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Gestational Diabetes MellitusDisusun Guna Memenuhi Tugas dan Melengkapi Syarat Dalam Menempuh Program
Studi Profesi Dokter
Disusun Oleh :
Rainy Anjani (030.06.208)
Pembimbing :
Letkol Kes dr. akaria! "#. $G
R%MA& "AK' %"A A*GKAA* %DARA
D$K+R +"*A,A* A*AR'K"A
-AK%LA" K+D$K+RA* %*'+R"'A" R'"AK'
+R'$D+ /2 "++M+R 20// 1 /8 *$+M+R 20//
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
Nama : Rainy Anjani
Fakultas : Kedokteran Umum
Tingkat : Universitas Trisakti Jakarta
Bidang Pendidikan : Ilmu Kandungan dan Kebidanan
Periode Keaniteraan Klinik : !" #etember "$!! % !& November "$!!
Judul : 'iabetes (ellitus )estasional
'iajukan : !! November "$!!
Pembimbing : *etkol Kes dr+ ,akaria- #+ .)
Tela/ 'ieriksa dan 'isa/kan Tanggal (engeta/ui :
Ketua #(F Ilmu Kandungan dan Kebidanan Pembimbing
R#PAU dr+ 0sna1an Antariksa Jakarta
*etkol Kes dr+ ,akaria- #+ .) *etkol Kes dr+ ,akaria- #+ .)
2
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DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN........................................................................................... II
JOURNAL GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
BACKGROUND........................................................................................................1
EPIDEMIOLOGY.......................................................................................................2
CLASSIFICATION.....................................................................................................2
RISK FACTORS........................................................................................................2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY................................................................................................ 3
SCREENING............................................................................................................5
PATHWAYS..............................................................................................................6
MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................8
LIFESTYLE..............................................................................................................9
MEDICATION.......................................................................................................... 9
PROGNOSIS..........................................................................................................10
COMPLICATIONS...................................................................................................11
REFERENCES........................................................................................................12
JURNAL DIABETES MELLITUS GESTASIONAL
KATA PENGANTAR................................................................................................... II
BAB I......................................................................................................................1
PENDAHULUAN.......................................................................................................1
BAB II..................................................................................................................... 2DIABETES MELLITUS GESTASIONAL........................................................................2
II. 1. DEFINISI......................................................................................................... 2
II. 2. EPIDEMIOLOGI................................................................................................2
II. 3. KLASIFIKASI....................................................................................................2
II. . FAKTOR RISIKO...............................................................................................3
II. !. METODE SKRINING.........................................................................................!
II. 8. MANA"EMEN................................................................................................. 10
II. 9. GAYA HIDUP................................................................................................. 10
3
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II. 1O. MEDIKASI...................................................................................................11
II. 11. PROGNOSIS................................................................................................12
II. 12. KOMPLIKASI................................................................................................13
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Thomas A. Buhanan! and Anny ". #iang$
!Departments of Mediine% Obstetris and Gyneology% and Physiology and
Biophysis% and
$Department of Pre&enti&e Mediine% 'ni&ersity of Southern (alifornia )ek Shool
of Mediine% *os Angeles% (alifornia% 'SA.
Address orrespondene to: Thomas A. Buhanan% +oom ,,-$ G"% !$-- orth
State Street% *os Angeles% (alifornia /--0/1/2!3% 'SA. Phone: 42$25 $$,16,2$78a9: 42$25 $$,1$3/,7 1mail: buhanan;us.edu.
Published Marh !% $--<
Gestational diabetes 4or gestational diabetes mellitus% GDM5 is a ondition in =hih
=omen =ithout pre&iously diagnosed diabetes e9hibit high blood gluose le&els
during pregnany 4espeially during third trimester of pregnany5. Gestational
diabetes is aused =hen the body of a pregnant =oman does not serete e9essinsulin re>uired during pregnany leading to inreased blood sugar le&els. ?!@
Gestational diabetes generally has fe= symptoms and it is most ommonly
diagnosed by sreening during pregnany. Diagnosti tests detet inappropriately
high le&els of gluose in blood samples. Gestational diabetes affets 21!- of
pregnanies% depending on the population studied. ?$@
As =ith diabetes mellitus in pregnany in general% babies born to mothers =ith
gestational diabetes are typially at inreased risk of problems suh as being large
for gestational age 4=hih may lead to deli&ery ompliations5% lo= blood sugar %and aundie. Gestational diabetes is a treatable ondition and =omen =ho ha&e
ade>uate ontrol of gluose le&els an effeti&ely derease these risks.
Comen =ith gestational diabetes are at inreased risk of de&eloping type $ diabetes
mellitus 4or% &ery rarely% latent autoimmune diabetes or Type !5 after pregnany% as
=ell as ha&ing a higher inidene of pre1elampsia and aesarean setion7?2@ their
offspring are prone to de&eloping hildhood obesity% =ith type $ diabetes later in life.
Most patients are treated only =ith diet modifiation and moderate e9erise but some
take anti1diabeti drugs% inluding insulin.?2@
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-emedicine-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_in_pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycemic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_autoimmune_diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ap01-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ap01-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-emedicine-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_in_pregnancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycemic_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_autoimmune_diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ap01-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabeteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_drugshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ap01-2
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+#ideioloy
Gestational diabetes affets 21!- of pregnanies% depending on the population
studied.?$@
4lassi5iation
Gestational diabetes is formally defined as any degree of gluose intolerane =ith
onset or first reognition during pregnany. This definition akno=ledges the
possibility that patients may ha&e pre&iously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus% or may
ha&e de&eloped diabetes oinidentally =ith pregnany. Chether symptoms subside
after pregnany is also irrele&ant to the diagnosis. ?6@?uired
Risk -ators
(lassial risk fators for de&eloping gestational diabetes are the follo=ing:?0@?/@
A pre&ious diagnosis of gestational diabetes or prediabetes% impaired gluose
tolerane% or impaired fasting glyaemia
A family history re&ealing a first degree relati&e =ith type $ diabetes
Maternal age 1 a =omans risk fator inreases as she gets older 4espeially
for =omen o&er 2< years of age5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-emedicine-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-definition-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-definition-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ADA2004-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_White_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-PWhite-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-OBSTETRICS-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ACHOISreview-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-obesity-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-emedicine-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_intolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-definition-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ADA2004-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_White_(physician)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-PWhite-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-OBSTETRICS-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-ACHOISreview-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-obesity-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2
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thni bakground 4those =ith higher risk fators inlude Afrian1
Amerians% Afro1(aribbeans% ati&e Amerians% "ispanis% Paifi Eslanders% and
people originating from South Asia5
Being o&er=eight% obese or se&erely obese inreases the risk by a fator $.!%2., and 0.,% respeti&ely.
A pre&ious pregnany =hih resulted in a hild =ith a high birth =eight 4H/-th
entile% or H6--- g 40 lbs !$.0 oI55
En addition to this% statistis sho= a double risk of GDM in smokers. Polyysti
o&arian syndrome is also a risk fator% although rele&ant e&idene remains
ontro&ersial. Some studies ha&e looked at more ontro&ersial potential risk fators%
suh as short stature. ?0@?!-@?!!@?!$@
About 6-1,- of =omen =ith GDM ha&e no demonstrable risk fator7 for this reason
many ad&oate to sreen all =omen. Typially =omen =ith gestational diabetes
e9hibit no symptoms 4another reason for uni&ersal sreening5% but some =omen may
demonstrate inreased thirst%
inreased urination% fatigue% nausea and &omiting% bladder infetion% and blurred
&ision.?!2@
at7o#7ysioloy
ffet of insulin on gluose uptake and metabolism. Ensulin binds to its reeptor
4!5 on the ell membrane =hih in turn starts many protein ati&ation asades
4$5. These inlude: transloation of Glut16 transporter to the plasma
membrane and influ9 of gluose 425% glyogen synthesis 465% glyolysis 4
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The preise mehanisms underlying gestational diabetes remain unkno=n. The
hallmark of GDM is inreased insulin resistane. Pregnany hormones and other
fators are thought to interfere =ith the ation of insulin as it binds to the insulin
reeptor . The interferene probably ours at the le&el of the ell signaling path=ay
behind the insulin reeptor. Sine insulin promotes the entry of gluose into most
ells% insulin resistane pre&ents gluose from entering the ells properly. As a result%
gluose remains in the bloodstream% =here gluose le&els rise. More insulin is
needed to o&erome this resistane7 about !.
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"reenin
$--, C"O Diabetes riteria?!3@
4ondition2 7our luose
mmolFl4mgFdl5
-astin luose
mmolFl4mgFdl5
*oral K3.0 4K!6-5 K,.! 4K!!-5
'#aired 5astin
lyaeiaK3.0 4K!6-5 L ,.!4L!!-5 K3.-4K!$,5
'#aired luose
toleraneL3.0 4L!6-5 K3.- 4K!$,5
Diabetes ellitus L!!.! 4L$--5 L3.- 4L!$,5
A number of sreening and diagnosti tests ha&e been used to look for high le&els
of gluose in plasma or serum in defined irumstanes. One method is a step=ise
approah =here a suspiious result on a sreening test is follo=ed by diagnosti
test. Alternati&ely% a more in&ol&ed diagnosti test an be used diretly at the first
antenatal &isit in high1risk patients 4for e9ample in those =ith polyysti o&arian
syndrome or aanthosis nigrians5.?!,@
Tests for gestational diabetes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-who2006-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_serumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-controversies-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-who2006-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_serumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthosis_nigricanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes#cite_note-controversies-15
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on1hallenge blood gluose tests
8asting gluose test
$1hour postprandial 4after a meal5 gluose test
+andom gluose test
Sreening gluose hallenge test
Oral gluose tolerane test 4OGTT5
on1hallenge blood gluose tests in&ol&e measuring gluose le&els in blood
samples =ithout hallenging the subet =ith gluose solutions. A blood gluose le&el
is determined =hen fasting% $ hours after a meal% or simply at any random time. Enontrast% hallenge tests in&ol&e drinking a gluose solution and measuring gluose
onentration thereafter in the blood7 in diabetes% they tend to remain high. The
gluose solution has a &ery s=eet taste =hih some =omen find unpleasant7
sometimes% therefore% artifiial fla&ours are added. Some =omen may e9periene
nausea during the test% and more so =ith higher gluose le&els.?!0@?!/@
at7ays
There are different opinions about optimal sreening and diagnosti measures% inpart due to differenes in population risks% ost1effeti&eness onsiderations% and
lak of an e&idene base to support large national sreening programs. The most
elaborate regime entails a random blood gluose test during a booking &isit% a
sreening gluose hallenge test around $6N$0 =eeks gestation% follo=ed by an
OGTT if the tests are outside normal limits. Ef there is a high suspiion% =omen may
be tested earlier.?
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Chen a plasma gluose le&el is found to be higher than !$, mgFdl 43.- mmolFl5 after
fasting% or o&er $-- mgFdl 4!!.! mmolFl5 on any oasion% and if this is onfirmed on a
subse>uent day% the diagnosis of GDM is made% and no further testing is re>uired.
These tests are typially performed at the first antenatal &isit. They are patient1
friendly and ine9pensi&e% but ha&e a lo=er test performane ompared to the other tests% =ith moderate sensiti&ity% lo= speifiity and high false positi&e rates. ?
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! hour blood gluose le&el L!0- mgFdl 4!- mmolF*5
$ hour blood gluose le&el L!uired t=o &alues reahing or
e9eeding the &alue to be positi&e. ?22@ Subse>uent information led to alterations in
OSulli&ans riteria. Chen methods for blood gluose determination hanged from
the use of =hole blood to &enous plasma samples% the riteria for GDM =ere also
hanged.
'rinary Gluose Testing
Comen =ith GDM may ha&e high gluose le&els in their urine 4gluosuria5.
Although dipstik testing is =idely pratied% it performs poorly% and disontinuing
routine dipstik testing has not been sho=n to ause underdiagnosis =here uni&ersal
sreening is performed. Enreasedglomerular filtration rates during pregnany
ontribute to some
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Ef a diabeti diet or G.E. Diet% e9erise% and oral mediation are inade>uate to ontrol
gluose le&els% insulin therapy may beome neessary.
The de&elopment of marosomia an be e&aluated during pregnany by
using sonography. Comen =ho use insulin% =ith a history of stillbirth% or =ith
hypertension are managed like =omen =ith o&ert diabetes. ?!2@
Li5estyle
(ounselling before pregnany 4for e9ample% about pre&enti&e foli aid supplements5and multidisiplinary management are important for good pregnany outomes. Most
=omen an manage their GDM =ith dietary hanges and e9erise. Self monitoring of
blood gluose le&els an guide therapy. Some =omen =ill need antidiabeti drugs%
most ommonly insulin therapy.?6-@
Any diet needs to pro&ide suffiient alories for pregnany% typially $%--- 1 $%
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+esearh suggests a possible benefit of breastfeeding to redue the risk of diabetes
and related risks for both mother and hild.?66@
Mediation
Ef monitoring re&eals failing ontrol of gluose le&els =ith these measures% or if there
is e&idene of ompliations like e9essi&e fetal gro=th% treatment =ith insulin might
beome neessary. The most ommon therapeuti regime in&ol&es premeal fast1
ating insulin to blunt sharp gluose rises after meals. (are needs to be taken to
a&oid lo= blood sugar le&els 4hypoglyemia5 due to e9essi&e insulin inetions.
Ensulin therapy an be normal or &ery tight7 more inetions an result in better
ontrol but re>uires more effort% and there is no onsensus that it has large benefits.?0@?!,@?6ually effeti&e as insulin.?uired less insulin% and they
gained less =eight. Cith no long1term studies into hildren of =omen treated =ith the
drug% here remains a possibility of long1term ompliations from metformin
therapy% although follo=1up at the age of !0 months of hildren born to =omen
=ith polyysti o&arian syndrome and treated =ith metformin re&ealed no
de&elopmental abnormalities.?2@?63@?60@?6/@?ronosis
Gestational diabetes generally resol&es one the baby is born. Based on different
studies% the hanes of de&eloping GDM in a seond pregnany are bet=een 2- and
06% depending on ethni bakground. A seond pregnany =ithin ! year of the
pre&ious pregnany has a high rate of reurrene.?
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treatment% had antibodies assoiated =ith diabetes 4suh as antibodies
against glutamate dearbo9ylase% islet ell antibodies andFor insulinoma antigen1$5%
=omen =ith more than t=o pre&ious pregnanies% and =omen =ho =ere obese 4in
order of importane5. Comen re>uiring insulin to manage gestational diabetes ha&e
a
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fators 4suh as obesity5. *abelling a =oman as ha&ing GDM may in it self inrease
the risk of ha&ing a aesarean setion.?,6@?,
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6+ /ite P+ Pregnan4y 4omli4ating diabetes+ Am J (ed !9C 5: 6$+ P(I'
!:
"$5$6+ P(I' !59!65&6
!$+ 0ngland *J- *evine RJ- ian 3- et al+ )lu4ose toleran4e and risk o? gestational
diabetes mellitus in nulliarous 1omen 1/o smoke during regnan4y+ Am J
0idemiol "$$9C !6$=!">: !"$
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!5+ 2'e?inition and 'iagnosis o? 'iabetes (ellitus and Intermediate
Eyergly4emia2 =d?>+ orld Eealt/ .rgani@ation+ 111+1/o+int+ "$$6+ Retrieved
"$!!$""$+
!&+ #ievenier J*- Jenkins 'J- Josse R)- ;uksan ;+ 'ilution o? t/e 5
!!!6
""+ (ires )J- illiams F*- Earer ;+ #4reening ra4ti4es ?or gestational diabetesmellitus in UK obstetri4 units+ 'iabet (ed!C !6=">: !8&9!+ P(I' !$""8$5
"8+ 3anadian 'iabetes Asso4iation 3lini4al Pra4ti4e )uidelines 0Hert
3ommittee+ 3anadian 'iabetes Asso4iation "$$8 3lini4al Pra4ti4e )uidelines ?or t/e
Prevention and (anagement o? 'iabetes in 3anada+ 3an J 'iabetes "$$8C "5 =#ul
">: !%!9$+
"9+ )abbe #)- )raves 3R+ (anagement o? diabetes mellitus 4omli4ating
regnan4y+ .bstet )yne4ol "$$8C !$"=9>: &
"$$&>+ 2#4reening ?or gestational diabetes mellitus: a systemati4 revie1 ?or t/e U+#+
Preventive #ervi4es Task For4e2+Ann+ Intern+ (ed+ !9& =!$>: 566%
5
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"5+ #a4ks 'A- 3/en - oldeTsadik )- Bu4/anan TA+ Fasting lasma glu4ose
test at t/e ?irst renatal visit as a s4reen ?or gestational diabetes+ .bstet
)yne4ol "$$8C !$!=6>: !!5"$8+P(I' !"5&+ 2/at I need to kno1 about )estational
'iabetes2+ National 'iabetes In?ormation 3learing/ouse+ National 'iabetes
In?ormation 3learing/ouse+ Retrieved "$$6!!"5+
8$+ )lu4ose toleran4e test+ (edlinePlus- November &- "$$6+
8!+ 3arenter (- 3oustan 'R+ 3riteria ?or s4reening tests ?or gestational
diabetes+ Am J .bstet )yne4ol !&"C !99=5>: 56&58+P(I' &8$5!!
8"+ (ello )- 0lena P- .gnibene A- 3ioni R- Tondi F- Pe@@ati P- Pratesi (-
#4arselli )- (esseri )+ *a4k o? 4on4ordan4e bet1een t/e 5:
!65&9+ P(I' !6&58"<
88+ 2)estational 'iabetes2+ 'iabetes (ellitus Pregnan4y )estational 'iabetes+
Armenian (edi4al Net1ork+ "$$6+ Retrieved "$$6!!"5+
89+ R/ode (A- #/airo E- Jones . 8rd+ Indi4ated vs+ routine renatal urine
4/emi4al reagent stri testing+ J Rerod (ed "$$5C: "&http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12798525http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506370http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506370http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/83071919http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873295http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873295http://www.health.am/pregnancy/gestational-diabetes/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465289http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16266604http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856816http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15951574http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15951574http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12798525http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506370http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003466.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedlinePlushttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/83071919http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873295http://www.health.am/pregnancy/gestational-diabetes/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17465289http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16266604http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16856816http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15951574
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8&+ #ermer (- Naylor 3'- )are 'J et al+ Ima4t o? in4reasing 4arbo/ydrate
intoleran4e on maternal?etal out4omes in 8685 1omen 1it/out gestational diabetes+
T/e Toronto TriEosital )estational 'iabetes Proje4t+ Am J .bstet )yne4ol !: !96: !""85+
96+ alkins/a1 #A+ ;ery tig/t versus tig/t 4ontrol ?or diabetes in regnan4y=ITE'RAN>+ 3o4/rane 'atabase #yst Rev "$$5C=">: 3'$$$""6+ P(I'
!56866"8
95+ Kremer 3J- 'u?? P+ )lyburide ?or t/e treatment o? gestational diabetes+ Am J
.bstet )yne4ol "$$9C !$=: !98&+ P(I' !:!!89&+ P(I' !!$86!!&
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7631672http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917965http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917965http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007138http://health.yahoo.net/news/s/hsn/healthtipyourdietsroleingestationaldiabeteshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18001611http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18001611http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8166187http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16192255http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636623http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636623http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636623http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15167862http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11036118http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7631672http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12917965http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18007138http://health.yahoo.net/news/s/hsn/healthtipyourdietsroleingestationaldiabeteshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18001611http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18001611http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8166187http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16192255http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636623http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636623http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15167862http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11036118
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9+ #immons '- alters BN- Ro1an JA- (4Intyre E'+ (et?ormin t/eray and
diabetes in regnan4y+ (ed J Aust "$$9C !&$=>: 96"9+ P(I' !:"$$8!
: 6$5!"+ P(I' !6
tye " diabetes: a systemati4 revie1+ 'iabetes 3are+ "$$"C":!&6"&+ P(I'
!"8:985+P(I' !65!$9
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'iabetes (ellitus and T/eir .??sring+ 3lin .bstet )yne4ol "$$5C : 5"
+ P(I' !5&"89$
6!+ Perrin (3- Terry (B- Klein/aus K- et al+ )estational diabetes and t/e risk o?
breast 4an4er among 1omen in t/e Jerusalem Perinatal #tudy+ Breast 3an4er Res
Treat "$$5 M0ub+ P(I' !5956: "589+ P(I'
!55595
6&+ (artne@Fras (*- Fras JP- Bermejo 0- Rodrgue@Pinilla 0- Prieto *- Fras
J*+ Pregestational maternal body mass indeH redi4ts an in4reased risk o? 4ongenital
mal?ormations in in?ants o? mot/ers 1it/ gestational diabetes+ 'iabet
(ed "$$: 55
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6+ #avona;entura 3- )att (+ 0mbryonal risks in gestational diabetes
mellitus+ 0arly Eum 'ev "$$9C 5=!>: : "85+e!%
+doi:!$+!$!67j+ajog+"$$&+$6+$"&+ P(I' !&6595
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Rainy Anjani (030.06.208)
Pembimbing :
Letkol Kes dr. akaria! "#. $G
R%MA& "AK' %"A A*GKAA* %DARA
D$K+R +"*A,A* A*AR'K"A
-AK%LA" K+D$K+RA* %*'+R"'A" R'"AK'
+R'$D+ /2 "++M+R 20// 1 /8 *$+M+R 20//
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21
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur enulis anjatkan keada Tu/an Dang (a/a 0sa yang tela/ memberikan
berka/ dan ra/matNya se/ingga enulis daat menyelesaikan re?erat mengenai Q)estational
'iabetes (ellitus guna memenu/i sala/ satu ersyaratan dalam menemu/ Keaniteraan
Klinik Bagian Imu Kandungan dan Kebidanan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Trisakti di
R#PAU dr+ 0sna1an Antariksa Jakarta eriode !" setember % !& November "$!!+
'isaming itu- makala/ ini ditunjukan untuk menamba/ engeta/uan bagi yang
memba4anya+
Pada kesematan ini enulis ingin menyamaikan u4aan terima kasi/ yang sebesar %
besarnya keada i/ak yang tela/ membantu dalam menyelesaikan makala/ ini- yaitu:
!+ Kolonel Kes 'r+ Benny T+- #+.T- selaku Keala R#PAU dr+ 0sna1an Antariksa
Jakarta
"+ *etkol Kes 'r+ ,akaria- #+.)- selaku ketua #(F Ilmu Kandungan dan Kebidanan
R#PAU dr+ 0sna1an Antariksa Jakarta+
8+ Kolonel Kes 'r+ Frits (+R+- #+.)- selaku embimbing Keaniteraan Klinik Ilmu
Kandungan dan Kebidanan R#PAU dr+ 0sna1an Antariksa Jakarta+
9+ Ibu % ibu bidan selaku era1at Bagian Ilmu Kandungan dan Kebidanan R#PAU dr+
0sna1an Antariksa Jakarta+
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
)estational diabetes =diabetes melitus gestasional atau- )'(> adala/ suatu kondisi di
mana 1anita yang tana sebelumnya didiagnosis diabetes menunjukkan eningkatan kadar
glukosa dara/ selama ke/amilan =terutama selama trimester ketiga ke/amilan>+ )estational
diabetes ini disebabkan ketika tubu/ seorang 1anita /amil tidak mengeluarkan insulin yang
dibutu/kan selama ke/amilan se/ingga terjadi eningkatan kadar gula dara/+ M!
)estational diabetes umumnya memiliki beberaa gejala dan /al ini aling sering
didiagnosis dengan skrining selama masa ke/amilan+ )estational diabetes memengaru/i 8
!$S dari ke/amilan- tergantung ada oulasi yang diteliti+ M"
#eerti gestational diabetes mellitus ada umumnya- bayi yang la/ir dari ibu dengan diabetes
gestasional biasanya memunyai eningkatan risiko masala/ seerti bayi besar untuk usia
ke/amilan =yang daat menyebabkan komlikasi kela/iran>- gula dara/
renda/ =/ioglikema>- dan enyakit kuning + )estational diabetes adala/ suatu kondisi yang
daat diobati dan 1anita yang tela/ mengontrol kadar gulanya se4ara e?ekti? daat
menurunkan risiko ini+
anita dengan diabetes gestasional memunyai eningkatan risiko diabetes melitus
tie " =atau- sangat jarang- diabetes autoimun laten atau Tie !> setela/ ke/amilan- serta
memiliki insiden yang lebi/ tinggi reeklamsia dan kela/iran dengan oerasi 4aesar +
#edangkan keturunan mereka rentan untuk ertumbu/an obesitas- dan atau dengan diabetes
tie " di kemudian /ari+ Kebanyakan asien diobati /anya dengan modi?ikasi diet dan ola/
raga tetai beberaa mengambil obat antidiabetes- termasuk insulin+ M8
1
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus&usg=ALkJrhhliCX40G799q0s26r4ZwDO0a3c9Qhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia&usg=ALkJrhhQvwNDqbKD-hqhLdDj7EguS54Swghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy&usg=ALkJrhhyvBiR59fiZypMwB3_6JYtmzPftQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms&usg=ALkJrhgDpiDGgSjBjb22m7-o9zbSGpme6ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms&usg=ALkJrhgDpiDGgSjBjb22m7-o9zbSGpme6ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screening_(medicine)&usg=ALkJrhiuSIBlja2H0K7frKQtu6ia7S3W1Qhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-emedicine-1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_in_pregnancy&usg=ALkJrhgpULKxtlTkrhuOwdrewRKq7w621ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomia&usg=ALkJrhjegEsPU5pDAURRrbjPkL7vD7TH5ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrosomia&usg=ALkJrhjegEsPU5pDAURRrbjPkL7vD7TH5ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia&usg=ALkJrhjl0qOO3yY8ZO2Teg8lMMChNpbRNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia&usg=ALkJrhjl0qOO3yY8ZO2Teg8lMMChNpbRNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglycemia&usg=ALkJrhjl0qOO3yY8ZO2Teg8lMMChNpbRNAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice&usg=ALkJrhhSnJML5n48srUKRbouRYo-QJOSJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaundice&usg=ALkJrhhSnJML5n48srUKRbouRYo-QJOSJAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus&usg=ALkJrhhRFyOuG-2hvosUuc4lt3pDRRS4Vwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes_mellitus&usg=ALkJrhhRFyOuG-2hvosUuc4lt3pDRRS4Vwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_autoimmune_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhj7wjIXO2HQC7e_M0EIdpLo6D2UoQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1&usg=ALkJrhg64IBI4kH9HdONIQ_wQ9-xJ1zShghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia&usg=ALkJrhj1b_bE-nYz_EqOgwkKlFguq2v8wAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section&usg=ALkJrhjqYXUootKDHHlHjYHz6rvCyqkluAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section&usg=ALkJrhjqYXUootKDHHlHjYHz6rvCyqkluAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section&usg=ALkJrhjqYXUootKDHHlHjYHz6rvCyqkluAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_obesity&usg=ALkJrhgqi8hzA1uqh_64b1Cbnid1Zue07Qhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhixzoJU5AP3jZkQaGf5k_DZD5US8whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_2_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhixzoJU5AP3jZkQaGf5k_DZD5US8whttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_drugs&usg=ALkJrhghkSo7NbimY2Q-P8G0_H1YeJ-aqAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-diabetic_drugs&usg=ALkJrhghkSo7NbimY2Q-P8G0_H1YeJ-aqAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin&usg=ALkJrhiZhgm7MvznGV4We6qqFhjXOeTsOAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin&usg=ALkJrhiZhgm7MvznGV4We6qqFhjXOeTsOAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin&usg=ALkJrhiZhgm7MvznGV4We6qqFhjXOeTsOAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-ap01-2http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus&usg=ALkJrhhliCX40G799q0s26r4ZwDO0a3c9Qhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia&usg=ALkJrhhQvwNDqbKD-hqhLdDj7EguS54Swghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy&usg=ALkJrhhyvBiR59fiZypMwB3_6JYtmzPftQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symptoms&usg=ALkJrhgDpiDGgSjBjb22m7-o9zbSGpme6ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3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8/16/2019 76284506 Referat Jadi GDM Contoh
28/49
BAB II
DIABETES MELLITUS GESTASIONAL
II. 1 DEFINISI
)estational diabetes =diabetes melitus gestasional atau- )'(> adala/ suatu kondisi di mana
1anita yang tana sebelumnya didiagnosis diabetes menunjukkan eningkatan kadar glukosa
dara/ selama ke/amilan =terutama selama trimester ketiga ke/amilan>+ )estational diabetesini disebabkan ketika tubu/ seorang 1anita /amil tidak mengeluarkan insulin yang
dibutu/kan selama ke/amilan se/ingga terjadi eningkatan kadar gula dara/+ M!
II. 2. EPIDEMIOLOGI
)estational diabetes memengaru/i 8!$S dari ke/amilan- tergantung ada oulasi yang
diteliti+ M"
II. 3 KLASIFIKASI
)estational diabetes se4ara resmi dide?inisikan sebagai 2setia tingkat intoleransi
glukosa dengan onset atau diakui ertama kali selama ke/amilan2+ 'e?inisi ini menyatakan
kemungkinan ba/1a asien mungkin tela/ terdiagnosis diabetes mellitus sebelumnya+ M9 M dan diabetes yang ada
sebelum ke/amilan =diabetes regestational>+ Kedua kelomok ini kemudian dibagi lagi
sesuai dengan risiko yang terkait dan manajemennya+ M6M5
2
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus&usg=ALkJrhhliCX40G799q0s26r4ZwDO0a3c9Qhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia&usg=ALkJrhhQvwNDqbKD-hqhLdDj7EguS54Swghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperglycemia&usg=ALkJrhhQvwNDqbKD-hqhLdDj7EguS54Swghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy&usg=ALkJrhhyvBiR59fiZypMwB3_6JYtmzPftQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-emedicine-1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-emedicine-1http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_intolerance&usg=ALkJrhjc_FbfYU4GjkHqE-WdkxZL2ocW7ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_intolerance&usg=ALkJrhjc_FbfYU4GjkHqE-WdkxZL2ocW7ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose_intolerance&usg=ALkJrhjc_FbfYU4GjkHqE-WdkxZL2ocW7ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-definition-3http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-definition-3http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-ADA2004-4http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_White_(physician)&usg=ALkJrhhi9eLXHUMurCTjOkDF-PXsmDOMtAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_White_(physician)&usg=ALkJrhhi9eLXHUMurCTjOkDF-PXsmDOMtAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-PWhite-5http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-OBSTETRICS-6http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus&usg=ALkJrhhliCX40G799q0s26r4ZwDO0a3c9Qhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3D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8/16/2019 76284506 Referat Jadi GDM Contoh
29/49
Ada " subtie diabetes gestasional:
Tie A!: tes toleransi glukosa oral yang abnormal =TT).> tetai kadar glukosa dara/
uasa dan " jam setela/ makan normal- modi?ikasi diet memadai untuk mengontrol
kadar glukosa+
Tie A": TT). yang abnormal ditamba/ ole/ kadar glukosa dara/ uasa dan 7 atau "
jam sesuda/ makan abnormalC memerlukan terai tamba/an dengan insulin atau obat
lain+
II. 4. FAKTOR RISIKO
Faktor risiko klasik untuk gestational diabetes adala/ sebagai berikut: M& M
#ebelumnya didiagnosis gestational diabetes atau radiabetes- toleransi glukosa
terganggu- atau gula dara/ uasa terganggu
(emunyai ri1ayat keluarga dengan diabetes tie "
Usia ibu- ?aktor risiko meningkat ada 1anita usia tua =terutama bagi 1anita di atas
8< ta/un>
*atar belakang etnis =mereka yang memiliki ?aktor risiko tinggi termasuk A?rika
Amerika- A?roKaribia- enduduk asli Amerika- Eisanik - Keulauan Pasi?ik - dan orang
orang yang berasal dari Asia #elatan>
Kelebi/an berat badan - obesitas atau sangat gemuk meningkatkan risiko
Ri1ayat ke/amilan sebelumnya erna/ mela/irkan seorang anak dengan berat
kela/iran yang tinggi = 9$$$ g>
#elain itu- statistik menunjukkan risiko ganda )'( ada erokok + #indrom ovarium
olikistik juga meruakan ?aktor risiko- 1alauun bukti yang relevan masi/ kontroversial+
Beberaa enelitian tela/ meli/at adanya ?aktor risiko otensial yang lebi/ kontroversial-
seerti era1akan endek + M&M!$M!!M!"
3
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Obesity&usg=ALkJrhgkqKVz6VJmVYDgTv9KARMkpZhQNQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking&usg=ALkJrhg1k5ro7IJFHpOklyWOhJDpgm284ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndrome&usg=ALkJrhiHViP5A0qBuM63clxfP3_m6RpNbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndrome&usg=ALkJrhiHViP5A0qBuM63clxfP3_m6RpNbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature&usg=ALkJrhhjGPzfSw3iURJzyj0NszWNxFm0uQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-ACHOISreview-7http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-ACHOISreview-7http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-smoking-9http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-controversial-10http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-short-11http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-ACHOISreview-7http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-obesity-8http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerance&usg=ALkJrhiDLMQvzza8Q04ZhIhwupLCCR6Wtwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_glucose_tolerance&usg=ALkJrhiDLMQvzza8Q04ZhIhwupLCCR6Wtwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impaired_fasting_glycaemia&usg=ALkJrhgxQsq67v3ijESvTRnRUfjjg-HNVghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)&usg=ALkJrhjFpg1dvEKPUunskeU5Pxk9KdnxBwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2&usg=ALkJrhgILZ7W3c8cGO3YPJ2HMnFOGPUBKAhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americans&usg=ALkJrhhDEn9l4-T4NhAibqq4QXKrhIMAJghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americans&usg=ALkJrhhDEn9l4-T4NhAibqq4QXKrhIMAJghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Caribbeans&usg=ALkJrhhqRBYRa5dPeLyt469eEplhEIPX6ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&usg=ALkJrhjepT8znrFK9NetZix2xDDNp1GOKwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics&usg=ALkJrhjRbkq3suzeHMbUhykdm0pbWYKjaQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islanders&usg=ALkJrhj7tjmFt8cyowr9_wEGPTMFnPS02ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia&usg=ALkJrhhSCkr-oKf0IvtIW4xkZsiy0WENYwhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overweight&usg=ALkJrhhLFjC2TXsWzafrZHsIqvonosKDAQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity&usg=ALkJrhgkqKVz6VJmVYDgTv9KARMkpZhQNQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking&usg=ALkJrhg1k5ro7IJFHpOklyWOhJDpgm284ghttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndrome&usg=ALkJrhiHViP5A0qBuM63clxfP3_m6RpNbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycystic_ovarian_syndrome&usg=ALkJrhiHViP5A0qBuM63clxfP3_m6RpNbQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_stature&usg=ALkJrhhjGPzfSw3iURJzyj0NszWNxFm0uQhttp://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-ACHOISreview-7http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-smoking-9http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-controversial-10http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=id&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dwikipedia%2Bindonesia%2Bdiabetes%2Bgestasional%26hl%3Did%26prmd%3Dimvns&rurl=translate.google.co.id&sl=en&twu=1&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestational_diabetes&usg=ALkJrhhHrEJkVs-3e44XgYv3XJt0G86FPw#cite_note-short-11
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8/16/2019 76284506 Referat Jadi GDM Contoh
30/49
Namun sekitar 9$6$S 1anita dengan )'( tidak memiliki ?aktor risiko- karena
alasan ini banyak endaat untuk menskrining semua 1anita+ Biasanya 1anita dengan
diabetes gestasional tidak menunjukkan gejala 7asimtomatik se/ingga dijadikan alasan lain
untuk skrining universal- tetai beberaa 1anita mungkin menunjukkan eningkatan /aus -
eningkatan buang air ke4il- kelela/an- mual dan munta/- in?eksi kandung kemi/-
dan engli/atan kabur + M!8
II. 5. PATOFISIOLOGI
0?ek insulin ada utake glukosa dan metabolisme+
=!> Insulin berikatan dengan resetor ada membran sel yang ada ak/irnya mulai
mengaktivasi kaskade rotein =">+ Ini termasuk: translokasi )*UT9 transorter ke membran
lasma dan masuknya glukosa =8>- sintesis glikogen =9>-glikolisis = dan sintesis asam
lemak =6>+
(ekanisme yang mendasari gestational diabetes samai saat ini teta tidak
diketa/ui+ 3iri )'( adala/ meningkatnya resistensi insulin+ Eormon ke/amilan dan ?aktor
?aktor lain diangga insulin ole/ resetor insulin se/ingga teriikat ada resetor insulin+
Karena ?ungsi insulin mendorong masuknya glukosa ke dalam sel- dan damak dari resetor
insulin sala/ mengenali /ormon ke/amilan- terjadila/ resistensi insulin yang berdamak
ada tidak masuknya glukosa ke dalam selsel+ Akibatnya- glukosa teta berada dalam aliran
dara/- se/ingga kadar glukosa dara/ menjadi meningkat+ #e/ingga lebi/ banyak insulin
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