8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

1/57

ECOSYSTEM

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

2/57

ECOLOGY(from the Greek oikos meaning "house" or

"dwelling", and logos meaning"discourse")

is the study of the interactions of organisms with

each other and their environment.

Ecology entails consideration of bioticfactors

(other organisms that include prey, predators,parasites, etc) and

abioticfactors (such as temperature, light, and

water).

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

3/57

ENVIRONMENT:Made up of all the living

and nonliving things that

surround an organism.

Many species can survive

in more than one environment.

But each species has its home or habitat.

Ex : Fish may be able to live in fish tanks, but would

rather live in the wild

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

4/57

HABITATHABITAT : is the place where

organisms livesThe habitat must supply the needs

of organisms, such as food, water,

temperature, oxygen, andminerals.

EXAMPLE:- habitat of lotus is water- earthworm lives in moist soil

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

5/57

Living organism componentsin ecosystem1. INDIVIDUAL orORGANISM :

one living organism orindividual organism ofa single species

example :- A human- A goose- A dog

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

6/57

2. POPULATION2. A POPULATION :

all the members of the samespecies that inhabit aparticular area

example :1. Sheep population

2. Cats population

Note:

A species is a group of organisms

that are physically similar and can

mate with each other and produce

offspring that can also mate and

reproduce

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

7/57

3. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY :All the populations found in aparticular area

A community consists of all the

various populations interacting at

a localeExample :

All populations in coral reef ( algae,

crustaceans, fishes) make up coral reefcommunity

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

8/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

9/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

10/57

4. ECOSYSTEMEcosystem: a community and its physical

environment, including both non living(abiotic) and living (biotic) components

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

11/57

5. BIOMEBiome is: a major ecological community of

organisms adapted to a particular climatic or

environmental condition on a large geographic

area in which they occur.

Biom es m ay be class i f ied into :

a. Terrestrial biomes or land biomes - e.g. tundra,taiga, grasslands, savannas, deserts, tropical forests,

etc.

b. Freshwater biomes - e.g. large lakes, polar

freshwaters, tropical coastal rivers, river deltas, etc.

c. Marine biomes - e.g. continental shelf, tropical

coral, kelp forest, benthic zone, pelagic zone, etc

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

12/57

BIOMES

TAIGA TUNDRA

SAVANNA

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

13/57

Biomes themselves are very large habitats.

However, inside of each biome there are

smaller habitats called microhabitats.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

14/57

Biomes and Biosphere

The plants and animals of earth live in an area

called the biosphere. The biosphere is hugeand is full of life! One of the ways that ecologists

divide the biosphere for study is by using

biomes.

A biome isa large geographical area that has a

specific climate and contains some very

particular plants and animals. Some major

biomes of the world include: desert, coniferous

forest, deciduous forest, tundra, savannah, and

taiga.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

15/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

16/57

6. BIOSPHERE

Biosphere: the part of the Earths coveringwhere life is possible; it extends from the

floor of the oceans to the summit of the

highest mountains.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

17/57

Level ecological organization

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

18/57

Level Ecological Organization

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

19/57

Fill the blanks using the appropriate terms below.

Community, ecosystem(s), habitat(s) or population(s)

1. A mangrove swamp . contains mud, seaand tree .

2. The sea is . for fish and whales

3. A cat has a of fleas in its fur.4. Mudskippers are member of the predator ..

that feed upon the of small crabs in the

mangrove swamp mud, reducing their numbers.

5.The worm of the Pulau Seribu mangrove swamp

mud are eaten by a of wading birds includingplovers, greenshanks and redshanks

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

20/57

VARIETY OF ECOSYSTEM

Based on forming process:1. NATURE ECOSYSTEM2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEM

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

21/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

22/57

Marine ecosystem

CORAL REEF IN HAWAII IS A COMPLEX MARINE ECOSYSTEM

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

23/57

2. ARTIFICIAL ECOSYSTEMEcosystem whichis made by humanexample:

- aquarium- garden

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

24/57

Artificial ecosystem

Freshwater aquarium Sea water aquarium

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

25/57

ECOSYSTEM

COMPONENTS

BIOTIC FACTORS:Human, plant, animal, fungiABIOTIC FACTORS

water, air, humidity, light

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

26/57

BIOTIC vs ABIOTIC

Biotic, meaning of orrelated to life, are

living factors. Plants,

animals, fungi, protist

and bacteria are all

biotic or living factors.

Abiotic, meaning not

alive, are nonlivingfactors that affect

living organisms.

Environmental factors

such habitat (pond,

lake, ocean, desert,

mountain) or weather

such as temperature,cloud cover, rain,

snow, hurricanes, etc.

are abiotic factors.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

27/57

A. BIOTIC FACTORA factor created by a

living thing or anyliving component

within an environment

Example: plant,humananimal, predator, prey

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

28/57

BASED ON THE ROLE

1. PRODUCER :

Living organisms which can

produce their own food by

photosynthesis

Most producersare photosynthetic and

make carbohydrates by using energy

from the sun.

Example: green plants

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

29/57

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Is the process in which light energy

absorbed by chlorophyll is transformed

into chemical energy

Reaction:light

CO2+ H2O C6H12O6+ O2 + H2O

chlorophyll l

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

30/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

31/57

2. CONSUMERConsumers: organism which obtain energyby eating other organisms and includeherbivores, omnivores, carnivores, detritivores,and decomposers.

PRIMARY CONSUMERAn animal that eatsgrass and other green plants in a foodchain (HERBIVORA)

SECONDARY CONSUMERAn animal thatfeeds on smaller plant-eating animals in a

food chain (KARNIVORA) TERTIARY CONSUMERAn animal that

feeds on secondary consumers in a foodchain. TOP CONSUMER

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

32/57

CONSUMER

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

33/57

3. DECOMPOSER Is an organism that

gets its food energyfrom dead parts of

other organisms

example :- bacterium

- fungus

Bacteria as

decomposer

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

34/57

DETRITIVOREa member of a class of consumers

that derives its energy from organicwastes matter and dead organisms

example :- earthworm

The principal difference between detritivoresand decomposers is that the detritivores are

relatively complex organisms, such as

earthworms or maggots.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

35/57

2. ABIOTIC COMPONENTSAny of the nonliving factors thatmake up the abiotic environmentin which living organisms occurexample :

- water, soil, air, light, sun,temperature, atmosphere,humidity

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

36/57

AUTOTROPH ORGANISMAn organism which produces itsown food by photosynthesisExample:Plants, algae, and photosyntheticbacteria

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

37/57

HETEROTROPH ORGANISMAn organism which acquires itsenergy by consuming either otherorganisms or the non essential

castoffs of other organisms.Example:

animal, human, heterotroph plant,fungi.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

38/57

ANIMALHERBIVORE an animal whicheats producers.CARNIVORE an animal thateats meat. They may bepredators.OMNIVORE an animal that

eats both animal and plant

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

39/57

Examples :HERBIVORE cow, goat, buffalo,rabbit, deer, koalaCARNIVORE lion, tiger, dog,hawkOMNIVORE pig, rat, hen

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

40/57

HETEROTROPH PLANTPlant that fulfills itsfood by takingnutrient from the

other livingorganism asparasite) example :

TALI PUTRI

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

41/57

FUNGI ungi cant producetheir own foodbecause they donthave chlorophyll.Fungi take thenutrient from deadorganisms

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

42/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

43/57

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS EFFECTBIOTIC COMPONENTS

1.Fish need water as its

habitat.

2.Green plant need carbondioxide for

photosynthesis

3.Human need oxygen forbreathing

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

44/57

INTERDEPENDENCES BETWEENBIOTIC COMPONENTSBee help flower fertilizationCow need grass as its food.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

45/57

INTERDEPENDENCESBETWEEN PRODUCER,CONSUMER ANDDECOMPOSER

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

46/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

47/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

48/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

49/57

FOOD WEBA system of food chains that arelinked with one another.In a food web a particularorganism may feed at more thanone trophic levelNote:

Trophic level is the position that anorganism occupies in a food chain

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

50/57

FOOD WEB

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

51/57

The differences between a pyramid

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

52/57

The differences between a pyramid

of biomass and energy

Pyramid of biomass Pyramid of energy

Related to the biomass

of organisms

Related to the energy

content of organism

Constructed based on

the biomass at any given

time

Constructed based on

energy content over a

period of time

Does not consider rate

of reproduction of

organisms

Takes into consideration

the rate of reproduction

of organisms

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

53/57

Biosphere Ecosystem

PopulationCommunity

Organism

Level ecological

organizationLevel ecologicalorganization

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

54/57

Decomposer : an organism, often a

bacterium or fungus, that feeds on and

breaks down dead plant or animal matter,

thus making organic nutrients available tothe ecosystem.

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

55/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

56/57

8/12/2019 7.1 Ecosystem 1

57/57