1 Name__________________________________________________Period_________Date______________ 7A FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET PART 1. SCIENTIFIC METHOD I. STEPS 1. PROBLEM - always in the form of a ____________________________________ 2. GATHER INFORMATION 3. HYPOTHESIS - ____________________________________________ 4. EXPERIMENT - 3 parts: Control, dependent variable, independent variable 5. OBSERVATIONS - analyze data, charts, graphs… 6. CONCLUSION - is your hypothesis right or wrong? 7. Repeat

II. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: 1. CONTROL = _________________________________________________________________________ 2. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE = ___________________________________________________________ 3. DEPENDENT VARIABLE = _____________________________________________________________

4. Example: A student set up the experiment shown to learn about plant growth. The student added a different amount of water to 4 identical containers, each containing 4 seeds in 100 cubic centimeters of soil. All of the containers were placed in the same sunny location. The height of the plants were measured and recorded for 5 weeks. a. State a hypothesis for this experiment.

______________________________________________ b. Independent variable = ________________________ c. Dependent variable = __________________________ d. Control group = ____________________________ e. Identify 3 factors that must remain constant. _______________________________________________________________________________________ f. What can be done to make an experiment more valid?_________________________________________ 5. Identify 2 safety rules that must be followed when performing a lab.________________________________________________

PART 2. MEASUREMENT I. LENGTH – meter

1. What is the length of the tadpole at the right? a. In centimeters= _________ b. In millimeters = _____________

II. MASS - __________________________________________________________________________ 1. What instrument is being used to measure the _________________________ mass of the object at the right? 2. What is the mass of the object? _____________

2 III. VOLUME - ______________________________________________________________________ 1. Calculate the volume of the block below. Show all work in the work space below. 4. What is the volume of rock below? 2. What is the name of the instrument at the right? ________________________________ 3. What is the volume of the water? __________________________ IV. DENSITY 1. Use the mass and volume of the block in the previous sections to calculate it’s density. Show all work. 2. a. Will this object float in water? _____________ b. Why or why not? _________________________________

c. You cut the block in half. What is the density of each half?

_________________________________ V. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. What is the temperature shown 2. What is the length of the snail? in the thermometer shown below? 3. Draw the staircase we use to convert from 1 metric unit to another. 5. Convert the following measurements:

a. 2.45 cm = ___________________ km

b. 5.46L = ____________________mL

3 PART 3. MICROSCOPE I. PARTS & FUNCTIONS: 1. eyepiece/ocular lens – lens that you look 6. body tube – connects objective & eyepiece through to magnify specimen 7. stage – table that holds the slide 2. coarse adjustment knob – focusing under 8. mirror/light source – provides light to view low & medium powers (NOT HIGH POWER) specimen 3. fine adjustment knob – focusing for high 9. base – structure that supports microscope power, sharpening image (for carrying) 4. objective lens – lenses that magnify specimen 10. diaphragm – openings that controls the amount low = 4x medium = 10x high = 40x of light used (under stage) 5. arm – supports body tube (for carrying) II. LABEL THE PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE BELOW. A. ____________________________________ B. ____________________________________ C. ____________________________________ D. ____________________________________ E. _____________________________________ F. _____________________________________ G. _____________________________________ H. _____________________________________ I. ______________________________________ J. ______________________________________ K. ______________________________________ III. USING THE MICROSCOPE 1. What would happen if you used the coarse adjustment under high power? _____________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. When you observe a specimen using a microscope, how does the specimen appear? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. When you move the slide in any direction, how does the specimen on the slide appear to move? _____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Which objective lens allows you to observe LARGER field of view? ____________________________ 5. Calculate the total magnification: Eyepiece lens = 15x, Objective lens = 5x Total Mag = _____________________ 6. What is the student in the picture at the right preparing? ___________________________________________ 7. Why should the student make sure the cover slip is lowered at an angle?________________________________________

A

B C D

E F

G

I

H

J

K

4 IV. MEASURING WITH THE MICROSCOPE 1. What is the diameter of the field of 2. What is the length of one of the cells shown below? view shown below? (mm & um) (mm & um) 3. Determine the lengths of the objects in the microscopes field of view below. (mm & um) a.

4. How many micrometers make up one millimeter? ________________________

PART 4. CHEMISTRY 1. Label the parts of the atom below, and complete the chart. 2. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: a. ELEMENT – ______________________________________________________________________ b. COMPOUND – ____________________________________________________________________ c. MIXTURE - _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Identify each substance as an element or compound: a. CO2 _____________ b. Na___________ c. CH4_______________ d. H ______________ Identify each mixture as homogeneous or heterogeneous. a. Iced tea =___________________ b. salad = __________________ c. salt water = _______________ 7. In the table below, for each solution identify the solute and the solvent. SOLUTION SOLUTE SOLVENT a. SELZER WATER b. TEA c. SALT WATER

SUBATOMIC PARTICLE

LOCATION CHARGE

5

Base your answers to questions 8 through 11 on the graph below and on your knowledge of science. The graph shows the solubility curves for potassium bromide and copper sulfate.

12. Identify each property below as a physical or chemical property. a. Burning: _______b. color: __________c. phase (solid, liquid, gas): __________ 13. Identify each change below as a physical or chemical change. a. Ripping paper: _______b. burning paper: __________c. melting: __________ d. baking a cake_______ 14.. Fill in the chart below describing phases of matter: PHASE OF MATTER POSITION OF PARTICLES SPEED a. SOLID vibrating b. Sliding past each other A little faster c. 15. For each phase change below, identify how the material is changing, and whether heat is being absorbed or released. a. melting:__________________________ c. evaporation:____________________________________ b. freezing:_________________________ d. condensation:___________________________________ 16. Identify 4 properties of metals: a. ____________________________________ c. __________________________ b. ___________________________________ d. __________________________ 17. Identify 3 properties of nonmetals: a. ______________________ b. ________________________ c. ________________________ 18. Identify the parts of the periodic table being described below: a. Rows:__________________________ e. Group18: _________________________ b. Elements to left of zig zag line: ______________ f. On zig zag line:______________________ c. Columns: _______________________ g: Elements to right of zig zag line: __________ d. Noble gases: _________________________ 19. Atomic number:______________________________________________________________________ 20. Mass number: _______________________________________________________________________

8. How many grams of the copper sulfate will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 30°C? _________________ 9. How many grams of the potassium bromide will dissolve in 100 grams of water at 60°C? __________________ 10. Describe the relationship between temperature and the amount of copper sulfate from 0°C to 90°C. ________________________________________________ 11. Describe 1 way to increase the rate of dissolving for a solution. _______________________________________________

6 21. The diagram below represents n element from the period table.

a. Atomic #: ___________________ b. Atomic Mass = ____________________ c. Mass # = _________________ d. # of protons in each atom of this element = ____________

21. On the pH scale below label which section refers to acids, bases, and which pH is considered neutral. PART 5. CELLS I. CELL THEORY 1. Who developed the cell theory? a. Hooke = cork, name what he saw “cells” c. Schwann = all animals are made of cells b. Schleiden = all plants are made of cells d. Virchow = all cells come from other cells 2.a. List the parts of the CELL THEORY below.

___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________

II. CELL ORGANELLES1. Cell membrane – semi-permeable, allows only certain materials to enter & leave cell

2. Nucleus - controls all cell activities a. Nuclear membrane – surrounds nucleus b. Nucleolus – produces ribosomes c. Chromosomes – genetic material 3. Cytoplasm – jelly-like materials that holds all organelles

4. Mitchondria – produces energy (by respiration) – POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum –tunnels in the cytoplasm that transport materials (highway of the cell) 6. Vacuoles – storage 7. Ribosomes – produce proteins 8. Golgi bodies – collects, packages, and ships materials out of the cell (UPS/POST OFFICE)

III. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS 1. Cell Wall – protects, gives plant cell shape 2. Chloroplasts – carry out photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll (absorbs light)

IV. ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS 1. Lysosomes – contain enzymes that break down/digest materials 2. Centrioles – aid in cell division

V. LABEL THE CELLS ORGANELLES BELOW: A. ______________________ H. _____________________

B._______________________ I. ______________________ C._______________________ J. ______________________ D._______________________ K. _____________________ E._______________________ L. ______________________ F._______________________ M. _____________________ G. _____________________

7

A. _______________________ H. _____________________ B. _______________________ I. ______________________ C. _______________________ J. ______________________ D. ______________________ K. _____________________ E. _______________________L. ______________________ F. ______________________M._______________________ G. ________________________

VI. TRANSPORT 1. PASSIVE TRANSPORT : 2 TYPES: 1. DIFFUSION – high to low , WITH CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, NO ENERGY 2. OSMOSIS – diffusion of water (high low), WITH CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, NO ENERGY b. What happens to a cell if it’s placed in salt water? b. What happens if it is placed in pure water? __________________________________________ ________________________________________ __________________________________________ ________________________________________ 2. ACTIVE TRANSPORT – low to high concentration, AGAINST THE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT, ENERGY IS REQUIRED

a. Label each diagram as diffusion, osmosis, or active transport. 1. __________________ 2. _________________ 3. _________________ VII. RESPIRATION – glucose broken down to produce ENERGY (ATP), MITOCHONDRIA TYPES: 1. AEROBIC RESPIRATION – uses oxygen, produces 36 ATP a. Label the equation below. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP _______________ ___________ _______________ _________ ___________ 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION – fermentation, does not require oxygen, produces only 2 ATP a. ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION (yeast)

C6H12O6 alcohol + CO2 + 2ATP b. LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION (muscles)

C6H12O6 lactic acid + CO2 + 2ATP

VIII. LIVING THINGS a. UNICELLULAR ORGANISM - ________________________________________________________ b. MULTICELLUAR ORGANISM - ________________________________________________________ c. Identify the 5 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION IN A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM =

_____________________________________________________________________________________ d. HOMEOSTASIS - ___________________________________________________________________

H2O H2O

H2O

H2O H2O

H2O

8 PART 6. CLASSIFICATION I. CLASSIFICATION – grouping organisms according to similar characteristics 1. HETEROTROPH - ____________________________________________________________________ 2. AUTOTROPH - ______________________________________________________________________ 3. PROKARYOTIC CELL - ______________________________________________________________ 4. EUKARYOTIC CELL - ________________________________________________________________

II. ORGANISMS ARE ORGANIZED INTO 7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION: KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES (largest, most diverse) (smallest, most similar) Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools

III. BINOMIAL NOMENTCALTURE 1. How we name organisms 2. Genus species Example: Homo sapiens Homo = Genus, sapiens = species IV. 5 KINGDOMS 1. Fill in the missing parts of the chart.

KINGDOM CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES 1.

-unicellular -no nucleus (prokaryotic) -heterotrophic or autotrophic

2. unicellular -no nucleus (prokaryotic) -heterotrophic or autotrophic

Found in extreme environments

3. PROTISTS

-unicellular -has nucleus (eukaryotic) -heterotrophic or autotrophic

Animal like = Plant like =

4. FUNGI

-heterotrophic -

Mushroom, yeast, mold, mildew

5.

-multicellular -autotrophic

6. ANIMAL

Jellyfish, humans, dogs, fish, grasshoppers, bears

HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS PART 7. SKELTAL SYSTEM I. FUNCTIONS 1. movement 2. shape 3. protection 4. makes blood cells 5. stores materials (calcium & phosphorus II. PARTS 1. BONES – 206 in body a. compact bone – made of calcium c. spongy bone – ends for support & phosphorus (very strong) d. periosteum – outer membrane b. bone marrow – produces blood cells e. nerves & blood vessels

9 2. CARTILAGE a. flexible connective tissue c. cushioning (bw vertebrae) e. ends of bones b. protection & support d. make up body parts (nose, ears) 3. TENDONS – connective tissue which connects MUSCLES TO BONES 4. LIGAMENTS – connective tissue which connects BONE TO BONE 5. JOINT – where 2 bones meet a. immoveable – skull d. hinge – elbow, knee (back & forth) b. pivot – neck (side to side, up & down) e. gliding – wrist (all directions) c. ball and socket – hip, shoulder (circular) PART 8. MUSCULAR SYSTEM I. FUNCTION

1. LOCOMOTION (movement) by contracting and relaxing of the muscles II. TYPES OF MUSCLES Fill in the missing parts of the chart below.

MUSCLE VOLUNTARY/INVOL STRIATED/NONSTRIATED LOCATION 1.

voluntary -attached to bones

2. SMOOTH MUSCLE

-digestive system, blood vessels…

3.

Involuntary striated

4. How do skeletal muscles WORK IN PAIRS? ______________________________________________ 5. LABEL THE DIAGRAM AT THE RIGHT. A. ______________________B. ______________________ 6. Which muscle is contracting? _______Relaxing?_________ PART 9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I. FUNCTION – NUTRITION a. INGESTION – taking in food b. DIGESTION – breakdown of food c. EGESTION – remove undigested wastes

II. NUTRIENTS – substances needed by the human body 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. PROTEINS 3. LIPIDS -sugars & starches -amino acids -energy -protection -provide ENERGY -build & repair -insulation 4. VITAMINS 5. MINERALS 6. WATER -normal functioning -normal functioning -makes up body, transport, chemical reactions III. 2 TYPES OF DIGESTION 1. MECHANICAL – physical breakdown 2. CHEMICAL – breaking down using ENZYMES

10 IV. PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. MOUTH a. mechanical digestion begins (teeth) b. chemical digestion begins – enzymes in saliva, (starches sugar) 2. EPIGLOTTIS – closes over trachea when swallowing to prevent choking 3. ESOPHAGUS – pushes food to stomach (PERISTALSIS - wavelike motion) 4. STOMACH a. mechanical digestion - churning food b. chemical digestion of proteins c. mix of food = chyme 5. SMALL INTESTINE – most digestion occurs, digestion ends a. INTESTINAL JUICES - many enzymes

b. HELPER ORGANS -LIVER – makes bile that mechanically breaks down fat by EMULSIFICATION (big droplets smaller droplets) -GALL BLADDER – stores bile -PANCREAS – pancreatic juice - many enzymes c. ABSORBS NUTRIENTS -VILLI – folds in wall of small intestine that absorb nutrients & place them into bloodstream. 6. LARGE INTESTINE – water absorbed from feces, bacteria which make vitamins 7. RECTUM – stores waste (feces) 8. ANUS – where wastes leave the body

V. LABEL THE DIAGRAM BELOW. A. _______________________________________ B. ________________________________________ C. ________________________________________ D. ________________________________________ E. ________________________________________ F. ________________________________________ G. ________________________________________ H. ________________________________________ I. ________________________________________ J. ________________________________________ K. ________________________________________

PART 10. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM I. FUNCTION – TRANSPORT II. PARTS 1. HEART –pumps blood a. ATRIA – upper chambers b. VENTRICLES – lower chambers c. VALVES – prevent backflow of blood

d. SEPTUM – separates left & right sides (prevents mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood)

2. BLOOD VESSELS a. ARTERIES – thickest, carry blood AWAY from the heart, AORTA – largest artery, PULSE, GREATEST BLOOD PRESSURE b. VEINS – carry blood to the heart, contains valves, VENA CAVA - largest

c. CAPILLARIES – thinnest, oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged between blood & cells, connect arteries & veins

A

B

C D

E F

G

H

I

J K

Big fat droplet

11 3. Label the right and left sides of the heart, which sides pumps oxygenated & deoxygenated blood, and label all parts of the heart. A.________________________________ B. ________________________________ C. ________________________________ D. ________________________________ E. ________________________________ F. ________________________________ G. ________________________________ H. ________________________________ I. ________________________________ J _________________________________ K _________________________________ 4. BLOOD a. PLASMA – liquid part which carries materials b. RED BLOOD CELLS – contain hemoglobin, carry oxygen c. WHITE BLOOD CELLS – fight disease d. PLATELETS – blood clotting (make fibrin III. BLOOD TYPES 1. A = A antigens, anti–B antibodies 3. AB = A & B antigens, no antibodies (universal acceptor) 2. B = B antigens, anti–A antibodies 4. O = no antigens, anti–A, anti-B antibodies (universal donor) a. Rh factor – extra proteins on RBC’s, Rh + (have proteins), Rh – (don’t have proteins) PART 11. IMMUNE SYSTEM I. FUNCTION – defends the body against disease Pathogen – disease causing organism II. PARTS 1st Line of Defense: physical barriers (skin, saliva, tears, gastric juice…) 2nd Line: Inflammatory Response 3rd Line:Antibodies – proteins produced by WBC’s - attach to pathogens, slow them down III. IMMUNITY: 1. ACTIVE IMMUNITY – immune system produces own antibodies, permanent a. by acquiring the disease (chicken pox) b. by receiving a vaccination (weak or dead antigens injected into the body) 2. PASSIVE IMMUNITY – receive antibodies from another organism, temporary IV. Diseases a. Infectious Disease = ___________________________________________________________ b. Noninfectious Disease = ________________________________________________________ a.ALLERGIES – reaction that occurs when the body is sensitive to certain substances 1. Allergen – substance body is sensitive to 2. Body produces HISTAMINES (cause symptoms) b.AIDS: Caused by HIV, Kills T- cells destroys immune system

A B

C

D

E

F G

K

J

I H

12 PART 12. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I. FUNCTION – Gas Exchange II. PARTS 1. NASAL CAVITY a. mucus – moistens air, traps materials b. cilia – filters air c. blood vessels – warm air 2. PHARYNX - throat 3. LARYNX – vocal cords (voice box)

5. TRACHEA – windpipe, rings of cartilage 6. BRONCHI – 2 tubes that branch off trachea 7. ALVEOLI – air sacs surrounded by capillaries, oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion 8. DIAPHRAGM – sheet of muscle under lungs

III. LABEL THE DIAGRAM BELOW. A. _________________________________

B. __________________________________ C. __________________________________

D. __________________________________ E. __________________________________

F. __________________________________ G. ___________________________________ H. ___________________________________ I. ___________________________________ IV. BREATHING 4. Label the BELL JAR below. 1. INHALATION (breathing in) a. diaphragm contracts (down) A. __________________ b. air pressure decreases 2. EXHALATION (breathing out) B. __________________ a. diaphragm relaxes (up) b. air pressure increases C. __________________ 3. Breathing rate increases when amount of carbon dioxide in the blood increases. D. __________________ PART 13. EXCRETORY SYSTEM I. FUNCTION – EXCRETION – removal of cellular (metabolic wastes) II. PARTS 1. LIVER : Produces urea, detoxification III. Label the parts of the urinary system. 2. LUNGS – excrete CO2 & H20 3. SKIN a. excretes perspiration (water, urea, salt) b. maintains body temperature c. epidermis & dermis (oil glands, sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, blood vessels) 4. URINARY SYSTEM a. KIDNEYS –nephrons filter blood & maintain water balance produces URINE water, urea, salt) b. URETERS – carry urine from kidneys to bladder c. URINARY BLADDER – stores urine d. URETHRA – carries urine out of the body

E

F

H

A

G

A B

C

D

A

D

C

B

C

D I

B

13 PART 14. NERVOUS SYSTEM I. FUNCTION 1. REGULATION: processes & sends out messages, control & coordination, helps to maintain homeostasis II. PARTS 1. What is a NEURON? ___________________________ 2. IMPULSE – message sent by neurons a. STIMULUS – change in the environment that starts an impulse 3. RECEPTOR – sense organs, pick up stimuli (ears, eyes, nose, skin, tongue) 4. EFFECTOR – parts of body that responds to a stimulus (MUSCLES & GLANDS) 5. PARTS OF A NEURON a. dendrites – pick up impulses c. axon – carries impulse to end of neuron (surrounded by myelin) b. cell body (cyton) – contains nucleus d. terminal branches – branches at end 6. What is a SYNAPSE? __________________________________________________________ 7. NEUROTRANSMITTER – substances released into a synapse that “carries” impulse to next cell 8. Label parts of the neuron below. A. ____________________________ B. ____________________________ C. ____________________________ D. ____________________________ E. _____________________________ III. TYPES OF NEURONS

1. SENSORY NEURON – receptors brain & spinal cord 2. INTERNEURONS – make up brain & spinal cord 3. MOTOR NEURONS – brain & spinal cord effectors

IV. RELEX ARC: Receptor Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Neuron Effector

V. REFLEX: involuntary response controlled by the spinal cord VI. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – brain & spinal cord 2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – branching nerves that carry messages to all body parts

VII. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. BRAIN (3 parts) – protected by cranium a. Cerebrum – largest part, VOLUNTARY activities, the senses, thinking, memory, language… b. Cerebellum - controls BALANCE c. Medulla – controls all INVOLUNTARY activities d. Label the parts of the central nervous system below.

A. ________________________________ B. _________________________________ C. _________________________________ D. _________________________________

2. SPINAL CORD – protected by vertebrae PART 15. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM I. FUNCTION 1. REGULATION - produces hormones that control & coordinate 2. HORMONE – chemical messengers made by glands that travel through the BLOODSTREAM

14 \a. How are the nervous & endocrine systems similar? ________________________________________ b. How are they different? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

II. PARTS1. HYPOTHALAMUS – part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland 2. PITUITARY GLAND - in the brain -MASTER GLAND – secretes hormones that control other glands -secretes Growth hormone 3. THYROID – neck, hormone controls metabolism 4. PARATHYROIDS – on thyroid, controls calcium levels 5. THYMUS – behind breast bone, larger in babies -For development & immunity

6. ADRENAL GLANDS – on kidney -ADRENALINE – released in times of stress (increases heart rate, breathing rate…) 7. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS – pancreas -INSULIN – decreases blood sugar level -GLUCAGON – increases blood sugar level 8. OVARIES – female gonads -ESTROGEN – secondary sec characteristics 9. TESTES – male gonads -TESTOSTERONE – secondary sex characteristic

III. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 1. How endocrine glands work 2. A hormone causes a gland to produce or stop producing another hormone IV. LABEL THE DIAGRAM BELOW A. _______________________________ B. _______________________________ C. _______________________________ D. _______________________________ E. _______________________________ F. _______________________________ G. _______________________________ H. _______________________________ PART 16. REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT VI. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. 1 parent 2. offspring identical to parent 3. MITOSIS = 1 cell 2 cells

II. MITOSIS – cell division 1. 1 cell 2 cells that have SAME # OF CHROMOSOMES as parent cell 3. asexual reproduction 4. production of ALL body cells EXCEPT sex cells 5. growth and repair

III. STEPS OF MITOSIS: 1. INTERPHASE – chromosomes replicate 2. PROPHASE – nuclear membrane disappears and spindle fibers form 3. METAPHASE – chromosomes line up in middle of cell 4. ANAPHASE – chromosomes separate and move away from each other 5. TELOPHASE – nuclear membrane starts to reform a. cytokinesis – cell membrane pinches in IV. PLANT CELL MITOSIS 1. no centrioles 2. CYTOKINESIS – cell plate forms instead of cell membrane pinching in

15 VII. TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. FISSION – equal division of one-celled organism (bacteria, ameba, paramecium) 2. BUDDING – unequal division of organism (Yeast) 3. SPORULATION – spores (specialized cells) develop into new organism (mold, mushrooms) 4. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION – used by plants (NO SEEDS) -runners (strawberries), buds/tubers (potatoes), grafting (roses), bulbs (onions)

VIII. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION 1. 2 parents, each give sex cell 3. FERTILIZATION = SPERM + EGG ZYGOTE 2. Offspring NOT identical to parents 4. ZYGOTE DEVELOPS INTO EMBRYO (1st 8 weeks) FETUS V. MEIOSIS – cell division 1. 2 divisions (1 2 4) 2. for sexual reproduction 3. 4 new daughter cells with ½ the number of chromosomes as parent cell 4. TO PRODUCE SEX CELLS ONLY (in ovaries & testes)

5. Label the diagrams at the right:. 6. Internal fertilization = ___________________________________________________________________ 7. External fertilization = __________________________________________________________________ 8. Internal development = __________________________________________________________________ 9. External Development = _________________________________________________________________ 10. Metamorphosis = _____________________________________________________________________ a. Complete = 4 stages (egg larva pupa adult), butterfly b. Incomplete = 3 stages = egg nymph, adult PART 17. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM I. FUNCTION 1. REPRODUCTION -the process through which living things produce new individual of the same kind

II. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SPERM CELLS – male sex cells 1. TESTES -produce sperm cells and testosterone 5. PENIS –deposits sperm into female 2. SCROTUM -external organ that surrounds testes 6. URETHRA – transports urine & semen 3. GLANDS -adds liquid to sperm (semen) 4. VAS DEFERENS -tubes that carry sperm to the penis 7. Label the diagram of the male reproductive system.

A. __________________________ B. __________________________ C. __________________________ D. __________________________ E. __________________________ F. __________________________ G. __________________________ H. __________________________

A. B.

C

A.

B.

C.

D.

E. F. G.

H.

MALES = ___________________ FEMALE =___________________

16 III. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM EGGS – female sex cells 1. OVARIES - makes eggs and estrogen 2. FALLOPIAN TUBES - (oviduct) tubes in which an egg travels through from ovaries to the uterus -FERTILIZATION OCCURS HERE 3. UTERUS - muscular organ where zygote attaches and develops into a baby 4. CERVIX - lower end of the uterus 5. VAGINA – birth canal, where sperm is deposited 6. Label the diagram of the female reproductive system.

IV. MENSTRUAL CYCLE (28 days) 1. STEPS

a. Egg develops in ovary b. OVULATION – egg released from ovary c. Lining of uterus thickens with blood d. NO FERTILIZATION MENSTRUATION (uterus lining sheds, egg leaves body)

V. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT 1. FERTILIZATION: EGG + SPERM ZYGOTE (fertilized egg) 2. ZYGOTE EMBRYO (8 weeks) FETUS (after 8 weeks) (BY CELL DIVISION) 3. STRUCTURES FORMED a. AMNIOTIC SAC – surrounds fetus & contains amniotic fluid that protects baby b. PLACENTA – network of blood vessels where nutrients & wastes are exchanged between the mother’s blood & baby’s blood by diffusion c. UMBILICAL CORD – blood vessels that connect the fetus to the placenta -Carry nutrients & and wastes to and from the placenta d. Label the diagram below. A.__________________________ B.__________________________

C.__________________________ D. __________________________ E.__________________________ F.__________________________

A.

B. C.

D.

E.

F.

B.

C.

A.___________________________ B.___________________________ C.___________________________ D.___________________________ E.___________________________ F.___________________________

A. B.

C.

D. E.

F.

17 PART 18. GENETICS I. GREGOR MENDEL – crossed pea plants to study heredity = passing on of traits I. CHROMOSOMES – rod shaped structures in nucleus 1. consist of genes which contain genetic information (DNA) 2. sex chromosomes – determine sex of an organism a. EGGS = X SPERM = X or Y b. FEMALE = XX MALE = XY 1. GENES – 2 genes (ALLELES) for every trait (1 from each parent) 2. DOMINANT GENE/TRAIT – stronger gene – CAPITAL LETTER (T) 3. RECESSIVE GENE/TRAIT – weaker gene – lower case (t) 4. PHENOTYPE – physical appearance (what offspring look like) 5. GENOTYPE – genetic makeup

T = tall plant, t = short plant GENES PHENOTYPE GENOTYPE TT Tall Homozygous OR pure dominant tt Short Homozygous OR pure recessive Tt Tall Heterozygous OR hybrid

II. PUNNETT SQUARES 1. Cross a pure dominant tall plant with a hybrid plant.

Phenotype = Genotype = 2. B = Brown eyes, b = blue eyes Cross a blue eyed person with a hybrid brown eyed person. Give the phenotypes & genotypes of their offspring. V. MULTILE ALLELES – MORE THAN 2 GENES AVAILABLE FOR A TRAIT 1. Example: BLOOD TYPES – 3 alleles a. A & B = both dominant b. O = recessive BLOOD TYPE ALLELES A AA or AO B BB or BO AB AB O OO

T T

T

t

3. G = green, g = yellow Cross a yellow plant with a pure dominant plant. Give the phenotypes & genotypes for all offspring.

2. Cross a person with blood type O with a person who is pure for blood type B. What blood types will their children have?

18 III. CHROMOSOMES 1. CHROMOSOMES – rod shaped structures in the nucleus that control all cell activities & contain hereditary information a. CHROMOSOMES made of GENES made of DNA 2. SEX CHROMOSOMES – chromosomes that determine sex of organism EGGS = X SPERM = X or Y FEMALE = XX MALE = XY 3. MUTATION – change in a gene that may cause a new trait (good or bad) a. in SEX CELLS can be passed on to offspring b. Examples: sickle cell anemia IV. DNA 1. DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid (discovered by Watson, Crick, & Franklin) 2. STRUCTURE a. DOUBLE HELIX – 2 twisted strands (like a spiral staircase) b. Made up of 2 chains of NUCLEOTIDES 3. NUCLEOTIDE (building block) NITROGEN BASES - 4 of them -Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) The 2 DNA strands are COMPLIMENTARY (base pairs match up) A – T G – C (hint: AT Garden City) VI. DNA REPLICATION – making a copy of DNA (duplicating) 1. occurs during interphase in the nucleus - VII. PEDIGREE CHARTS - trace a genetic trait in a family 1. Example: PART 19. PLANTS

I. PARTS OF PLANTS 1. ROOTS a. Functions - absorb water & dissolved minerals, anchor plant, store food b. root hairs – increase surface area for water absorption 2. STEM a. supports plant, hold up leaves b. contains VASCULAR TISSUE -XYLEM – carries water up the plant -PHLOEM – carries food everywhere

phosphate

deoxyribose

ACGTAG

2. The pedigree chart at the right traces the appearance of earlobes through 3 generations of a family. Based on the chart, attached earlobes is a

a. dominant trait b. recessive trait c. mutated trait d. trait common in females

19 3. LEAVES – where PHOTOSYNTHESIS occurs a. chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll (green pigment which absorbs light) b. Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen)

c. SUNLIGHT = energy source d. OXYGEN = waste product that is released into the air (oxygen we breathe)

TROPISM – how a plant responds to a stimulus POSITIVE = toward stimulus (Example: light) NEGATIVE = away from stimulus IX. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS (FLOWERS) 1. PARTS OF A FLOWER a. PETALS – colored leaves that attract insects for pollination b. SEPALS – green leaves used for protection c. STAMEN – male reproductive organ -ANTHER – produces pollen (sperm) -FILAMENT – stem holds up anther

d. PISTIL – female reproductive organ -STIGMA – sticky part that catches pollen -STYLE – long tube that brings pollen to ovary -OVARY – where eggs are produced and stored -OVULES – in ovary, contain eggs

2. Label the diagram of the flower below.

A. ______________________ B. ______________________ C. ______________________ D. ______________________ E. ______________________ F. ______________________ G. ______________________ H. ______________________ I. ______________________ J. ______________________

X. HOW DO FLOWERS REPRODUCE? 1. POLLINATION - when pollen lands on stigma a. self-pollination – pollen from one flower lands on stigma of the same flower (IDENTICAL) b. cross pollination – pollen from one flower lands on stigma of other flower 2. FERTILIZATION 1. pollen lands on stigma 4. ovule SEED (embryo) 2. pollen tube grows down into ovary 5. ovary FRUIT 3. sperm fertilizes egg in ovule 3. SEEDS 1. seed coat – protects embryo 3. Epicotyl – upper part of embryo 2. Cotyledon - stored food for embryo 4. Hypocotyl – lower part of embryo 4. GERMINATION – growth of plant embryo inside seed (sprouting) a. For germination to occur there must be enough water, enough oxygen & right temperature

sunlight chlorophyll

A.

B. C.

D.

E. F.

J.

I.

H. G.

20 PART 20. ECOLOGY I. ECOSYSTEMS 1. ECOSYSTEM – _______________________________________________________________ BIOTIC FACTORS – living things ABIOTIC FACTORS – nonliving things 2. COMMUNITY – all of the different _____________ things in an ecosystem 3. POPULATION – organisms of the same ________________ living in a community 4. NICHE : the role an organism plays (what it needs, what it eats, where it lives, how it behaves) 5. HABITAT – where an organism lives II. LIVING THINGS IN AN ECOSYSTEM 1. PRODUCERS: autotrophs (plants), get energy from the SUN CONTAIN THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF ENERGY IN THE ECOSYSTEM 2. CONSUMERS – heterotrophs a. HERBIVORES – eat producers (plants) c. OMNIVORES – eat both plants and animals b. CARNIVORES – eat other animals d. SCAVENGERS – eat dead organisms 3. DECOMPOSERS: break down dead organisms & place them back into the environment to be used again BACTERIA, MUSHROOMS 4. PREDATOR – living thing that hunts and kills other living things as food 5. PREY – organisms killed by predators III. FOOD CHAIN - shows how much ENERGY is transferred 1. PRODUCER PRIMARY CONSUMER SECONDARY CONSUMER (herbivore or omnivore) (carnivore or omnivore) 2. Label the parts of the food chain below.

a. b. c. d. e ________ __________ __________ _________ ____________ 3. Where is the most energy found in this food chain? _____________________________ IV. FOOD WEB – overlapping food chains 1. Identify the following organisms in the food web. a. Producers: _____________________________ b. Herbivores (primary consumers): ____________________________________ c. Carnivores:________________________ d. Decomposers: ____________________

bacteria

21 V. ENERGY PYRAMID Use the energy pyramid at the right to answer the questions below. a. Which level contains the greatest amount of energy? ______ b. What happens to the amount of energy as it moves up the pyramid? ________________________ c. Which organism is an herbivore? ____________________ VI. SYMBIOSIS 1. Relationship between 2 organisms where one lives on, in, or near the other 2. 3 types: a. COMMENSALISM = 1 benefits, other not harmed/unaffected (+, -), EX: mites on eyebrows b. MUTUALISM = both benefit (+, +), Ex: bacteria in our intestines c. PARASITISM = PARASITE benefits, HOST is harmed (+, -), EX: fleas on dog VII. ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION 1. When one community replaces another until a stable community exists 2. CLIMAX COMMUNITY – stable community, end of succession PART 21. EVOLUTION I. EVOLUTION – change in a species over time

II. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION 1. FOSSILS – remains of living things a. Law of Superposition – younger layers of sedimentary rock lay on top of older ones b. In the diagram at the right, which fossil is:

OLDEST _______ YOUNGEST = ______ MOST COMPLEX =_______MOST SIMPLE =_______

2. ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE a. Homologous strictures – structures that evolved from similar body parts (similar structure BUT different function) b. Examples: human arm, whale flipper, dog leg, bat wing

3. EMBRYOLOGICAL EVIDENCE a. young embryos of different organisms are similar 4. CHEMICAL EVIDENCE a. materials that make up organisms are similar (proteins, DNA) ALL OF THIS EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION AND SUGGESTS THAT PERHAPS ALL ORGANISMS EVOLVED FROM COMMON ANCESTORS

Climax community

22 III. CHARLES DARWIN 1. CHARLES DARWIN a. Galapagos Islands b. NATURAL SELECTION – ______________________________________________________ 3. ADAPTATION – a change that helps an organism better adapt to an environment survive 4. BASED ON 5 MAIN POINTS a. OVERPRODUCTION – too many offspring competition naturalselection b. COMPETITION – limited resources organisms compete natural selection c. VARIATION – differences between organisms best adapted will survive & reproduce Example: Polar bears with thicker fur will survive & reproduce d. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST – those best adapted will survive & reproduce e. SPECIATION – over time favorable adaptations survive & unfavorable disappear new species PART 21. Answer all questions on a sheet of loose leaf. 1. Identify the steps of scientific method. 2. Describe the 2 types of variables. 3. Why do investigations require a control? 4. Explain the cell theory. 5. Distinguish between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. 6. Describe the function of the cell nucleus. 7. Identify the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall. 8. Describe what happens during diffusion. 9. Identify the organization levels in multicellular organisms. 10. Compare and contrast the structure of a plant cell with that of an animal cell. 11. What are the contributions of the early cell scientists? 12. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. 13. Assume that MITOSIS begins with eight chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. When telophase ends, how many chromosomes will be present in each new nucleus? 14. Contrast the chromosome number of body cells and gametes. 15. Contrast meiosis and mitosis. 16. What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis? 17. Explain how sex is determined. 18. A person who has type AB blood is sometimes referred to as a universal recipient. Why? 19. Summarize the relationship between genes and DNA. 20. Before undergoing meiosis, a cell has 28 chromosomes. How many are present in each of the four daughter cells after meiosis? 21. What kinds of cells are produced in the process of meiosis? 22. Small ears in guinea pigs are dominant over large ears. A homozygous dominant male (EE) is crossed with a heterozygous (Ee) female. What is the chance that large-eared offspring will be produced? 23. In what cell structure does aerobic cellular respiration take place? 24. Respiration without oxygen is called ___ respiration.

25. In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place? 26. Which type of cells in a plant normally have the most chloroplasts? 27. What is a mutation? 28. When mutations occur in sex cells, are they passed on to offspring? What about mutations that occur in somatic cells? 29. T=tall, t=short. Cross a parent that is homozygous dominant with another parent that is heterozygous. Give the genotype and phenotype of the offspring. 30. What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes. 31. What part of the cell is the site of protein synthesis? 32. What part of the cell contains the genetic material of the cell? 33. What part of the cell is site of cellular respiration? 34. What part of the cell packages and sorts materials? 35. What part of the cell stores materials? 36. What part of the cell contains digestive enzymes for digestion? 37. A and B alleles are dominant, and O is recessive. John, who has blood type O, marries Sue, who has blood type AB. What blood types will their offspring potentially have? 38. What is the primary function of photosynthesis? 39. If black is dominant (B) and white is recessive (b), what are the phenotypes and genotypes of a cross between two heterozygous parents? 40. Why is a person with AIDS unable to combat infections? 41. a. 11.2cm = ___ mm b. 2.7 mm = _____ km c. 9.2 cm = ___ mm 42. Water freezes at _____ degrees centigrade (Celsius). 43. Water boils at _____ degrees centigrade (Celsius). 44. What is meant by the word phenotype? 45. Describe the process of cytokinesis in plant cells. 46. Identify and explain the three types of symbiosis. 47. What is an ecosystem? 48. What is the difference between a community and a population? 49. What is evolution? 50. What is natural selection?

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