UNIT TEST REVIEW ANSWERS : Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems Addressed Curriculum Outcomes: • Illustrate and explain that the cell is a living system that exhibits the following characteristics of life (304-4)• Explain that growth and reproduction depend on cell division (304-6)• Distinguish between plant and animal cells (304-5)• Compare the early idea that living organisms were made of air, fire, and water with the modern cell theory (110-2)• Use a light microscope or micro viewer correctly to produce a clear image of cells (209-3)• Relate the needs and functions of various cells and organs to the needs and functions of the human organism as a whole (304-8)• Explain structural and functional relationships between and among cells, tissues, organs, and systems in the human body (304-7)• Describe the basic factors that affect the functions/efficiency of the human respiratory, circulatory, digestive, excretory, and nervous system (304-9)• Illustrate examples of conflicting evidence related to how we should maintain and/or treat body systems (110-5)• Describe the science underlying various technologies used to assist or replace unhealthy organs or systems (111-5)• Describe three examples of the interdependence of various systems of the human body (304-10)• Provide examples of careers that are associated with the health of body systems (112-10)

This is a great review for your upcoming cell test. You can refer to the PowerPoint presentations etc. posted on my website if needed. This information can be found at <<http://ssrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/bkluge/science8.htm>>.

PART I: THE CELL - TUESDAY, JUNE 11 th 2013

1) A) Give a definition of the cell theory.

It is a method of classifying living and nonliving things; the two main components of the cell theory are that all living things are made up of cells, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

B) Name the six components of the cell theory.

1) All living things are composed of cells2) All living things produce wastes3) All living things grow, reproduce, and repair themselves4) All living things require energy5) All living things respond to their environment (adapt)6) All living things have a life span

2) A) Name the six characteristics of living things, and give one specific example for each.

1) All living things are composed of cells2) All living things produce wastes – humans produce urine and carbon dioxide as byproducts from everyday

activities; plants produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis3) All living things grow, reproduce, and repair themselves – every living thing grows, but many living things have

limits as to how much they can grow; all living things reproduce in order to keep their species alive; an example of cells reproducing and repairing themselves would be when a wound is healing (the cells in the affected area reproduce and create new cells which then repair the wound; individual cells can also repair themselves by repairing individual organelles within them)

4) All living things require energy – humans and other animals get their energy from food (nutrients); plants get their energy from the sun and they create their own food from that through photosynthesis

5) All living things respond to their environment (adapt) – when a person is out in the sun, their skin turns red or brown – the cells in the skin are affected by and respond to the sun rays; many animals shed their coats or fur depending on the time of the year

6) All living things have a life span – no living thing lives indefinitely, but life spans vary greatly by living thing; the life span of humans is between 87-90 years of age; wales have a life span of up to 85 years; fruit flies have a life span of only a few hours or days; even plants and trees have life spans; and each individual cell in every living thing has a life span – cells continuously reproduce and die

B) Is the cell a living or a non-living system? Support your answer with evidence that relates to the characteristics of living things.

A cell is a living system; each individual cell in an organism has all of the six characteristics of living things listed above. So each individual cell produces waste, grows, repairs itself, reproduces, and so on.

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3) A) What process does the growth and reproduction of cells depend on?

Cells rely on the process of cell division in order to grow and reproduce. Cell division is the process by which a “parent” cell divides into two or more “daughter” cells (the cell would first multiply its chromosomes and DNA and then split it all in half to create two new cells).

B) Name the two types of this process (scientific name and common name) and give an example for each one.

The two types of cell division are:

1. Meiosis – Sexual reproduction (producing new life/offspring – parent cell combines half of chromosomes with another parent cell to make a new “daughter” cell)

2. Mitosis – Asexual reproduction (producing identical copy for things like healing a wound – need the same exact cells in order to heal a wound – parent cell makes identical copies of itself)

4) List and describe eight differences between plant and animal cells. Be specific when you describe these differences.

Plant Cell Animal CellSize Larger than animal cells Smaller than plant cellsShape Rectangular/square Circular/oval in shapeDistribution Very tightly packed together More spread outVacuoles 1-3 very large central vacuoles Many smaller vacuoles throughoutOrganelles No flagellum or cilia Can have flagellum and/or ciliaOrganelles Has chloroplast (chlorophyll inside contains

green pigment; involved in photosynthesis)No chloroplast

Organelles Cell membrane AND thick outer Cell Wall Only a cell membrane; no cell wallShape Change Does not change shape because it has a

thick rigid cell wallEasily changes shape because it does not have a thick rigid cell wall

5) Identify each as either a plant or an animal cell, and give four reasons why you classified each one as such.

1. CELL TYPE: ___Plant Cell____

REASONS: 1) Rectangular2) Large central vacuole3) Chloroplast4) Cell member AND cell wall

2. CELL TYPE: ___Animal Cell____

REASONS: 1) Circular/Oval 2) Not closely packed together

3) Only a thin cell membrane 4) many small vacuoles throughout

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3. CELL TYPE: _Animal Cell__

REASONS: 1) Circular in shape 2) Only cell membrane; no cell wall 3) Cilia (tiny hairs) on outside

4. CELL TYPE: ___Plant Cell___

REASONS: 1) Large central vacuole

2) Rectangular in shape

3) Cell membrane and cell wall

5. CELL TYPE: Plant Cell

REASONS: 1) Tightly packed together

2) Cell Wall

3) Rectangular shape

6) Explain how early ideas about what living things were made up of differed from the modern cell theory, and explain how philosophers and scientists came to their beliefs about each idea/theory (what did they base this knowledge on?).

1) Early scientists and philosophers believed that all living things were made up of four classical elements, as follows. They reached this theory by observing the natural world around them with their naked eye – without a microscope.

1) All solids were made up of the element EARTH2) All liquids were made up of the element WATER3) All gases were made up of the element AIR4) All plasmas were made up of the element FIRE

2) The modern cell theory states that all living things are made up of cells and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Scientists reached this theory through the invention of microscopes; microscopes allowed them to view cells that made up living things

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7) A) Label the parts of the microscope. SEE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON MICROSCOPE ON WEBSITE!

B) Describe the functions of each of the parts of the microscope listed below SEE MICROSCOPE POWERPOINT ON WEBSITE

1. Base:

2. Stage Clips:

3. Arm:

4. Body Tube:

5. Ocular Lens/Eyepiece:

6. Diaphragm:

7. Coarse-Objective Knob:

8. Fine-Objective Knob:

9. Stage:

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10. Light Source:

11. Rotating Nosepiece:

C) Pretend you are explaining to a grade 6 student how to use a microscope to focus on a specimen mounted on a slide. Begin with taking the microscope out of the cupboard. Make sure to include all safety rules needed to ensure proper handling of the microscope and the slides, and that the directions are in order, step-by-step.

Step 1: Remove the microscope from the cupboard and carry it over to your lab table. Use two hands to carry the microscope; one hand supports the base and the other holds on the arm. Make sure that the microscope is set to the lowest power objective lens before you carry it.

Step 2: Plug in the microscope and turn the light source “ON”.

Step 3: Place the specimen/slide on the stage and secure it with the stage clips.

Step 4: While still on the lowest power objective lens, look through the eyepiece of the microscope and use the coarse-adjustment knob to move the stage until the specimen comes into view.

Step 5: Adjust the diaphragm to allow more light to hit the specimen, adjusting it accordingly.

Step 6: Bring the specimen into focus (sharpen the image) by slowly moving the fine-adjustment knob.

Step 7: Once the specimen is focused, turn the revolving nosepiece to the medium power objective lens. Looking through the eyepiece, turn the fine adjustment knob until the specimen is in focus. Never use the coarse-adjustment knob on the medium power objective.

Step 8: Once the specimen is focused, turn the revolving nosepiece of the highest power objective lens. Looking through the eyepiece, turn the fine adjustment knob until the specimen is in focus. Never use the coarse-adjustment knob on the highest power objective.

Step 9: When you are finished, turn the revolving nosepiece back to the lowest power objective, turn “OFF” the light source, unplug the microscope, and carry it back to the cupboard using two hands, with one on the base and the other on the arm.

PART II: ORGAN SYSTEMS - THURSDAY, JUNE 13 th 2013

8) Explain how the needs/functions of cells and organs relate to the needs of the human organism as whole.

A) List three things that the cell and the human body as a whole require in order to function and explain how they acquire these.

Each individual cell as well as each human body needs the following outside sources in order to survive and in order to carry out everyday functions like growing, reproducing, and repairing themselves. Each of these sources are required for the production of proteins, which allows these processes.

1) Air (Oxygen): Acquired by breathing2) Water: Acquired by drinking3) Energy (Nutrients): Acquired by eating

B) List two functions that the cell and the human body as a whole share and explain how they relate to the cell and how they relate to the human body as a whole.

1) Cellular waste products (carbon dioxide and water) are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell (in the mitochondria). Because each individual cell produces carbon dioxide and water as a waste product, so does the whole human organism as a whole. The human organism also produces other wastes such as urine.

2) Each individual cells requires energy in order to function and carry out everyday functions, and the human organism as a whole required energy as well.

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9) A) Explain how organisms, tissues, cells, organ systems, organelles, and organs are structurally related to each other (explain the cellular organization of these by listing them in order and explaining which is made up for what).

A group of cell organelles working together make up a cell.A group of cells working together make up a tissue.A group of tissues working together make up an organ.A group of organs working together make up an organ system.A group of organ systems working together make up an organism.

• Cell: The smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing• Tissue:  A group of biological cells that perform a similar function• Organ: A collection of tissues joined in a unit to serve a common function• Organ System: A group of organs that work together to perform a certain task

B) Provide four specific examples of how the above terms are related by completing the chart below.

ORGAN SYSTEM

RESPIRATORYSYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ORGANLungs Heart Brain Stomach

TISSUE TYPE

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Cardiac Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue Epithelial Tissue

CELL TYPE

Smooth Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle Cells Nerve Cell (Neuron) Epithelial Cells

10) A) Describe the functions and main organs of each of the following organ systems. SEE BODY SYSTEMS POWERPOINT ON WEBSITE

Organ System Main Organs Functions1 Integumentary

2 Circulatory

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3 Digestive

4 Endocrine

5 Reproductive

6 Excretory

7 Nervous

8 Respiratory

9 Muscular

10 Skeletal

B) Name and describe FIVE diseases/illnesses associated with human organ systems. Explain them in detail (including their symptoms, causes, and treatments), and identify which organ system each diseases/illness is associated with. SEE BODY SYSTEMS POWERPOINT ON WEBSITE

Diseases/Illness Description and Symptoms Caused by Treatments System Associated With

1

2

3

4

5

C) Name five factors that can affect the functioning/efficiency of each of the following organ systems, and explain how they might do so.

1. Circulatory System: Having a poor diet involving high amount of fat and low amount of fiber can negatively affect the circulatory system. Failing to maintain good cardiovascular health can result in

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heart disease or atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, cholesterol, fatty substances, calcium, and other substances start to build up in the inner lining of an artery. This buildup, called plaque, leads to a narrowing (smaller diameter) of the artery. If a plaque breaks, it can cause a blood clot to start. A blood clot can block blood flow or can travel to a different part of the body. Depending on where the clot occurs, it can cause a heart attack or a stroke. A heart attack or stroke is a very dangerous health problem, but even plaque that stays put can cause issues by contributing to poor blood flow. Poor blood flow can cause chest pains, high blood pressure, shortness of breath during light exercise, leg pain, and loss of oxygen to the brain.

Currently practiced measures to prevent cardiovascular disease include:

A low-fat, high-fiber diet including whole grains and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (at least five portions a day)

No Tobacco intake (no smoking) and avoidance of second-hand smoke Limit alcohol consumption to the recommended daily limits; excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of

cardiovascular disease. Lower blood pressures, if elevated, through the use of antihypertensive medications Decrease body fat (BMI) if overweight or obese by exercising and adjusting your diet Increase daily activity to 30 minutes of vigorous exercise per day at least five times per week; Decrease psychosocial stress, though stress plays a relatively minor role in hypertension.

2. Digestive System: Several factors affect emptying of the stomach, including the nature of the food (mainly its fat and protein content). This is what we can do to keep our digestive system healthy:

1. Eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grain products What do these groups of food have in common? They are all rich in fiber. The recommended intake of fiber daily is 25-35 grams. This helps a great deal in regulating our bowel movements, and is also good for our liver and intestines. With fruits, try to eat more strawberries, mangoes, avocados, and dried fruits like prunes and raisins. As for vegetables, try broccoli, spinach, green peas, lentils, and beans. Consider replacing your usual refined pasta, white bread, and white rice with whole wheat pasta, whole grain bread, and brown rice. It's a sacrifice on my part because I'm not too fond of vegetables and I like my bread and rice white. However, I just think of the benefits fiber will give me, such as lowered cholesterol and a leaner figure.

2.Drink lots of water Water plays a key role in our digestion. It helps break down the food in our stomach, aids in dissolving nutrients, and prevents constipation. Furthermore, it helps keeps the digestive system and colon clean and healthy. So you're not only quenching your thirst when you drink water, but you're also doing your body a huge favor.

3.Eat less fatty foods The more unsaturated fat or transfat you consume, the more your digestive system is strained. Foods that are high in trans fat are fast food items, margarine, donuts, cookies, cakes, chips, dips, and toppings. That's all the good stuff right there. I have a sweet tooth, but I try my best to limit my sugar intake. You don't have to completely eliminate these out of your diet, but cutting them down is a way of saving your digestive organs from any damage.

4.Avoid processed foods These types of food have little nutrition in them and often contain large amounts of saturated fats and

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preservatives that hinder proper digestion. Examples of harmful processed foods are sodium-laden canned foods, frozen dinners, sugary breakfast cereals, and processed meats such as hotdogs, sausage, ham, and other packaged lunch meats. We tend to depend on these "convenient foods" when we have no time or patience to prepare real food. What we have to realize is processed food is one of the main contributors to bad digestion. So if your meals mostly consist of packaged microwavable food, try learning how to cook. Trust me, you'll never go back.

5.Eat slowly and moderately Eating in a rush and consuming large portions in one sitting will definitely put a lot of stress on your digestive system. That's why it's important to set aside at least a half hour during meals. Chewing will not only make you enjoy the food more, but it leads to easier digestion. So is eating in moderate portions. Almost everyone knows by now from experience that overeating will only upset the stomach.

6. Do not smoke Smoking is detrimental to your health. It certainly can harm the digestive system, contributing to diseases such as heartburn, peptic ulcers, gallstones, liver damage, and colon cancer. If you have any concern at all regarding your body, this list of negative effects should be enough to discourage you from smoking another cigarette.

7.Drink less alcohol Sometimes, alcohol can't be totally avoided, especially if you're a social drinker. What's essential is keeping it to a minimum. Excessive alcohol intake can lead to cirrhosis of the liver. Furthermore, it can inflame the lining of your stomach and cause symptoms of heartburn. If you can stay off it altogether, like myself, then that's one more favor you're doing your body.

8.Exercise regularly Cardiovascular exercise helps strengthen the abdomen muscles. Also it stimulates the intestinal muscles to push digestive contents through your system, and there's no reason for you to feel sluggish and lethargic. Common cardio exercises include walking, running, walking up and down the stairs, swimming, or any activity that increases your heart rate.

9.Reduce stress in your personal life Stress has a negative effect on the nerves of the digestive system, which in turn affects the process of digestion. Some experience bloating and constipation while others have to endure loose and watery stools. To return the normal balance of digestion, it is advised to face the root of the stress or manage it through relaxing activities.

3. Nervous System: certain activities in life can accelerate the aging process of the brain, leading to mental impairment. Boxers and alcoholics are prime candidates to suffer from slurred speech, tremors, and dementia (impaired memory, thinking, and reasoning) long before others. Certain drugs, high blood pressure, arteriosclerosis (diseased condition in which the walls of arteries become thickened and hard, interfering with the circulation of blood), poor nutrition, depression, and stress can also lead to premature loss of mental abilities. Learning can continue throughout life as neural pathways are always available and ready to be developed. Like the muscles of the body, the mind can remain strong if used regularly. The following activities, if maintained on a life-long basis, can help keep the nervous system operating at peak efficiency: eating a proper diet low in fat and high in fiber, maintaining a healthy weight, consuming proper amounts of good-quality drinking water, getting

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adequate rest, engaging in regular exercise, not smoking or taking illegal drugs, drinking only moderate amounts of alcohol (if at all), and reducing stress levels.

4. Respiratory System: As people age, elastic tissue throughout the body begins to break down. The lungs begin to lose their elasticity, and the ability to ventilate the lungs (breathe in) becomes more difficult. In addition, many of the defenses set up to protect the respiratory system become less efficient, leaving the system open to infections. These effects of aging can be delayed or even minimized by taking care of not only the respiratory system but the body as a whole. The following all play a vital part in keeping the body healthy and its immune response functioning at peak efficiency: proper nutrition, healthy amounts of good-quality drinking water, adequate rest, regular exercise, and stress reduction. All forms of air pollution have some harmful effect on humans, especially on the respiratory system and its parts. For example, prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide can cause heart and respiratory disorders. Avoiding polluted areas (if possible) and wearing a mask while working in dusty or dirty places are two such steps. The single most important thing an individual can do to protect and preserve the respiratory system is to not smoke. Tobacco smoking is perhaps the single worst activity an individual can do in regards to health. In addition to nicotine, a powerful drug that affects the heart and blood vessels, tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is a well-known toxic gas that reduces the ability of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen to all the cells in the body. Tobacco smoke also contains tars and other chemicals that damage the delicate cells in the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. Cilia projecting from that membrane are either paralyzed or destroyed by cigarette smoke. Pollutants and other particles, which then cannot be removed, settle in the lungs. The extra mucus produced in response to an irritated respiratory tract provides an ideal breeding ground for harmful bacteria.

D) Name five technologies that are used to assist or replace unhealthy organs, explain what they do/what they replace and identify which organ system each technology is associated with.

SEE BODY SYSTEMS POWERPOINT ON WEBSITE

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11) Describe in detail five examples of the interdependence of organ systems in the human body. Name the two systems and explain in detail how they are related/how they work together/how they support each other.

SEE BODY SYSTEMS POWERPOINT ON WEBSITE

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12) Provide five examples of careers that are associated with the health of body systems – name the career, explain what he/she does, and which organ system(s) this career relates to.

SEE BODY SYSTEMS POWERPOINT ON WEBSITE

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