7.0 REFERENCE CITED - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/17116/... · 9. Clasen,...

7.0 REFERENCE CITED

I. Chapter 1: Introduction

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M.B., Mitta, P., Sadanala, M.E., Selwyn, T., Suresh, C.R., Thomas, V.A.,

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Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and

their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int. J Hyg Environ.

Health. 1-8.

4. Clasen, F.T., Mintz, D.E. (2004). International network to promote household

water treatment and safe storage. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 1179-80.

5. Clasen, T., Roberts, I., Rabie, T., Schmidt, W., Cairncross, S. (2006).

Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea. Cochrane

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Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: systematic

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and Environment, Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Health,World Health

Organization. Geneva.

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Devadason, P., Kumar, R., Selvapandian, D., Kang, G., Balraj, V. (2009). Study of

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21. Mintz, E., Bartram, J., Lochery, P., Wegelin, M. (2001). Not just a drop in the

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25. Nath, K.J., Bloomfield, S.F., Jones, M. (2006). Household water storage,

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26. Niyogi, S.K. (2005). Shigellosis. J Microbiol. 133-43.

27. Palaniappan, M., Gleick, P.H., Allen, L., Cohen, M.J., Christian-Smith, J., Smith

C., Ed. Nancy Ross. (2010) Clearing the waters: a focus on water quality

solutions. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Division of

Environmental Policy Implementation, Nairobi, Kenya, 2010.

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D., Brimingham, M., Glass, R.I. (2009). Global mortality associated with

rotavirus disease among children in 2004. The J Infect Dis. S9-15.

29. Patel, R.B., Stoklosa, H., Shitole, S., Shitole, T., Sawant, K., Nanarkar, M.,

Subbaraman, R., Ridpath, A., Patil-Deshmuk, A. (2013). The high cost of

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30. Pickering, L.K. (2008). Antimicrobial resistance among enteric pathogens. Adv

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31. Podewils, J.L., Mintz, E.D., Nataro, P.J., Parashar, U.D. (2004). Acute, Infectious

Diarrhoea Among Children in Developing Countries. Seminars in Infectious

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32. Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F., Bartram, J. (2008). Safer water, better

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33. Qadri, F., Svennerholm, A.M., Faruque, A.S., Sack, R.B. (2005). Enterotoxigenic

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II. Chapter 2: Water treatment in Ayurveda

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III Chapter 3: Review of Literature

1.1 Point of use HWT methods

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in Bolivia. Water Sci Technol. 111-5.



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36. Preston, K., Lantagne, D., Kotlarz, N., Jellison, K. (2010). Turbidity and chlorine

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38. Rehfuess, E., Mehta, S., Prüss-Ustün, A. (2006). Assessing household solid fuel

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20. Faúndez, G., Troncoso, M., Navarrete, P., Figueroa, G. (2004). Antimicrobial

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21. Fisher, M.B., Keenan, C.R., Nelson, K.L., Voelker, B.M. (2008). Speeding up

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22. Fujimori, Y., Sato, T., Hayata, T., Nagao, T., Nakayama, M., Nakayama, T.,

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23. Gao, F., Pang, H., Xu, S., Lu, Q. (2009). Copper –based nanostructures:

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24. Ghasemian, E., Naghoni, A., Tabaraie, B., Tabaraie, T. (2012). In vitro

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27. Gosau, M., Bürgers, R., Vollkommer, T., Holzmann, T., Prantl, L. (2013).

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28. Gould, S.W., Fielder, M.D., Kelly, A.F., Naughton, D.P. (2009). Anti-microbial

activities of pomegranate rind extracts: enhancement by cupric sulphate

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29. Grass, G., Rensing, C., Solioz, M. (2011). Metallic copper as an antimicrobial

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30. Harrison, J.J., Turner, R.J., Joo, D.A., Stan, M.A., Chan, C.S., Allan, N.D.,

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2870-81.

31. Hassan, M.S., Amna, T., Yang, O.B., El-Newehy, M.H., Al-Deyab, S.S., Khil,

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32. Holloway, A.C., Gould, S.W., Fielder, M.D., Naughton, D.P., Kelly, A.F. (2011).

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tea by addition of copper (II) sulphate and vitamin C against Staphylococcus

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33. Huang, H.I., Shih, H.Y., Lee, C.M., Yang, T.C., Lay, J.J., Lin, Y.E. (2008). Invitro

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34. Huddleston, J.R., Zak, J.C., Jeter, R.M. (2006). Antimicrobial susceptibilities of

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35. Hwang, M.G., Katayama, H., Ohgaki, S. (2007). Inactivation of Legionella

pneumophila and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evaluation of the bactericidal

ability of silver cations. Water Res. 4097-104

36. Ibrahim, M., Wang, F., Lou, M.M., Xie, G.L., Li, B., Bo, Z., Zhang, G.Q., Liu, H.,

Wareth A. (2011). Copper as an antibacterial agent for human pathogenic

multidrug resistant Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria. J Biosci Bioeng.

570-6.

37. Imai, K., Ogawa, H., Bui, V.N., Inoue, H., Fukuda, J., Ohba, M., Yamamoto, Y.,

Nakamura, K. (2012). Inactivation of high and low pathogenic avian

influenza virus H5 subtypes by copper ions incorporated in zeolite-textile

materials. Antiviral Res. 225-33

38. Karpanen, T.J., Casey, A.L., Lambert, P.A., Cookson, B.D., Nightingale, P.,

Miruszenko, L., Elliott, T.S. (2012). The antimicrobial efficacy of copper alloy

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39. Kooij van der, D., Veenendaal, H.R., Scheffer, W.J. (2005). Biofilm formation

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copper, stainless steel and cross-linked polyethylene. Water Res. 2789-98.

40. Kusnetsov, J., Iivanainen, E., Elomma, N., Zacheus, O., Martikaine, P.J.

(2001). Copper and silver ions more effective against legionellae than

against mycobacteria in a hospital warm water system. Water Res. 4217-25.

41. Landen, L.K., Yahya, M.T., Gerba, A.P. (1989). Efficacy of Copper and Silver

Ions and Reduced Levels of Free Chlorine in Inactivation of Legionella

pneumophila. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 3045-50.

42. Li, J., Dennehy, J.J. (2011). Differential bacteriophage mortality on exposure

to copper. Appl Environ Microbiol. 6878-83

43. Lin, Y.E., Stout, J.E., Yu, V.L. (2011). Controlling Legioneela in Hopital Drinking

water: An evidence-Based Review of disinfection Methods. Infection control

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44. Lin, Y.S., Vidic, R.D., Stout, J.E., Yu, V.I. (1996). Inidvidual and combined

effects of copper and silver ions on the inactivation of Legionella

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45. Lin, Y.S., Vidic, R.D., Stout, J.E., Yu, V.L. (2002). Negative effect of high pH on

biocidal efficacy of copper and silver ions in controlling Legionella

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46. Liu, Z., Stout, J.E., Tedesco, L., Boldin, M., Hwang, C., Diven, W.F., Yu, V.I.

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47. Longano, D., Ditaranto, N., Cioffi, N., Di Niso, F., Sibillano, T., Ancona, A.,

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48. Luna, V.A., Hall, T.J., King, D.S., Cannons, A.C. (2010). Susceptibility of 169

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49. Martinez, S., Glaaegos, S., Martinez, E. (2004). Electrolytically generated

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50. McLean, R.J., Hussain, A.A., Sayer, M., Vincent, P.J., Hughes, D.J., Smith, T.J.

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51. Mehtar, S., Wild, I., Tordov, S.D. (2008). The antimicrobial activity of copper

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52. Michels, H.T., Noyce, J.O., Keevil, C.W. (2009). Effects of temperature and

humidity on the efficacy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

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53. Mohapatra, S.C., Tiwari, H.K., Singla, M., Rathi, B., Sharma, A., Mahiya, K.,

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54. Molloy, S.L., Ives, R., Hoyt, A., Taylor, R., Rose, J.B. (2008). The use of copper

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55. Mortimer, M., Kasemets, K., Kahru, A. (2010). Toxicity of ZnO and CuO

nanoparticles to ciliated protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila. Toxicology.

182-9.

56. Nakayama, T, N. Nomura, N., Matsumura, M. (2007 ). The effect of copper

concentration on the virulence of pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. J Appl Microbiol.

1300-6.

57. Noyce, J.O., Michels, H., Keevil, C.W. (2006a). Use of Copper Cast Alloys To

Cotrol Escherichia coli O157 Cross- Contamination during Food Processing.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 4239-44

58. Noyce, J.O., Michels, H., Keevil, C.W. (2006b). Potential use of copper

surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus in the healthcare environment. J Hosp Infect. 289-97

59. Noyce, J.O., Michels, H., Keevil, C.W. (2007). Inactivation of influenza A virus

on copper versus stainless steel surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2748-50.

60. Ohsumi, Y., Kitamoto K., Anraku, Y. (1988). Changes induced in the

permeability barrier of the yeast plasma membrane by cupric ion. J Bacteriol.

2676–82

61. Rico, D., Martín-González, A., Díaz, S., de Lucas, P., Gutiérrez, J.C. (2009).

Heavy metals generate reactive oxygen species in terrestrial and aquatic

ciliated protozoa. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 90-6.

62. Rodriguez, M.L., Alatossava, T. (2010). Effects of copper on germination,

growth and sporulation of Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Food Microbiol. 434-7.

63. Rohr, U., Weber, S., Selenka, F., Wilhelm, M. (2000). Impact of silver and

copper on the survival of amoebae and ciliated protozoa in vitro. Int J Hyg

Environ Health. 87-9.

64. Sagripanti, J.L., Routson, L.B., Lytle, C.D. (1993). Virus Inactivation by Copper

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65. Sagripanti, J.L., Lightfoote, M.M. (1996). Cupric and ferric ions inactivate HIV.

Cupric and ferric ions inactivate HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 333-7.

66. Sagripanti, J.L., Routson, L.B., Bonifacino, A.C., Lytle, C.D. (1997). Mechanism

of copper-mediated inactivation of herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob Agents

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67. Sasahara, T., Kikuno, R., Nakamura, T., Sekiguchi, T., Takahashi, A., Satoh, Y.,

Takayama, Y., Okuda, S., Inoue, M. (2006). Inactivation of Cryptosporidium

parvum oocysts in copper tubing. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 377-82.

68. Sharan, R., Chhibber, S., Attri, S., Reed, R.H. (2010a). Inactivation and injury

of Escherichia coli in a copper water storage vessel: effects of temperature

and pH. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 91-97.

69. Sharan, R., Chhibber, S., Attri, S., Reed, R.H. (2010b). Inactivation and sub

lethal injury of Escherichia coli in a copper water storage vessel: effect of

inorganic and organic constituents. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 103-15.

70. Sharan R, Chhibber S, Reed RH. (2011). Inactivation and sub-lethal injury of

Salmonella typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae in copper

water storage vessels. BMC Infect Dis. 204.

71. Sharma, P.V. (2004). Susruta Samhita, Vol 1, Sutra Sthana 45, Verse 13, 418,

Chaukamba Visvabharati Publication. Varanasi.

72. Shionoiri, N., Sato, T., Fujimori, Y., Nakayama, T., Nemoto, M., Matsunaga,

T., Tanaka, T. (2012). Investigation of the antiviral properties of copper iodide

nanoparticles against feline calicivirus. J Biosci Bioeng. 580-6

73. Shrivastva., R. (1999). Mining of copper in ancient India. Indian Journal of

History of Science . 173-80.

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f

74. Stout, J.E., Yu, V.L. (2003). Experiences of the first 16 hospitals using copper-

silver ionization for Legionella control: implications for the evaluation of

other disinfection modalities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 563-8

75. Tandon, P., Chhibber, S., Reed, R.H. (2005). Inactivation of Escherichia coli

and Coliform bacteria in traditional brass and earthenware water storage

vessels. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 35-48.

76. Tandon, P., Chhibber, S., Reed, R.H. (2007). Survival & detection of the faecal

indicator bacterium Enterococcus faecalis in water stored in traditional

vessels. Indian J Med Res. 557-66.

77. Tian, W.X., Yu, S., Ibrahim, M., Almonaofy, A.W., He, L., Hui, Q., Bo, Z., Li, B.,

Xie, G.L. (2012). Copper as an antimicrobial agent against opportunistic

pathogenic and multidrug resistant Enterobacter bacteria. J Microbiol. 586-

93.

78. Tsiridis, V., Petala, M., Samaras, P., Hadjispyrou, S., Sakellaropoulos, G.,

Kungolos, A. (2006). Interactive toxic effects of heavy metals and humic acids

on Vibrio fischeri. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 158-67.

79. Utgikar, V.P., Chaudhary, N., Koeniger, A., Tabak, H.H., Haines, J.R., Govind,

R. (2004). Toxicity of metals and metal mixtures: analysis of concentration

and time dependence for zinc and copper. Water Res. 3651-8.

80. Warnes, S.L., Green, S.M., Michels, H.T., Keevil, C.W. (2010). Biocidal efficacy

of copper alloys against pathogenic enterococci involves degradation of

genomic and plasmid DNAs. Appl Environ Microbiol. 5390-401.

81. Warnes, S.L., Keevil, C.W. (2011). Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in

vancomycin-resistant enterococci following wet or dry surface contact. Appl

Environ Microbiol. 6049-59.

82. Weaver, L., Michels, H.T., Keevil, C.W. (2008). Survival of Clostridium difficile

on copper and steel: futuristic options for hospital hygiene. J Hosp Infect.

145-51.

83. Weaver, L., Noyce, J.O., Michels, H.T., Keevil, C.W. (2010). Potential action of

copper surfaces on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Appl

Microbiol. 2200-5.

84. Wheeldon, L.J., Worthington, T., Lambert, P.A., Hilton, A.C., Lowden, C.J.,

Elliott, T.S. (2008). Antimicrobial efficacy of copper surfaces against spores

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Antimicrob Chemother. 522-5.

85. Wilks, S.A., Michels, H., Keevil, C.W. (2005). The survival of Escherichia coli

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86. Yoon, K.Y., Byeon, J.H., Park, J.H., Hwang, J. (2006). Susceptibility constants

of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to silver and copper nanoparticles.

Science of the Total Environment. 572-75.

87. Zhu, L., Elguindi, J., Rensing, C., Ravishankar, S. (2012). Antimicrobial activity

of different copper alloy surfaces against copper resistant and sensitive

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1.3 Mode of action of copper

1. Baker, J., Sitthisak, S., Sengupta, M., Johnson, M., Jayaswal, R.K., Morrissey,

J.A. (2010). Copper stress induces a global stress response in Staphylococcus

aureus and represses sae and agr expression and biofilm formation. Appl

Environ Microbiol.150-60.

2. Beswick, P.H., Hall, G.H., Hook, A.J., Little, K., McBrien, D.C., Lott, K.A. (1976).

Copper toxicity: evidence for the conversion of cupric to cuprous copper in

vivo under anaerobic conditions. Chem Biol Interact. 347-56.

3. Chatterjee, A.K., Sarkar, R.K., Chattopadhyay, A.P., Aich, P., Chakraborty, R.,

Basu, T. (2012). A simple robust method for synthesis of metallic copper

nanoparticles of high antibacterial potency against E. coli. Nanotechnology.

085103.

4. Cross, J.B., Currier, R.P., Torraco, D.J., Vanderberg, L.A., Wagner, G.L.,

Gladen, P.D. (2003). Killing of bacillus spores by aqueous dissolved oxygen,

ascorbic acid, and copper ions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2245-52.

5. Domek, M.J., LeChevallier, M.W., Cameron, S.C., McFeters. (1984). Evidence

for the Role of Copper in the Injury Process of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking

Water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 289-93.

6. Espírito Santo, C., Taudte, N., Nies, D.H., Grass, G. (2008). Contribution of

copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper

surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol . 977-86.

7. Espírito Santo, C., Lam, E.W., Elowsky, C.G., Quaranta, D., Domaille, D.W.,

Chang, C.J., Grass, G. (2011). Bacterial killing by dry metallic copper surfaces.

Appl Environ Microbiol. 794-802.






surface. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1541-47.

10. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M. (1982). Caeruloplasmin and the superoxide

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11. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M. (1984). Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals,

transition metals and disease. Biochem J. 1-14.

12. Hong, R., Kang, T.Y., Michels, C.A., Gadura, N. (2012). Membrane lipid

peroxidation in copper alloy-mediated contact killing of Escherichia coli. Appl


13. Hoshino, N., Kimura, T., Hayakawa, F., Yamaji, A., Ando, T. (2000).

Bactericidal activity of catechin-copper (II) complexes against Staphylococcus

aureus compared with Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol. 213-7.

14. Imai, K., Ogawa, H., Bui, V.N., Inoue, H., Fukuda, J., Ohba, M., Yamamoto, Y.,

Nakamura, K. (2012). Inactivation of high and low pathogenic avian

influenza virus H5 subtypes by copper ions incorporated in zeolite-textile

materials. Antiviral Res. 225-33.

15. Imlay, J.A., Fridovich, I. (1992). Suppression of oxidative envelope damage by

pseudoreversion of a superoxide dismutase-deficient mutant of Escherichia

coli. J Bacteriol. 953-61.

16. Koch, A.L., (1990). The surface stress theory for the case of Escherichia coli:

the paradoxes of gram-negative growth. Res Microbiol. 119-30.

17. Li, Y., Trush, M.A. (1993). DNA damage resulting from the oxidation of

hydroquinone by copper: role for a Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycle and reactive

oxygen generation. Carcinogenesis. 1303-11.

18. Lloyd, D.R., Phillips, D.H. (1999). Oxidative DNA damage mediated by

copper(II), iron(II) and nickel(II) fenton reactions: evidence for site-specific

mechanisms in the formation of double-strand breaks, 8-

hydroxydeoxyguanosine and putative intrastrand cross-links. Mutat Res. 23-

36.

19. Macomber, L., Rensing, C., Imlay, J.A. (2007). Intracellular copper does not

catalyze the formation of oxidative DNA damage in Escherichia coli. J

Bacterio 1616-26.

20. Macomber,. L., Imlay, J.A. (2009). The iron-sulfur clusters of dehydratases

are primary intracellular targets of copper toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.

8344-9.

21. Mikolay, A., Huggett, S., Tikana, L., Grass, G., Braun, J., Nies, D.H. (2010).

Survival of bacteria on metallic copper surfaces in a hospital trial. Appl

Microbiol Biotechnol. 1875-9.

22. Molloy, S.L., Ives, R., Hoyt, A., Taylor, R., Rose, J.B. (2008). The use of copper

and silver in carbon point-of-use filters for the suppression of Legionella

throughput in domestic water systems. J Appl Microbiol. 998-1007.

23. Molteni, C., Abich, H.K., Solioz, M. (2010). Killing of bacteria by copper

surfaces involves dissolved copper. Appl Environ Microbiol. 4099-101.

24. Nandakumar, R., Espirito Santo, C., Madayiputhiya, N., Grass, G. (2011).

Quantitativeproteomic profiling of the Escherichia coli response to metallic

copper surfaces. Biometals. 429-44.

25. Nieto-Juarez, J.I., Pierzchła, K., Sienkiewicz, A., Kohn, T. (2010). Inactivation

of MS2 coliphage in Fenton and Fenton-like systems: role of transition

metals, hydrogen peroxide and sunlight. Environ Sci Technol. 3351-6.

26. Noyce, J.O., Michels, H., Keevil, C.W. (2007). Inactivation of influenza A virus

on copper versus stainless steel surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2748-50

27. Ohsumi, Y., Kitamoto, K., Anraku, Y. (1988). Changes induced in the

permeability barrier of the yeast plasma membrane by cupric ion. J

Bacteriol. 2676-82.

28. Outten, F.W., Huffman, D.L., Hale, J.A., O'Halloran, T.V. (2001). The

independent cue and cus systems confer copper tolerance during aerobic

and anaerobic growth in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 30670-7.

29. Quaranta, D., Krans, T., Espírito Santo, C., Elowsky, C.G., Domaille, D.W.,

Chang, C.J., Grass, G. (2011). Mechanisms of contact-mediated killing of

yeast cells on dry metallic copper surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 416-26.

30. Raffi., M., Mehrwan, S., Bhatti, T., Akhter. M., Hameed., A, Yawar, W.,

Hasan, M.M. (2010). Investigations into the antibacterial behaviour of

copper nanoparticles agaisnt Escherichia coli. Ann Microbiol 75-80.

31. Shionoiri, N., Sato, T., Fujimori, Y., Nakayama, T., Nemoto, M., Matsunaga,

T., Tanaka, T. (2012). Investigation of the antiviral properties of copper

iodide nanoparticles against feline calicivirus. J Biosci Bioeng. 580-6.

32. Stohs, S.J., Bagchi, D. (1995). Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal

ions. Free Radic Biol Med. 321-36.

33. Tkeshelashvili, L.K., McBride, T., Spence, K., Loeb, L.A. (1992). Mutation

spectrum of copper-induced DNA damage. J Biol Chem. 13778.

34. Tong, G., Yulong, M., Peng, G., Zirong, X. (2005). Antibacterial effects of the

Cu(II)-exchanged montmorillonite on Escherichia coli K88 and Salmonella

choleraesuis. Vet Microbiol. 113-22.

35. Warnes., S.L., Green, S.M., Michels, H.T., Keevil, C.W. (2010). Biocidal

efficacy of copper alloys against pathogenic enterococci involves

degradation of genomic and plasmid DNAs. Appl Environ Microbiol. 5390-

401.

36. Warnes, S.L., Keevil, C.W. (2011a). Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in



37. Warnes, S.L., Caves, V., Keevil, C.W. (2011b). Mechanism of copper surface

toxicity in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella involves immediate

membrane depolarization followed by slower rate of DNA destruction which

differs from that observed for Gram-positive bacteria. Environ Microbiol.

10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02677.x.

3.4 Copper safety

1. Araya, M., McGoldrick, M.C., Klevay, L.M., Strain, J.J., Robson, P., Nielsen,

F., Olivares, M., Pizarro, F., Johnson, L.A., Poirier, K.A. (2001). Determination

of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for copper in water.

Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 137-45.

2. Araya, M., Koletzko, B., Uauy, R. (2003a). Copper deficiency and excess in

infancy: developing a research agenda. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 422-9.

3. Araya, M., Chen, B., Klevay, L.M., Strain, J.J., Johnson, L., Robson, P., Shi,

W., Nielsen, F., Zhu, H., Olivares, M., Pizarro, F., Haber, L.T. (2003b).

Confirmation of an acute no-observed-adverse-effect and low-observed-

adverse-effect level for copper in bottled drinking water in a multi-site

international study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 389-99.

4. Araya, M., Olivares, M., Pizarro, F., Llanos, A., Figueroa, G., Uauy, R. (2004).

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