Eukaryote Cells

• Eukaryote Structure Overview:• Microfilaments, Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments• Flagella & Cilia• Nuclear Structure & Cell Cycle• Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi Apparatus• Exocytosis & Endocytosis• Mitochondria & Chloroplasts •Contrast to Prokaryotes

Peroxisome: Oxidizes amino acids, fatty acids and alcohol; self replicating.

Vacuole: membrane bound; liquid filled; storage of reserves and/or wastes.

Cell Wall: cellulose and lignin in plants; chitin in fungi; no peptidoglycan

Eukaryote Cell “Anatomy”

Cytoskeleton Components• Three types, each of a different structure protein.

– Microfilaments: actin – Microtubules: tubulins– Intermediate Filaments: vimentin

• General Function:– Cell Shape– Cell Movement– Intracellular Transport

These images are an excellent example of immuno-fluorescence microscopy; each involves an antibody attached to a unique fluorochrome dye that will bind to a specific to a protein type.

NOTE: You are not responsible for memorizing types of proteins here.

Eukaryote Flagella and Cilia

Structure of both flagella and cilia: Note pairs of microtubule filaments arranges in a 1:9 configuration. The outer pairs contract and expand along the central pair causing the structure to bend.

Eukaryote flagella: makes waves.

(Recall prokaryote flagella cork screws)

Cilia: makes a different motion; they have two distinct strokes: an “effective” propelling stroke and then a “recovery” stroke that prepares the cilia for the next effective stroke. Cells with cilia typically have many that stroke in unisons.

Eukaryote Genome: chromosomes are linear; more than one type; each carries a unique set of genes; often pairs of the same chromosome type (diploid).

Nuclear Structure

Nucleolus: Where ribosome subunits are made.

Chromatin: all the DNA and proteins of chromosomes.

Idealized Eukaryote Cell Cycle

Growth and chromosome replication (double copies).

Condensation ; organization of identical replicates; separation and new nuclei form; cell division. Much more complex than prokaryote.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Protein Synthesis

• Lipid membrane synthesis

• Transport of proteins and lipids

• Rough ER has attached ribosomes

•Smooth ER has no ribosomes

• Vesicles bud off to the Golgi Apparatus

forming side

matured side

Golgi Apparatus:• Protein processing & modification

• Packaging for Secretion

Secretion Vesicles & Exocytosis

Or Residual Body

Endocytosis & Lysosomes

F1 particles & ATP synthesis

Mitochondria* Energy metabolism* Self replicating* Own DNA

Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis; self replicating; own DNA.

Table 4.2