radar in the Nose of McDonnell Douglass F-4 Phantom

Westinghouse APQ-120 Radar• X Band Non-Coherent Pulse Radar A/A and A/G Modes•LRUs: - Parabolic Antenna - RF Transmitter (TWT) - CW Transmitter (forAIM7) - RF Receiver - Synchronizer (Analog) - Analog Missile Computer (AIM4, AIM7 Sparrow)

Westinghouse APQ-120 Radar• A/A Mode provides - Track (angles,range) to Aerial Target for Launch data of AIM7 - Ranging in BST Mode for Gun Lead Angle Computer - Target Illumination for the SA AIM7 Missile• A/G Mode provides Ranges in BST to Ground Targets Pointed by the Pilot for Weapon Delivery Computer.

Third Generation AvionicsReturn to TOC

General Dynamics F-1661

Return to Table of Content


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F-16 C/D

F-16 Cockpit, avionics and radar, Movie F-16 Integrated Sensor Suite - Northrop Grumman, Movie

Airborne RadarsFourth Generation Avionics

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aq5HXTGUHGI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYdY3YFM8zo

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Airborne Radars F-16 Air-to-Air Modes


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Airborne Flight Controllers

F-16 Throttle Grip & Side-Stick Controller


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Airborne Radars F-16 Display


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http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2845813/posts71

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Airborne Radars

Comparison of the F-15A standard AN/APG- 63 (top) and the PSP –modified for F-15C

Spick M., “The Great Book of Modern Warplanes”, Salamander, 2003

F-15 Eagle

The F-15 cockpit is a vast improvement on the highly complex F-4 but not as advanced as the F-18 which almost totally replaces analogue instruments with multi-function CRTs.


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The F-15 cockpit is a vast improvement on the highly complex F-4 but not as advanced as the F-18 which almost totally replaces analogue instruments with multi-function CRTs.

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Airborne Cockpit

International Defence Review, Combat Aircraft, Special series, 2/1975


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Airborne Radars

International Defence Review, Combat Aircraft, Special series, 2/1975


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Airborne Radars

http://www.f-15estrikeeagle.com/technology/avionics/radar/radar.htm


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http://www.f-15estrikeeagle.com/technology/avionics/radar/radar.htm

F-15C AN/APG-63 Pulse-Doppler Tutorial 1, Movie

F-15C AN/APG-63 Pulse-Doppler Tutorial 2, Movie


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOhT0lVDLQA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNqMmN81gT0


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Airborne Cockpit

http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Fighter-Cockpits.html

Cockpit F18, Movie

F18 Carrier Landing Cockpit View, Movie


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pv3sKtFpGS4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AckW4-NvEo

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http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Fighter-Cockpits.html

The identical Master Monitor Display and Multi-Function Display are completely Interchangeable as regards the information they show. At the left is a typical Radar Display.At the right is a typical Weapon-delivery Management Display.

F-18 Displays

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Airborne Cockpit

http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-Fighter-Cockpits.htmlF-18 Cockpit – New Design

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TYPHOON:The Eurofighter Typhoon features a glass cockpit without any conventional instruments. It includes: three full colour multi-function head-down displays (MHDDs) (the formats on which are manipulated by means of softkeys, XY cursor, and voice (DVI) command), a wide angle head-up display (HUD) with forward-looking infrared (FLIR), voice and hands-on throttle and stick (Voice+HOTAS), Helmet Mounted Symbology System (HMSS), Multifunctional Information Distribution System (MIDS), a manual data-entry facility (MDEF) located on the left glareshield and a fully integrated aircraft warning system with a dedicated warnings panel (DWP). Reversionary flying instruments, lit by LEDs, are located under a hinged right glareshield

http://4flying.com/showthread.php?t=81841

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CAESAR AESA (EF-2000 Tranch3, post-2015 with 1,500 T/Rs)

For RCS 0.0001 m2 class target: 18~21 km+For RCS 0.001 m2 class target: 32~38 km+For RCS 0.1 m2 class target: 104~122 km+For RCS 1.0 m2 class target: 185~216 km+For RCS 5.0 m2 class target: 278~324 km+For RCS 10.0 m2 class target: 330~385 km+

Source: http://www.defence.pk/forums/air-warfare/20908-rcs-different-fighters.html#ixzz2DtHyUcSg


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http://www.defence.pk/forums/air-warfare/20908-rcs-different-fighters.html

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KnAAPO/Sukhoi Su-30MKK Crew Stations

http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-Flanker.html

Pilot Co-Pilot


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4.5 Generation Avionics

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F-15SE


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F-15SE

RAFALE CockpitThe cockpit includes a wide-angle holographic head-up display (HUD), two head-down flat-panel colour multi-function displays (MFDs) and a center collimated display. Display interaction is by means of touch input for which the pilot wears silk-lined leather gloves. In addition, in full development, the pilot will have a head-mounted display (HMD).The pilot flies the aircraft with a side-stick controller mounted on his right and a throttle on his left. These incorporate multiple hands-on-throttle-and-stick (HOTAS) controls.

http://4flying.com/showthread.php?t=81841


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Airborne Cockpits

JAS-39 Gripen Cockpit

http://military-photo.blogspot.co.il/2008/12/jas39-cockpit-picture.html


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http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MlcIJtVqC0I/SUbCIko37XI/AAAAAAAABvQ/Tp1X_gFP0xA/s1600-h/gripen_display.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MlcIJtVqC0I/SUbA1Ox9kGI/AAAAAAAABvA/9VGBCZPQOrI/s1600-h/cockpit.jpg

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Airborne CockpitsFlanker (Sukhoi Su –35) Cockpit

http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2008-04.htmlThe New SU-35S, Movie


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Return to TOC

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjbaxYsEjlg

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Fifth Generation Avionics

Lockeed Martin F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II, Movie

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m-xpD-2FAWA

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http://www.f-22raptor.com/af_radar.phpAirborne Radars

AN/APG 77Active Electronically

Scanned Array

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/APG-77

The AN/APG-77 is a multifunction radar installed on the F-22 Raptor fighter aircraft. The radar is built by Northrop Grumman.It is a solid-state, active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar. Composed of 1500 transmit\receive modules, each about the size of a gum stick, it can perform a near-instantaneous beam steering (in the order of tens of nanoseconds).The APG-77 provides 120° field of view in azimuth and elevation. The highest value, which can be achieved for the Field of View (FOV) of a phased array antenna is 120° (60° left and 60° right. 60° up and 60° down).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:APG-77-1A.jpg

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Airborne RadarsF-22 Raptor

http://igorrgroup.blogspot.co.il/2009/08/aesa-radars-for-fighters-brief-review.html

The most advanced AESA radar program is Northrop-Grumman AN\APG-77 for prospective stealthy fighter which have started at 1985. It has been installed on F-22A 'Raptor'. The framework of the radar was changed number times during the design period. Initially this radar was intended for air-to-air missions only. Air-to-ground capability was added much latter. The last variant, AN/APG-77(V)1 benefits from technological and maintenance improvements of further developed AN/APG-80 and AN/APG-81 radars. New software allows high resolution mapping mode.

The radar is as 1 m. in its diameter and contains 2000 MMICs (emitting modules) each as 70 mm long. According to the manufacturer information the maximal detection range is 270-300 km for fighter-class aircrafts, 490 km – for bombers, 150 km – for cruise missiles. The maximal angle is 60 grad in vertical and horizontal projection, but only 30 grad in close combat. The radar can treck up to 28 targets. Radar has also the passive mode and the low probability intercepting (LPI) mode.


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FA 22 Raptor cockpit, Movie

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GhvCCzQ-cc

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US Air Force F-22 Avionics Architecture

IEEE Aerospace & Electronic System Magazine, Jubilee Issue, October 2000Return to Table of Content

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F22 Top Level Avionics Architecture

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F22 Communication Navigation and Identification (CNI)Aperture (Upper Aspect)

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F22 EW Aperture

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Airborne Cockpits F-22 Raptor

Flight International9-15 April 1997


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F22 Displays Schematic

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Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_IIGeneral Characteristics• Crew: 1• Length: 51.4 ft (15.67 m)• Wingspan: 35 ft[N 5] (10.7 m)• Height: 14.2 ft[N 6] (4.33 m)• Wing area: 460 ft²[170] (42.7 m²)• Empty weight: 29,300 lb (13,300 kg)• Loaded weight: 49,540 lb (22,470 kg)• Max. takeoff weight: 70,000 lb[N 8] (31,800 kg)• Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney F135 afterburning turbofan

Dry thrust: 28,000 lbf (125 kN)Thrust with afterburner: 43,000 lbf (191 kN)

• Internal fuel capacity: 18,480 lb (8,382 kg)

Performance• Maximum speed: Mach 1.6+ (1,200 mph, 1,930 km/h) (Tested to Mach 1.61)• Range: 1,200 nmi (2,220 km) on internal fuel• Combat radius: 584 nmi (1,080 km) on internal fuel• Service ceiling: 60,000 ft[350] (18,288 m) (Tested to 43,000 ft)• Rate of climb: classified (not publicly available)• Wing loading: 91.4 lb/ft² (446 kg/m²)• Thrust/weight:

With full fuel: 0.87With 50% fuel: 1.07

• g-Limits: 9 g

Armament• Guns: 1 × General Dynamics GAU-22/A Equalizer 25 m (0.984 in) 4-barreled gatling cannon, internally mounted with 180 rounds• Hardpoints: 6 × external pylons on wings with a capacity of 15,000 lb (6,800 kg) and 2 internal bays with 2 pylons each for a total weapons payload of 18,000 lb (8,100 kg) and provisions to carry combinations of:

Missiles:Air-to-air missiles:

AIM-120 AMRAAMAIM-9X SidewinderIRIS-TMBDA Meteor (Pending further funding)JDRADM (after 2020)

Air-to-surface missiles: AGM-154 JSOWAGM-158 JASSMBrimstone missileJoint Air-to-Ground MissileStorm Shadow missileSOM

Anti-ship missiles: JSM


smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/F-35B_Joint_Strike_Fighter_%28thrust_vectoring_nozzle_and_lift_fan%29.PNG

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_MlcIJtVqC0I/SUbCIko37XI/AAAAAAAABvQ/Tp1X_gFP0xA/s1600-h/gripen_display.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/F-35A_three-view.PNG

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/F-35B_cutaway_with_LiftFan.jpg

smb://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/F-35B_Joint_Strike_Fighter_%28thrust_vectoring_nozzle_and_lift_fan%29.PNG

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109F35 Pave Pace Shared Architecture, RF Architecture

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F-35 Data Fused Sensors, MovieFifth Generation Avionics

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnqeqEtbvo8


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Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_IIFifth Generation Avionics

Northrop Grumman AN/APG-81 AESA Radar

F-35_Lightning_II Cockpit

F-35_Lightning_II Avionics


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Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II F-35 JSF-Radar Movie, MovieFifth Generation Avionics

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzDke56vMiU

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F-35 EO DAS MovieLockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II


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F-35 Glass Cockpit, MovieLockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II


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Jet Fighter Generations

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Generations ComparisonSOLO

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Go to Fighter Aircraft Avionics Part II



References

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PHAK Chapter 1 - 17http://www.gov/library/manuals/aviation/pilot_handbook/media/

George M. Siouris, “Aerospace Avionics Systems, A Modern Synthesis”, Academic Press, Inc., 1993

R.P.G. Collinson, “Introduction to Avionics”, Chapman & Hall, Inc., 1996, 1997, 1998

Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge, “Aircraft Systems, Mechanical, Electrical and AvionicsSubsystem Integration”, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 3th Ed., 2008


Ian Moir, Allan Seabridge, “Military Avionics Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, LTD., 2006

References (continue – 1)

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S. Hermelin, “Air Vehicle in Spherical Earth Atmosphere”

S. Hermelin, “Airborne Radar”, Part1, Part2, Example1, Example2

S. Hermelin, “Tracking Systems”

S. Hermelin, “Navigation Systems”

S. Hermelin, “Earth Atmosphere”

S. Hermelin, “Earth Gravitation”

S. Hermelin, “Aircraft Flight Instruments”

S. Hermelin, “Computing Gunsight, HUD and HMS”

S. Hermelin, “Aircraft Flight Performance”

S. Hermelin, “Sensors Systems: Surveillance, Ground Mapping, Target Tracking”

S. Hermelin, “Air-to-Air Combat”

References (continue – 2)

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S. Hermelin, “Spherical Trigonometry”

S. Hermelin, “Modern Aircraft Cutaway”

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TechnionIsraeli Institute of Technology

1964 – 1968 BSc EE1968 – 1971 MSc EE

Israeli Air Force1970 – 1974

RAFAELIsraeli Armament Development Authority

1974 – 2013

Stanford University1983 – 1986 PhD AA

8 fighter aircraft avionics-part i

Science

Transcript of 8 fighter aircraft avionics-part i