6082788 the a to Z of Bones Joints and Ligaments and the Back

The A to Z of Bones, Joints, Ligaments & the Back

Dr A. L. NeillBSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS [email protected]

The A to Z of Bones, Joints & Ligaments

Introduction

The A to Z of the Bones of the Skull has been completely rewritten and is now wholey incoorperated in the A to Z of the Head & Neck, which discusses the bones and muscles of the Head and Neck. Although it is derived from the A to Z of the Bones, Joints & Ligaments its emphasis has changed, as with the Head and Neck book, due to large amount of feedback received and there is a separate section on the back and Vertebral Column - VC, clinical testing and assessment of this area.

Note using this book and online quizzes it is possible to use this material for continuing education programs please write/email/contact me for further details.

Acknowledgement

Thankyou ASPENpharmacare Australia for your support and assistance in this valuable project, particularly Mr Greg Lan CEO of Aspenpharmacare Australia, Rob Koster, Richard Clements and Ante Mihaljevic from TM graphic design.

DDedication

To structural & personal growth, maturation, improvement & success.

How to use this bookThe first section consists of the basic anatomical concepts, movement planes, classification and definitions of all tissues discussed in this book.3

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Please note there is now a supportive website: http://www.aspenpharma.com.au/atlas/student.htm, where images of all the A to Z books may be found. Feedback pages reside at the end of the book as does a boney quizz for all those interested (did you name all the gold teeth in the A to Z of the Head and Neck?). All feedback will be well received, particularly regarding future titles, and any other ideas!!!

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This is the fourth major update of the A to Z books, after the updated version of the A to Z of Anatomical, Medical and Histological terms, and the A to Z of Skeletal Muscles.


Capitalization is used to demonstrate the bones involved in several structures including joints of all kinds (e.g. sutures). In other words the parietomastoid suture is listed as Parieto-Mastoid suture to further remind the reader of the involved bones or bony features involved in the composition of the structure. This helps to further orientate the reader to the structural components of the feature. As a separate feature at the end of the book a consideration is given to the back its function clinical examination and testing. It is hoped that this will prove a valuable resource for those examining individual bones and their articulations and support structures to build up the complete joint as in the study of ANATOMY and its many uses such as: archeology, anthropology, chiropractic, dentistry, forensics, geology, medicine, orthopaedics, osteology, paleontology, paleobiology, physiotherapy, massage therapy and surgery and so on...

DThank you Amanda Neill4

Note colour coding found on the base of each page is regional.

BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS

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Bones, Joints and Ligaments have been listed alphabetically and cross referenced as much as possible with their common names (e.g. the SHOULDER JOINT is the GLENOHUMERAL JOINT and the COLLAR BONE is the CLAVICLE) preference is made to list them as their proper anatomical names with cross referencing in the index to their common names, but each item may be looked up with either terminology. Each bone and joint is shown from at least 2 aspects, with numbered features on the diagram page and the key or index to these on the opposite page. Numbering is generally started anew with each diagram, except where it is obvious the diagrams are related and then the numbering is continued onto the second diagram and the key to the features is the same for both. Bones or groups of bones are also shown in situ, or as an overview to relate them to the whole body structure, in other words as they lay in body or cavity anatomically. For example the RIBS together form the RIB CAGE and anatomically this bony structure is the way most of the ribs function most of the time not as individual bones.

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AbbreviationsA aa adj. aka ALL alt. ant art AS b/n BM BS C c.f. CNS collat. CSF CT e.g. EC ext. Gk. IC IP IT jt(s) L LL Lt. lig MC med MT NS NT P pl. PLL post. R sing. SC SN SP TP UL VB VC w/n w/o = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = actions /movements of a joint anastomosis or anastomoses adjective also known as anterior longitudinal ligament alternative anterior articulation (joint w/o the additional support structures) Alternative Spelling, generally referring to the diff. b/n British & American spelling between bone marrow blood supply carpal / carpo compared to central nervous system collateral Cerebrospinal fluid connective tissue example extracellular (outside the cell) extensor (as in muscle to extend across a joint) Greek intercarpal / intercarpo interphalangeal intertarsal / intertarso joints = articulations Left lower limb aka leg Latin ligament metacarpal / metacarpo medial metatarsal / metatarso nervous system / nerve supply nervous tissue phalangeal / phalanges / phalango plural posterior longitudinal ligament posterior Right singular spinal cord spinal nerve spinous process transverse process upper limb aka arm vertebral body vertebral column within without

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Anatomical position and Anatomical planesThis is the anatomical position.

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A = Anterior aspect from the front, Posterior Aspect from the back, used interchangeably with ventral and dorsal respectively. B= Lateral Aspect from either side C = Transverse / Horizontal plane D= Midsagittal plane = Median plane; trunk moving away from this plane = lateral flexion or lateral movement moving into this plane medial movement; limbs moving away from this direction = abduction; limbs moving closer to this plane = adduction E = Coronal plane F = Median


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Anatomical Movements

Hip flexion

Hip abduction

Hip lateral and medial rotation

DKnee flexion8

rA ma ndHip adduction Knee extension

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Foot dorsiflexion

Foot inversion

Foot normal position

rA ma ndFingers extension Fingers flexion Forearm pronation Forearm supination

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Fingers abduction Fingers adduction

aN eillFoot plantar flexion Foot eversion Hand deviation radial/laterally ulna/medially Thumb opposition9

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(origins insertions actions BS & NS of each muscle listed alphabetically)

(including radiology of the Skull)

D10

(each bones features and its articulation group relations, individual joints, movements, BS & NS, and joint classifications listed)

To order or if you have any enquiries re these or other educational tools and advice please contact Anatomy Update at: [email protected] or 0410 018 681 or fax to 612 93651000 and remember to include email address or phone number or other details. We are always pleased to receive feedback comments or questions. A. L. Neill

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aN eill(including pronunciation guide, anatomy word builder, abbrev. of medical qualifications and organ wgt.) Includes the bones, joints and individual muscles and other major structures including teeth, BS, NS & lymphatics

to complete your A to Z set so far!

Order now


Table of contentsINTRODUCTION 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 DEDICATION 5 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 5 ABBREVIATIONS 7 Anatomical position and Anatomical planes 8 Anatomical movements 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS 12 COMMON TERMS USED IN OSTEOLOGY / SKELETAL ANATOMY 13 CLASSIFICATION AND SUMMARY OF BONES 21 Bone structure - LONG BONE 22 Bones Articulated anterior posterior regional colouring 23 Bones Disarticulated regional colouring 24 CLASSIFICATION AND SUMMARY OF JOINTS 25 Synovial joints 26 CLASSIFICATION AND SUMMARY OF LIGAMENTS 27 The Bones, Joints and Ligaments - order of illustrations 29 The Bones joints and Ligaments 33 The BACK 203 Excercises for joints 233

OVERVIEWS to be found in this bookcarpus / wrist overview chest overview foot overview hand and wrist overview pectoral girdle / overview of the shoulders pelvic girdle / overview of the hips skull overview including sinuses spine overview / vertebral column teeth overview Anatomical joint exercises Overview of all A to Z books Feedback page for A to Z books A. L. Neill

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43 49 79 85 137 139 163-178 206 185 233 241 24111


Common terms in Osteology and Skeletal AnatomyAblation Acral Acromegaly The removal of part of the body, generally a boney part, most commonly the teeth. in the extremities - bones at the apex or end of limbs.

A continuation of growth of the ends of cartilage covered bone (after fusion of the long bones) hence a gross change in the features (most noticeable in the jaw and digits) without growth in height, due mainly to the over activity of the pituitary gland.

Ala Alveolus

A wing, hence a wing-like process as in the Ethmoid bone pl. - alae.

Air filled bone - tooth socket adj - alveolar (as in air filled bone in the maxilla) - coalescence of alveoli helps in the formation of the sinuses. This device also lightens the weight of the bone particularly the skull. Bend = angle usually referring to the bend just above the foot, hence the ankle is the joint b/n the foot and the lower leg

Ankle

Aperture Appendicular

Areola ArthArthritis Arthropathy Arthrosis Articulation

Attrition Auditory Avulsion Axial

DBasilar Basiocranium Bregma Boss Buccal 12

Ball and Socket Generally referring to a joint which resembles a ball sitting tightly in a socket - very stable, limited range of movement e.g. hip joint. Relating to the base or bottom of structures. A smooth round broad eminence - mainly in the frontal bone female > male Bones of the base of the skull. Refers to a junction of more than 2 bones in a joint as in the Bregma of the skull, junction between the coronal and sagittal sutures which in the infant is not closed and can be felt pulsating site of the anterior fontanelle. Pertaining to the cheek. A. L. Neill

rA ma ndTooth wear and tear.

Annulus fibrosis The peripheral fibrous ring around the intervertebral disc An opening or space between bones or within a bone.

Refers to the appendices of the axial i.e. in the skeleton, the limbs upper and lower which hang from the axial skeleton, this also includes the pectoral and pelvic girdles but not the sacrum. Small, open spaces as in the areolar part of the Maxilla may lead or develop into sinuses.

To do with joints hence Inflammation of a joint. Diseases of the joints. Joint types. Joint, description of the bone surfaces joining w/o the supporting structures = point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones hence the articulation of humerus and scapula is the articulation of the shoulder joint.

Pertaining to hearing, hence, pertaining to the ear. (Auditory exostosis = a bony growth on the walls of the External Auditory Meatus)

Forceable tearing away of a structure or part of a structure as in an avulsed fracture where a fragment bone is torn away from the main bone. Refers to the head and trunk (vertebrae, ribs and sternum) of the body.

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Common terms in Osteology and Skeletal Anatomy Callus Calotte Calvaria Canal Hard tissue formed in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum as a fracture repair tissue it is replaced over time with compact bone. The calotte consists of the calvaria from which the base has been removed Tunnel / extended foramen as in the carotid canal at the base of the skull adj canular (canicular - small canal). A spongy porous bone with spicules (trabeculae) of compact bone. It is found at the ends of long bones and in the bones of the axial skeleton. Red BM is found b/n the spicules. Caput / Kaput Carotid Carpo Cavity The head or of a head, adj.- capitate = having a head (c.f. decapitate) To put to sleep; compression of the common or internal carotid artery causes coma. This refers to bony points related to the Carotid vessels. Wrist An open area or sinus within a bone or formed by two or more bones (adj. cavernous), may be used interchangeably with fossa. Cavity tends to be more enclosed fossa a shallower bowl like space (Orbital fossa-Orbital cavity). A cave. Pertaining to the head

Cancellous bone = Trabecular bone

Cavum

Cephalic Cervico Clinoid Clivus

Cochlea

Compact bone = Cortical bone = Dense bone Bone found in the shafts and on external bone surfaces. Highly structured in concentric circles or Haversian systems. It is constantly changing and remodeling depending upon the lines of force. Concha A shell shaped bone as in the ear or nose (pl. conchae adj. chonchoid) old term for this turbinate.

Condyle Cornu Corona

DCosta / Costo Cranium Crest Dens

Cribiform A sieve or bone with small sieve-like holes. Ethmoid Cuneate /Cuneus A wedge / wedge-shaped. A tooth hence dentine and dental relating to teeth, denticulate having tooth-like projections adj dentate See also odontoid. 13

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rA ma ndPertaining to the Neck A horn (as in the Hyoid) Pertaining to the ribs

Like a bed-post, part of a four poster bed so that clinoid processes look like bed posts eg. in the Sphenoid bone. A slope hence in the anterior cranial fossa referring to a slope on the base of the cavity.

A snail, hence snail-like shape relating to the Organ of Corti in the ear.

A rounded enlargement or process possessing an articulating surface.

A crown. adj.- coronary, coronoid or coronal; hence a coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture).

The cranium of the skull comprises all of the bones of the skull except for the mandible. Prominent sharp thin ridge of bone formed by the attachment of muscles particularly powerful ones eg Temporalis/Sagittal crest

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The calvaria refers to the cranium without the facial bones attached.

The A to Z of Bones, Joints & Ligaments Depression Detrition Detritus Diaphysis A concavity on a surface. Wearing away of the tooth surfaces of OA. The material left after the wearing away or rubbing. The shaft or body of a long bone. In the young this is the region b/n the growth plates and is composed of compact bone. pl.= diaphyses adj.= diaphyseal

Diplo Edentulous Elbow Eminence Endocranium

The cancellous bone between the inner and outer tables of the skull, adj.- diploic. Without teeth Any angular bend often in the arm, usually referring to the joint b/n the arm and the forearm

A smooth projection or elevation on a bone as in iliopubic eminence.

Refers to the interior of the braincase adj. endocranial divided into the 3 major fossae anterior (for the Frontal lobes) middle (containing Temporal lobes) and posterior (for the containment of the Cerebellum).

Endostium

Epiphysis = Metaphysis

Ethmoid =

External Auditory Ear hole Meatus Exostosis

Facet Falciform Fissure Fontanelle

DForamen Fornix Fossa An arch. 14

rA ma ndCribiform A narrow slit or gap from cleft.

A mesodermal CT which lines the inner surface of all bones and is the conduit for the NS and BS of the bone. Llifting of the endostium causes cancellous bone to be laid down to fill the gap b/n the bone and the cellular layer and this device may be used to encourage bone growth/repair. See periosteum. The end of a long bone beyond the growth plate or epiphyseal plate. Generally develops as a secondary ossification centre. There are 2 epiphyses to each long bone. In a long bone the shafts are generally compact bone and the ends = epiphyses are trabecular bone pl.= epiphyses adj.= epiphyseal

A bony outgrowth from a bony surface, often due to irritation (as in Swimmers ear) and may involve ossification of surrounding tissues such as muscles or ligaments. A face, a small bony surface (occlusal facet on the chewing surfaces of the teeth) seen in planar joints.

relating to shapes that are in a sickle shape so falciform ligaments curve around and end in a sharp point.

A fountain, associated with the palpable pulsation of the brain as in the anterior fontanelle of an infant. These soft spots on the skull are cartilagenous connective tissue coverings joints which allow for skull cranial expansion and then become the mould for the bone development and shape joining long the sutural lines, later becoming the Bregma.

A natural hole in a bone usually for the transmission of blood vessels and/or nerves.(pl. foramina). A pit, depression, or concavity, on a bone, or formed from several bones as in temporomandibular fossa. Shallower and more like a bowl than a cavity. (pl. fossae) A. L. Neill

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Common terms in Osteology and Skeletal Anatomy Fovea A small pit (usually smaller than a fossa)- as in the fovea of the occlusal surface of the molar tooth.

Gallus / Galli Genu / genio Gigantism -

A cock, hence, crista galli, the cocks comb (i e possessive form of gallus). Knee adj referring to the knee.

Overgrowth of the length of the long bones due to excess growth hormone before the fusion of the long bones (if this occurs after fusion it is acromegaly) Joint b/n the roots of the teeth and the jaw bones pl - gomphoses Long pit or furrow.

Groove

Growth plate

Hallux

Hamus

Harris lines

Haversian canals = secondary osteons = lamellar bone The system of concentric circles of bone matrix and osteocytes, which continually forms and reforms, during the life of the bone.

Hinge joint Hyoid

Hydroxyapetite Hyperostosis Incisura Intra Inter

DIntroitus Joint = Jugum Kyphosis Lacerum

rA ma ndThe big toe = the first toe. U-shaped. A notch. Within. Between

Gomphosis

A plate of cartilage b/n the diaphysis and epiphysis to allow growth of a long bone. The plate disappears, converting to bone, upon attainment of the full height/length of the bone. A hook hence the term used for bones which hook around other bones or where other structures are able to attach by hooking hamulus = a small hook.

Lines of increased bone density due to assault. They may occur across the growth plate and arrest growth of the length of the long bone.

Joint with movement in one plane e.g. elbow or knee.

A dense organic filling; the second component of bone. Abnormal bone growth generally overgrowth or ectopic growth.

An orifice or point of entry to a cavity or space.

Articulation + supporting structures. A bridge between 2 halves of a bone pl.( juga) as in Sphenoid. Collapse of vertebral body(ies) causing sharp convexity of the spine.

Something lacerated, mangled or torn eg foramen lacerum a small sharp hole at the base of the skull. This often tears tissues. 15

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Fracture = break hence Avulsed fracture - bone break due to a tearing away of part of a bone under stress \ Complete fracture - complete break b/n in 1 or more bones Compound fracture - break of a bone where the bone is exposed to the air Incomplete = Greenstick fracture - where there is an incomplete break along with bending or changing of the bone shape it is generally seen in in young bones. Pathological fracture - a break which has to do with a disease, generally thinning of the bone for example in osteoporosis or weakening due to a tumour as in osteosarcoma or from other causes as in osteomalacia (Paget's disease) and causes the bone to break with little or no force

The A to Z of Bones, Joints & Ligaments Lacrimal Lambda Related to tears and tear drops. (noun lacrima) From the Greek letter a capital L and written as an inverted V. (adj. lambdoid) and used to name the point of connection b/n the 3 skull bones Occipital and Temporals. Bone with sheets of concentric collagen fibres around Haversian canals in compact bone Lamina Ligament

Lamellar bone = Haversian system

A plate as in the lamina of the vertebra, a plate of bone connecting the vertical and transverse spines (pl. laminae) A band of tissue which connects bones (articular ligaments) or viscera - organs (visceral ligaments). A Ligament is a tie or a connection Originally sing. ligamentum pl ligamenta from ligate or to tie up is generally composed of collagen fibres. See classification of ligaments. A line as in the Nuchal lines of the Occiput/Occipital bone. Pertaining to the tongue.

Linea Lingual Lipping Locus Lordosis Magnum Malleus Mandible Mastoid Maxilla Meatus Meniscus Mental Meta Metaphysis = Notch Nucha Occiput

Bone projecting over the usual margin, excessive production generally pathological as in osteoarthritis, may interfere with joint movement

Neurocranium

DOcculus An eye Odontoid Orbit Ontogeny Orifice Os An opening. 16

rA ma ndLarge pl magna Hammer (as in the ear ossicle) Gk. crescent. An indentation in the margin of a structure. The nape or back of the neck adj.- nuchal. Relating to teeth, toothlike see Dens A bone or pertaining to bones adj.- osseus

A place (c.f. location, locate, dislocate).

Increased cervical and/ or lumbar curve also called sway back.

From the verb to chew, hence, the movable lower jaw; adj. mandibular. The jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.- maxillary.

A breast or teat shape - mastoid process of the Temporal bone. A short passage; adj.- meatal as in external acoustic meatus connecting the outer ear with the middle ear. Relating to the chin (mentum = chin, not mens = mind).

An extension of: cf. metacarpal = extension of the wrist.

Epiphysis The slightly expanded end of the shaft of a bone. (pl. metaphysis) The neurocranium refers only to the braincase of the skull.

The prominent convexity of the back of the head Occipitum = Occipital bone adj. occipital

The development of an individual growth pattern A circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball rotates; adj.- orbital.

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Common terms in Osteology and Skeletal Anatomy Ossicle Ossification A small bone as in the ear ossicles: stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil) and malleus (hammer).

Two other forms are primary ossification (in the shaft of the long bone where the bone forms from CT and secondary ossification where the bone has formed and secondary centeres devlop as at the ends of the long bones). Osteitis Osteoblasts Inflammation of the bone Bone cells capable of dividing and laying down matrix - baby osteocytes

Osteochondroma Bone and cartilaginous tumour benign often arising in the ephyseal plate or line and protrude at right angles, common and asymptomatic Osteoclasts Osteocytes Osteogenesis Osteoma Osteomalacia Osteomyelitis Osteoporosis Ostium Otic Ovale Multinuclear cells which resorb or phagocytose bone = resorption of bone = Giant cells. Bone cells incapable of dividing but maintain the extracelluar matrix of the bone Formation and growth of bone Tumour of the bone tissue

Osteosarcoma

Palate

Parietal Parotid Pars Pecten

Perikymata

Periosteum Periostitis Petrous

DPhalanx Planar joints Pneumatic Pollex Process

Periostosis

rA ma ndMalignant tumor of bone tissue A door, an opening, an orifice. Pertaining to the ear Oval shaped A roof adj.- palatal or platatine. A part of / nearby (adj para) A comb. Air filled see Classification of Bones. Thumb.

Disease of softening of the bones / Pagets disease Inflammatory disease of the bone due to infection A thinning of the bones due to age and/or calcium deficiency

Pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity from paries, a wall. Pertaining to a region beside or near the ear (par - otic)

Transverse ridges and the grooves on the surfaces of teeth

Layer of fascial tissue (connective tissue) on the outside of compact bone not present on articular (joint) surfaces see endostium Inflammation on the outer surface of the bone Abnormal growth of long bones on their outer surfaces Pertaining to a rock / rocky / stoney adj. petrosal Pertaining to flanks of soldiers - phalanges a row of soldiers used for a row of fingers or toes

Joints which allow for sliding across the joint as in the wrist, foot and ribs movement in one plan.

A general term describing any marked projection or prominence as in the mandibular process. 17

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The process of turning something into bone, i.e. from one tissue to another as in cartilagneous ossification from cartilage into bone

The A to Z of Bones, Joints & Ligaments Prominens Pterion A projection. A wing; the region where the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid meets or is close to the parietal, separating the frontal from the squamous region of the temporal bone. (TERY-on) Alternatively the region where these 4 bones meet. Wing shaped.

Pseudoarthrosis False or new joint due to the nonhealing of a fracture.

Pterygoid Pubis Ramus Recess Rectus Retinaculum Rickets Ridge Rotundum Sagittal Scoliosis Sella Sesamoid Sigmoid Sinus

Hairy, that part of the hip bone with hair over the surface adj pubic pl pubes.

Branch as in the superior pubic ramus the superior or higher branch of the pubic bone (Pubis). A secluded area or pocket; a small cavity set apart from a main cavity. Straight - erect. A device to hold structures in place - generally composed of CT - such as the flexor retinaculum see Classsification of Ligaments. Form of osteomalacia or bone softening due to Vitamen D deficiency. Elevated bony growth often roughened.

Skull SphenoSpine

DStylos Sulcus Sustenaculum Suture Symphysis 18

Splanchocranium The splanchocranium refers to the facial bones of the skull. An instrument for writing hence adj.- styloid a pencil-like structure. A supportive structure as in the sustenaculum tali = a structure which supports the Talus in the foot. Long wide groove often due to a BV indentation.

rA ma ndRound. Grainlike.

An arrow, the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, making it look like lightening arrows. A deviation from the vertical plane of the Vertebral column laterally (as opposed to exaggeration of vertical curves in kyphosis and lordosis).

A saddle; adj.- sellar, sella turcica = Turkish saddle. S-shaped, from the letter Sigma which is S in Greek.

A space usually within a bone, lined with mucous membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses in the head. A modified BV usually vein, with an enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or little muscle in its wall. Sinuses may contain air, venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid depending upon location and health of the subject adj.- sinusoid. The skull refers to all of the bones that comprise the head. A wedge i.e. the Sphenoid is the bone which wedges in the base of the skull between the unpaired frontal and occipital bones adj.- sphenoid A thorn adj.- spinous descriptive of a sharp, slender process/protrusion.

The saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as joint b/n bones of the skull.

A cartilagenous joint or a growth with bone-cartilage-bone. See classification of joints. A. L. Neill

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Common terms in Osteology and Skeletal Anatomy SynSyndesmosis Synostosis Synovial joints Talus Tarsus Together ie... the close proximity of or fusion of 2 structures. Tight inflexible joints b/n 2 bones little to no movement. Many axial joints are of this type. Any moveable joint with synovial fluid b/n the 2 opposing bones - most moving jointd are synovial. Ankle (Gk. bend). Pertaining to any bones joining the foot with the leg adj. - tarsal (Gk wickerwork referring to the basketlike structure of the os tarsus with its ligaments). A roof. A covering.

Tectum Tegmen Temporal Tendon Tentorium Torus Trabecula

Refers to time and the fact that grey hair (marking the passage of time) often appears first at the site of the temporal bone. A tie or cord of collagen fibres connecting muscle with bone (as opposed to articular ligaments which connect bone with bone). A tent. Protruberance pl tori.

Trephination Trochanter Trochlea

Tubercle

Tuberculum Tuberosity Turbinate

Tympanum Ulna Uncus

DVolar Wormian bone Zygoma

Vagina

For more terms and their origins and pronunciation see the A to Z of Anatomical, Medical and Histological terms.19

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rA ma ndA drum pl. tympani = Elbow or arm (adj ulnar) A hook adj.- uncinate. Extrasutural bone in the skull

A little beam i.e. supporting structure or strut pl. trabeculae = spicule. The practice of making an artifical hole in the cranium practiced in many ancient religions used to relieve cranial pressure.

Pertaining to a small wheel or disc. In the femur it is a large disc shaped tuberosity.

A pulley that part of the bone or ligamantous attachment that pulls the bone in another direction as in the elbow or the ankle (adj Trochlear).

A small process or bump, an eminence.

A very small prominence, process or bump.

A large rounded process or eminence, a swelling or large rough prominence often associated with a tendon or ligament attachment.

A childs spinning top, hence shaped like a top. An old term for the nasal conchae.

A sheath; hence, invagination is the acquisition of a sheath by pushing inwards into a structure, and evagination is similar but produced by pushing outwards adj.- vaginal. Pertaining to the palm (hand) or the sole (foot) A yoke, hence, the bone joining the maxillary, frontal, temporal & sphenoid bones adj.- zygomatic.

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Fusion of any joints.


Classification and Summary of Bones

Irregular bones Various shapes not easily classified Sphenoid, Vertebrae, Hip, Ear Bones irregular growth centres Long bone

Longer than wide 2 ends epiphysis and a central diaphysis. Growth mainly lengthwise: most limb bones: Femur, Fibula Humerus, Radius, Tibia, Ulna, and digits Phalanges see diagram

Pneumatic bone/Alveolar bone Bones filled with air to lighten their weight Maxilla, Frontal, Mandible, Ethmoid and bones with sinuses

Short bone

Sutural bone

There are:

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There are:

Each limb has a single long bone proximally (arm and thigh), a hinge joint and 2 bones distally (the forearm and shin) joined by an interosseous upper membrane ligament. Each pair of limbs is supported by a GIRDLE of supporting bones the PECTORAL GIRDLE and the lower PELVIC GIRDLE.

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Sesamoid bone Bones completely surrounded by soft tissue w/o joints Hyoid Roughly cubic in shape. Most wrist Carpal and ankle Tarsal bones; many of the bones at the base of the skull.

Wormian bone small bones which occur within the skull sutures sometimes called extra-sutural if the main part of the bone is outside of the suture. Generally, they are unnamed although the Incus is given to the large extra-sutural bone when present. There are between 600 and 620 bones in the body including the various sesamoid and Wormian bones and other areas where there may be separate or ossified joints. 22 paired skull bones including the ear ossicles / not including the teeth. 5 single bones mainly on the base of the skull 1 mandible 1 hyoid variable sutural and extra-sutural bones (generally between 3-5)

56 digit bones or Phalanges plus an additional 3 to 4 small sesamoid bones in the foot over the big toe and the thumb

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Flat bones

Thin flattened and usually curved bones: most Skull bones, Scapula, Manubrium generally surrounded by a layer of compact bone with cancellous or spongy bone in b/n.

Classification and Summary of Bones

Bone StructureLong Bone (Femur)

Compact Bone

Periosteum

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Articulated Skeleton Anterior

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Disarticulated Bones

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Classification and Summary of Joints

rA ma nddue to the elasticity of the CARTILAGE little in all directions may be influenced by HORMONES bones BONE Full movement HYALINE type depends CARTILAGE upon the shape SYNOVIAL FLUID of the boney HYALINE surfaces CARTILAGE BONE gliding / sliding one directional

STRUCTURE BONE FIBRES TOOTH SYNARTHROSES = BONE FIBROUS JOINT FIBRES BONE eg SUTURE BONE (short fibrous FIBRES connection b/n bones) BONE eg SYNDESMOSIS BONE (longer fibres more FIBRES cartilage) BONE SYNCHONDROSIS = BONE 1 CARTILAGENOUS HYALINEJOINT CARTILAGE (Amphiarthrosis) BONE SYMPHYSIS BONE (20 cartilagenous joint) FIBROCARTILAGE BONE SYNOVIAL (Diarthrosis)

TYPE OF JOINT GOMPHOSIS

MOVEMENT nil

little / nil

nil

little

eg PLANE eg HINGE

Deg PIVOT eg CONDYLOID eg BALL & SOCKET eg SADDLE 24

movement around an axis movement in 2 directions movement in many directions - common hip / shoulder centre movement in 2 planes thumb C-MC joint

aN eillEXAMPLES teeth / jaw bone joints in the Skull joints b/n flat bones Tibiofibula joint Radioulna joint 1st costal cartilage to the Manubrium rib cartilage Manubriosternum MOST joints in axial skeleton eg b/n VERTEBRAL BODIES b/n Pubic MOST joints in the appendicular skeleton, upper limb, lower limb, feet and hand joints costovertebral zygapophyseal elbow /knee /finger /toe atlanto-axial medial joint wrist /ankle A. L. Neill

definition: joint = any BONE something BONE B+?+B i.e whenever 2 or more bones meet

Classification and Summary of Joints

Synovial Joint

Joint capsule

rA ma nd D A. L. Neill

aN eillBone Hyaline cartilage Periosteum(continuous with joint capsule - stops at articular surface)

Synovial cavity

Synovial membrane

25


Classification and Summary of Ligaments

NAME accessory = collateral

DESCRIPTION any helping lig. supporting/strengthening the primary lig generally used where there are many short bones in a crowded area any circular lig.

EXAMPLES

the: palm (palmar), sole (plantar), phalanges (volar) temporomandibular joint (Henle), humerus and wrist annulus fibrosis annular lig. of the Radius

arcuate anterior

rA ma ndbinding enclosing lig. any curved lig. description of any lig. in front of the named structure (also used to describe those fibres in front of a structure) lig. with 2 insertions ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT = ALL calcaneocuboid + calcaneonavicular pisio-hamate + pisio-metacarpal radial collat lig. any helping lig. supporting/strengthening the primary lig generally used with outer ligs over bigger joints ligaments which cross over ligs which fan out as a D DELTOID LIGAMENT

annular also see retinaculum

arcuate pubic ligament pelvic girdle overview craniovertebral jts thoracic cage vertebro-vertebral jts

bifurcate

collateral = accessory

Dcruciform deltoid 26

CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS knee jt (of the knee) cruciate ligs of the atlanto-axial jt odontoid jt craniovertebral jts ankle jt

aN eillSHOWN IN hand overview, foot overview, TMJ views, shoulder joint, wrist overview vertebro-vertebral joints elbow ankle joint-subtalar dorsum of the hand elbow, knee jts wrist A. L. Neill

definition: a band of tissue connecting bones, viscera or other body structures, may be distinct fibrous bands or fascial folds or nonfunctional remnants of foetal structures

Classification and Summary of Ligaments

NAME flava

DESCRIPTION

ligs with large amounts of elastic fibres hence yellow in colour

interarticular ligs which enter the (may also be synovium and are inside called synovial) the joint inter-osseous

inter-spinous

rA ma ndligs which span across 2 bones for a considerable length - deep ligs acting as a surface for muscle attachment lig which fans out (smaller deltoid shape)

ligs which are b/n 2 spines INTERSPINOUS deep ligs acting as a LIGAMENTS surface for muscle attachment. SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENTUM NUCHAE SACROSPINOUS SACROTUBEROUS INGUINAL LIG

long ligs which attach 2 bones interspinous over long distances acting as an extended surface for muscle attachment - more supf than the inter- ligs posterior

Dradiate synovial = interarticular

description of any lig POSTERIOR behind the named structure LONGITUDINAL (also used to describe LIGAMENT = PLL those fibres of a lig behind a structure) radiate lig of the rib

aN eillEXAMPLES SHOWN IN LIGAMENTUM FLAVA long head of Biceps shoulder jt cruciate ligs of the knee knee jts acetabular lig hip jt vertebral column overview thoracic cage, costovertebral jts

The ligaments included in this book are those associated with the musculoskeletal system, bones and skeletal muscles. Tendons which join muscle to bone are not discussed nor are other ligamentous structures such as the aponeuroses or ligaments of organs such as the Hepatic ligaments.vertebra-vertebro jts

interosseous membrane forearm radioulna jts of the forearm lower leg tibiofibular jts interosseous membrane of the lower leg OBTURATOR LIG pelvic overview

vertebro-vertebral jts craniovertebral jts pelvic girdle overview sacrum pelvic girdle vertebro-vertebral jts

A. L. Neill

27


The Bones, Joints and LigamentsThis is the order of the illustrations in the book.

Bones are listed in BLACK; Joints are listed in DARK YELLOW and ligaments when referred to separately are listed in ORANGE. Generally ligaments will be referred to in joint diagrams and not listed or demonstrated in separate diagrams. Overviews of regions are listed in MAROON (DARK RED). Acetabular joint (see HIP JOINT) Acromioclavicular articulation & joint ANKLE BONE (see Talus - (biggest of the Tarsal bones aka Tarsus)) ANKLE JOINT = Talocrual joint = Talus + Tibia + Fibula = Subtalar joints = Talus + Calcaneus + Os Tarsus ARM = Upper limb = Humerus + Radius + Ulna (see Humerus) Atlas (C1 ) - (Vertebra - cervical) also see the Back Atlanto-Axial joints (C1/C2) Atlanto-Occipital joint (see Craniovertebral joint) Axial-Occipital joint (see Craniovertebral joint) Auditory Ossicles (aka EAR BONES) Axis (C2) - (Vertebra - cervical) also see the Back BACK See end of this section the Back = Vertabral Column. BREAST BONE (see Manubriosternum) Calcaneus (aka HEEL) Capitate (see Carpus disarticulated, also Hand & Wrist overview) Carpus - carpal bones wrist (Os Carpus = Wrist bones) articulated see Hand & Wrist overview individual bones 1st row - Trapezium, Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, 2nd row - Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Carpus - disarticulated Carpo-Metacarpal joints (see HAND and WRIST joints) CHEEK BONES (see Zygoma) CHIN (see Mandible) CHEST OVERVIEW (Thoracic cavity) (also see Pectoral Girdle)28

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When beside the name of a structure there is a listing - (see XYZ) it will be listed at the site XYZ, which may also refer to its alternative name; when beside a structure there is a listing - (also see XYZ) further information about that structure will be at the site for XYZ, but it will be present in the order listed site as well; this includes structures listed in the BACK section.


Clavicle (aka COLLAR BONE) Coccyx -Os coccygis (also see Sacrum) Collar bone (see Clavicle) Costovertebral articulations & joints (RIB & SPINAL joints) Costovertebral articulations of atypical ribs 1 & 2 (see Ribs Atypical) Cranial Fossae (see Skull internal views) Craniovertebral joints (HEAD/SPINE joints aka Atlanto-Occipital joints & Axial-Occipital joints) also see the Back Cuboid (ankle) Cuneiforms (foot) 1st - medial cuniform , 2nd intermediate cuniform , 3rd lateral cuniform ELBOW - articulation, joint (humero-ulnar) Ethmoid bone Femur (upper leg bone) aka THIGH bone aka LEG bone Fibula (lower leg lateral bone part of the SHIN) FINGERS articulation overview ((see Hand and Wrist bones overview) FINGER JOINTS = interphalangeal joints + MCP joints FOREARM (see Radius, Ulna) FOREHEAD (see Frontal bone) FOOT BONES (tarsal + metatarsal + phalanges) overview (see also Metatarsals) FOOT JOINTS - aka Intertarsal joints Frontal bone (aka FOREHEAD) Glenohumeral joint (see SHOULDER JOINT) Hamate (see Carpus disarticulated, also Hand, Wrist) HAND (and WRIST bones) overview Carpal, Metacarpal bones and Phalanges - articulations HAND BONES (see Metacarpals disaraticulated) HAND JOINTS intercarpal joints = IC joints Carpometacarpal intercarpal joints = C-MC, IC joints HANGING joint (see Atlanto-Axial median joint) also see the Back HEAD/SPINE JOINTS (see Craniovertebral joints) also see the Back HEEL (see Calcaneus) Hip (aka Os Coxae - Innominate) HIP ISCHIUM, ILEUM, PUBIS overview HIP joint (also see PELVIC GIRDLE Sacrum) Humeroulnar joint (see ELBOW JOINT) Humerus = ARM bone (upper arm bone) Hyoid Inferior Nasal Concha (see Nasal bones and cavity) Innominate (see HIP) Interphalangeal joints of the Foot = TOES

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29


Interphalangeal joints of the Hand (see FINGER joints) Interphalangeal joints = TOES (see FOOT joints) Ischium (see HIP) JAW (see Mandible) KNEE CAP (see Knee articulations) KNEE JOINTS (Tibiofemoral + [Tibiofibular]+ Femoropatellar + Tibiopatellar) Larynx overview (aka Voicebox) LEG = Lower limb = Femur + Patella +Tibia + Fibula Lunate (see Carpus disarticulated, also hand, wrist) Mandible (aka JAW aka CHIN) Mandibular joint (see Temporomandibular joint) Manubriocostal joints (see Sternocostal joints) Manubriosternum = Manubrium + Sternum + Xiphoid process aka BREAST BONE Manubrium (see Manubriosternum) Maxilla (aka UPPER JAW) Metacarpals aka HAND BONES (see hand & wrist overview) Metacarpal Individual views - disarticulated 1st - the thumb / 2nd - the index / 3rd - the middle 4th - the ring / 5th - to the little finger Metatarsals (bones b/n the ankle & the toes) aka FOOT BONES see overview Metatarsals (individual views) disarticulated 1st (bone to the big toe) / 2nd (bone to the second toe) 3rd / 4th / 5th (bone to the little toe) Nasal bones and cavity = NOSE Navicular (ankle) NOSE (see Nasal bones and cavity) Occipital bone / Occiput Odontoid Joint (see Atlanto-Axial median joint) Os Coxae (see HIP bone) Palantine bones / Palate Parietal bone Patella = aka KNEE CAP (see Knee articulations) Pectoral girdle = SHOULDERS overview PELVIS = HIPS (see Pelvic girdle) Pelvic girdle = HIPS (also see Hip) Phalanges = FINGERS / TOES (see Hand and Foot overviews) Pisiform (see Carpus disarticulated, also Hand & Wrist bones overview) Pubic Symphysis = Pubic joint (also see Pelvic girdle) Pubis (see HIP)30

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Radiocarpal joint see WRIST JOINT Radioulnar joints (also see ELBOW) Radius (aka FOREARM) RIB CAGE overview (see Chest overview) RIB JOINT (see costo-vertebral joint) Rib atypical - ribs 1, 2 Ribs typical - ribs 3 - 10 Sacroiliac joint also see the Back Sacrum (lower BACK BONE) also see the Back Scaphoid (see Carpus disarticulated, also hand and wrist) Scapula (aka SHOULDER BLADE) SHIN (see Tibia) SHOULDER JOINT (aka Glenohumeral joint) Sinuses overview (see Skull Internal views - coronal) Skull External Views and Internal Views Sphenoid SPINE overiew see the Back SPINAL JOINTS see the Back Sternoclavicular joints Sterno-Costal joints Sternum (see Manubriosternum) Talus (aka Tarsus aka ANKLE) Teeth overview Temporal bone (aka TEMPLE) Temporomandibular joint (akaTMJ) Thoracic cavity (see CHEST overview) Tibia (aka lower leg bone aka SHIN - shin bone)) Tibiofemoral joint (see KNEE which includes this joint) Tibiofibula joints TOES = digits = phalanges (see Foot bones overview) Trapezium (see Carpus disarticulated, also Hand & Wrist overview) Trapezoid (see Carpus disarticulated, also Hand & Wrist overview) Triquetral (see Carpus disarticulated, also Hand & Wrist overview) Ulna (aka FOREARM - also funny bone) Vertebrae, Vertebral Column and Vertebral joints see the Back VOICE BOX (see Larynx) Vomer Wrist bones (see Carpal bones disarticulated also Hand & Wrist overview / Metacarpal bones) Wrist joint (aka radiocarpal joint) Xiphoid (see Manubriosternum) Zygapophyseal joints see the Back Zygoma (aka CHEEK BONES) see the Back

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A Acromio-Clavicular articulation & joint =

part of the pectoral girdle

NS

suprascapular, lat. pectoral Ns (C5-C6)

Movements associated with scapula: elevation / depression, protraction/retraction, rotation 1 2 Acromion

1A Aromio-Clavicular lig. 2A Coraco-Acromial lig

2B Coraco-Clavicular lig.- Trapezoid part 2C Coraco-Clavicular lig. - conoid part 3 4 5 6 supra-scapula notch 3A supra-scapular lig

Clavicle - sternal end

Clavicle - acromial end

Acromio-Clavicular art.

D32 A. L. Neill

rA ma nd

Coracoid process of Scapula

aN eill

anterior (ribs cut away) BS suprascapular artery, thoracoacromial artery


A

1

2A

rA ma nd1A 2B

6

5

D

aN eill3 4 2C 3A33

2

A. L. Neill


A ANKLE JOINT = Talocrural joint

NS deep peroneal (=ant. tibial), tibial (L4-S2) A dorsiflexion plantarflexion 1D Tibio-Calcaneal (deep) lig 2D Tibio-Navicular lig 3D Tibio-Calcaneal lig 4D Tibio-Talar (deep) lig 5 6 7 8 9 ant. Talo-Fibular lig Tibio-Talar lig Tibio-fibular lig

post. Talo-Fibular lig

Talo-Fibular lig - tibial fibres

10 Calcaneo-Fibular lig 11 Talonavicular lig

*D = all parts of the DELTOID lig -from TIBIA to ankle bones in a D shape

D34 A. L. Neill

rA ma nd

aN eill

medial / lateral / posterior BS ant. tibial & peroneal arteries


A11 2D

8 5 2D

rA ma nd10 7

D

9 10 4D

aN eill6 3D 8 1D 2D 3D35

A. L. Neill


A ANKLE JOINTS lower = SUBTALAR joints

NS medial lateral plantar Ns (L4-S3) A

inversion eversion (foot) gliding and rotation (subtalar joints individually) 1 2 3 interosseous Talo-Calcaneal lig cervical lig Talo-Navicular lig

4B* lat. Calcaneo-Navicular lig 6 7 8 9 long plantar lig subtalar jt

5B* med. Calcaneo-Cuboidal lig lat. Talo-Calcaneal lig

med. Talo-Calcaneal lig

10 Talo-Calcaneo-Navicular jt 12 short plantar lig

11 Spring lig / plantar Calcaneo-cuboidal lig

D36

B* = BIFURCATED lig (2 heads) also called Bifurcate lig.

rA ma nd

aN eill A. L. Neill

lateral / medial BS* anastomotic network around jts from ant. post. tibial arteries, dorsalis pedis, peroneal arteries


A1 8

rA ma nd6 9 12

7

8

D

aN eill2 3 5B 4B 11 3 10 637

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A Atlas = C1 = First Cervical Vertebra

Atlanto-Axial joint-median = ODONTOID JOINTAKA hanging joint Atlanto-Axial joints - lateral = zygapophyseal joints of C1/C2 BS anastomotic network around jts from ant. post. tibial arteries, dorsalis pedis, peroneal arteries NS medial lateral plantar Ns (L4-S3) A inversion eversion (foot) gliding and rotation (subtalar joints individually)

Axis = C2= Second Cervical Vertebra(Axis - pivot for movement of the head all movements but nodding)

Special features1 2 3 4 5

facet for odontoid / Dens process ant. tubercle

superior articular facet for Atlanto-Occipital jt inferior articular facet posterior tubercle posterior arch

4A medial tubercle 6

D7 838

groove for vertebral BVs & suboccipital N

Foramen Transversarium = transverse foramen (transverse notch if open)

rA ma nd9 TP

no vertebral body Dens acts as an dens/odontoid process AXIS for rotation no articular discs at C110 lat. mass 11 vertebral foramen 12 ant. arch 13 Dens process = Odotontoid process 14/14A transverse lig of Axis (C2) and groove for the lig 15/15A spine of Axis (C2) 16 lamina of Axis (C2) 17 attachment of Alar lig 18 pedicle (C2)

aN eill A. L. Neill

Special features

no vertebral body no spinous process no articular discs

special anterior facet for dens (odontoid process)


12 11 10

1

2

A3

12 12

7

rA ma nd12 3 16 15 13 13A 17

1

2 13

D

3

8

9 4

aN eill4, 4A 5 6 14 8 4A 8 6 14A 18 11 15 1639

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Calcaneus = Os Calcis = Heel bonelateral / medial / Inferior / Superior

Articulations: 3 articular surfaces Calcaneo-navicular for the Os Tarsus Calcaneo-talus (tarsal bones) Calcaneo-cuboid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

D40 A. L. Neill

rA ma nd

Sulcus Calcanei = Calcaneal sulcus middle articulation surface with foot bones / Os Talus anterior articulation surface with foot bones / Os Tarsus peroneal trochlea attachment for the calcaneofibular ligament posterior surface posterior part of the joint surface for the Talus groove for Flexor Hallicus Longus Sustenaculum Tali articular surface for Cuboid medial process Calcaneal tuberosity lateral process Peroneal tubercle

aN eill

C

(Calcaneus - large quadrangular bone at the back of the Talus - largest of the Tarsal bones/Os Tarsus i.e. foot bones)


6

3

1

2 7

rA ma nd4 5 8 7 2 9 3 9

D

6

10

aN eill7 9 4 2 1 3 6 10 10 14 11 12 8 13 11

C

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Carpus = Carpal Bones = WRIST BONES Overview - ARTICULATED(Carpus = Os Carpus = wrist bones = 2 rows of bones between the fingers and the forearm)

1st row 2nd row trapezium, scaphoid, lunate, trapezoid, capitate hamate triquetral, pisiform, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Triquetral Capitate Lunate Trapezoid Scaphoid Trapezium Metacarpals = MC head of 5th MC shaft of 5th MC base of 5th MC Hamate Pisiform Hook of Hamate

D42 A. L. Neill

rA ma nd

aN eill

C dorsal / palmar


8

7

rA ma nd8 9 10

7

D

aN eill9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 13 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6

C

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Carpus = Carpal Bones = WRIST BONES Overview - DISARTICULATEDThese bones allow for small gliding movements in the hand in several directions to increase the mobility of the fingers

Capitate = Os Capitus Hamate

small cap-like bone in the wrist - consists mainly of articulating facets

bone in the shape of a hammer with hook process which attaches to the flexor retinaculum

Lunate = Os Lunatus Scaphoid

small moonshaped bone of the wrist consists mainly of articulating facets

rA ma nd

boat shaped bone, most lateral and proximal in the Carpus large pivotal bone similar to the Navicular in the foot - forms part of the attachment of the flexor retinaculum

Pisiform - smallest carpal bone - sesamoid boneattaches to the flexor retinaculum

1 2 3 4 5 6

D

7 8 9

articulation surface for Lunate palmar surface facet for 3rd MC facet for 4th MC articulation surface for Hamate articulation surface for Scaphoid facet for Trapezoid facet for 2nd MC dorsal surface

44

aN eillA B C D E 10 facet for Triquetral 11 Hamulus - hook of the Hamate 12 articulation surface for Capitate 13 facet for the 5th MC 14 facet for Radius 15 facet for Trapezium 16 tubercle A. L. Neill

C Capitate / Hamate / Lunate / Pisiform / Scaphoid dorsal / palmar


dorsal 1 5

palmar 6 2

A4 3 12

1

rA ma nd4 13 4 2 5 12 10 9 9 14 9 12 12 16 10 9

B

11

C

D

D

E

aN eill9 7 3 8 9 1 10 2 13 11 14 2 6 9 16 15

C

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Carpus = Carpal Bones = WRIST BONES Overview - DISARTICULATEDdorsal / palmarThese bones allow for small gliding movements in the hand in several directions to increase the mobility of the fingers

Trapezium = Os Trapezius (Lt - greater multi-angular) Fmedium-sized irregular bone with large saddleshape articulation for the thumb often broken in trauma

Trapezoid (Lt lesser multi-angular)2nd smallest carpal bone-irregular bone

irregular bone of the wrist articulates with the Pisiform

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

articulation surface for Lunate articulation surface for Pisiform articulation surface for Hamate tubercle facet for 1st MC articulation surface for Scaphoid articulation surface for Trapezoid facet for 2nd MC articulation surface for Capitate dorsal surface palmar surface

D

46

rA ma nd

Triquetral

aN eillG H A. L. Neill

C Trapezium / Trapezoid / Triquetral


palmar 4 6

F5 8 7

9

G

rA ma nd10 10 6 2 3

H1

D

aN eilldorsal 6 7 8 4 8 1 3

C

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CHEST - OVERVIEWanterior synovial joints

RIB 1 with Manubrium see STERNO-COSTAL jt RIB 2 with the Manubrium & Sternum see STERNO-COSTAL jt RIBS 3-6 (true ribs) with the Sternum directly

cartilaginous joints

RIBS 7-10 (false ribs) with Sternum via costocartilagenous ridge RIBS 11-12 (floating ribs) do not articulate anteriorly

20 fibrocartilagenous joints - ossify with age

posterior planar synovial joints

EACH RIB with the same VB and the one above medially + with the TP of the VB laterally

SPECIAL FEATURES

UPPER 6 ribs - pump movement -up & down LOWER 4 ribs - bucket handle movement -up and out & down and in LOWEST 2 ribs - DO NOT MOVE with respiration - anchor the DIAPHRAGM upper border = thoracic inlet = 1st rib + clavicle +manubrium + VB lower border = thoracic outlet = Xphisternum + 12th rib + VB

D48

1 2 3 4 5

1st rib Clavicle acromion (Scapula) Humerus 5th rib

See also Pectoral Girdle

rA ma nd6 7 8 9 10

Manubrium with Sternum Sternum with Xiphisternum

aN eillManubrium Sternum Xiphoid process 12th rib L1 VB A. L. Neill

C ARTICULATIONS

Thoracic cavity


6 3 4

5

rA ma nd10

D

aN eill9 8 7

2

1

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Clavicle = COLLAR BONE

Coccyx = Os Coccygisanterior / posterior

(Coccyx = Small tail bones at the base of the spine - functions as an anchor for many regional muscles and ligaments = the vestigial tail looks like a cuckoo's bill)

D1 2 3 450

Articulations: with each other 3-5 bones with the sacrum superiorly Special less features inferiorly after features: S1 no pedicles, laminae or spinous processes Variable Shape/Morphology

rudimentary superior articular surface = cornua body of coccyx (Co1) fused bodies (Co3-5) - intervertabral discs TP

rA ma nd

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sternal end of Clavicle facet for first costal cartilage groove for subclavian artery conoid tubercle acromial end of Clavicle trapezoid line (obliue ridge) impression for costoclavicular lig superior surface anterior surface

aN eillS1-3/5 average 4 sacro-coccygeal may fuse with sacrum late in lifelooks like the bill of the cuckoo

C

inferior / anterior Articulations: with Manubrium with acromion proximally (Scapula) distally sterno-clavicular jt acromio-clavicular jt

A. L. Neill


5

8

3 2

rA ma nd7 1 4 4

D

aN eill3 9 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3

1

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Costovertebral joints = RIB/SPINE jointsarticulations-superior / joints-superior

BS posterior intercostals -spinal branches of the thoracic Aorta A gliding in inspiration upper 6 elevation (pump handle) lower 4 eversion (bucket handle) lowest 2 no movement

NS posterior intercostals Ns spinal branches (C8,T1-12)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

articular facet for (TP) transverse process tubercle of rib articular part of rib neck of rib facet on the head of the rib superior demi-facet on the base of the VB articular capsule of the costotransverse joint costotransverse lig joint capsule intervertebral disc inner -nucleus pulposis intervetebral disc outer- annulus fibrosis intra-articular lig superior costotransverse lig lat costotransverse lig A. L. Neill

D52

rA ma nd

Articulations: with VB 2 demi-joints eg RIB 3 articulates with T2,T3 VB with the TP of the equivalent vertebra eg RIB 3 with T3

aN eilldemifacets on the bodies of 2 adj vertebrae & their connecting disc transverse costovertebral joint = costotransverse joint

C

(Costovertebral joints = 3 joints in each typical rib, 2 with the bodies of the vertebrae, 1 with the transverse process of the respective thoracic vertebra)


2

3 4 5

rA ma nd8 7 9 10 11

2 4

5

D

aN eill1 6 14 13 12

C

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Costovertebral joints = RIB/SPINE jointsarticulations, joints / lateral

BS posterior intercostals -spinal branches of the thoracic Aorta

NS posterior intercostals Ns spinal branches (C8,T1-12) A gliding in inspiration upper 6 elevation (pump handle) lower 4 eversion (bucket handle) lowest 2 no movement

D54

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

articular facet for TP superior demi-facet on the base of the VB VB = vertebral body radiate lig ALL = anterior longitudinal lig intervertebral disc intra-articular lig head of rib angle and shaft of rib paired synovial joints planar with demi-facets superior costotranverse lig spine of thoracic vertebra superior costo-demi-facet on inferior aspect of VB

Costovertebral joints - Atypical ribs see Ribs Atypical A. L. Neill

rA ma nd

Articulations: with VB 2 demi-joints eg RIB 3 articulates with T2,T3 VB with the TP of the equivalent vertebra eg RIB 3 with T3

aN eilldemifacets on the bodies of 2 adj vertebrae & their connecting disc transverse costovertebral joint = costotransverse joint

C

(Costovertebral joints = 3 joints in each typical rib, 2 with the bodies of the vertebrae, 1 with the transverse process of the respective thoracic vertebra)


1

rA ma nd1 8

12

11

D

10 9

aN eill2 2 3 4 5 6 7

C

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55


Craniovertebral joints = HEAD/SPINE jointsanterior - looking onto the anterior surface of the cervical spine

BS vertebral arteries

NS medial branches of dorsal rami, recurrent laryngeal spinal branches of ventral rami (C1-3) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation

D56 A. L. Neill

rA ma nd

basilar of Occiput - cut through jugular foramen (TF of the base of the skull) mastoid process TP of C1 ALL = anterior longitudinal lig attached to tubercle of C1 intervertebral disc C2/C3 ALL C2/C3 zygapophyseal joint (L) capsule of the lat. atlanto-occiptal joint capsule of the lat. atlanto-axial joint ant. atlanto-occipital membrane

aN eill

C

(made up of median and lateral Atlanto-Occipital (C1/head) and AxialOccipital joints (C2/head) joints)


11

rA ma nd9 10 8

D

aN eill1 4 5 6 7

C

2

3

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57


Craniovertebral joints = HEAD/SPINE jointslateral


NS medial branches of dorsal rami, recurrent laryngeal spinal branches of ventral rami (C1-3) A 1 2 3 3A 4 5 6 7 7A 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation

D15 16 17 17A58

basilar of Occiput tectorial membrane ant atlanto-occipital membrane leads to 3A ALL ALL apical lig. of Dens ant arch of Atlas C1 Dens of C2 longitudinal band of cruciform lig superior (becomes 7A) longitudinal band of cruciform lig inferior C2/C3 intervertebral disc body of C3 PLL lamina of C2 transverse lig of atlas (C1) post. atlanto-axial lig post. arch of C1 vertebral artery post atlanto-occipital lig space which leads to foramen magnum and then vertebral foramen

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Craniovertebral joints = HEAD/SPINE jointsposterior internal - looking into the back of the vertebral canal


NS medial branches of dorsal rami, recurrent laryngeal spinal branches of ventral rami (C1-3) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 flexion/extension, lateral flexion, rotation jugular foramen tectoral membrane

3A PLL

capsule of zygapophyseal joints C2/C3 intervertebral disc

longitudinal band of cruciform lig inferior capsule of lat joint of C1 C2 transverse band of cruciform lig over the deeper stronger transverse lig of the Atlas (C1) alar lig*

10 capsule of lat atlanto-occipital jt

D60

11 longitudinal band of cruciform lig superior*broken in hanging

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transverse process of Atlas

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Cuboid = part of Os Tarsus / bones of the foot(Cuboid = large cubic bone of the tarsal bones b/n calcaneus and the 4th and 5th metatarsals, has a tuberosity and groove to support the passage of peroneus longus tendon of the foot)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

facet for lateral cuniform facet for Navicular facet for Calcaneus facet for 4th MT dorsal surface lateral surface facet for 5th MT groove for peroneus longus tendon facet on tuberosity for sesamoid bone in the tendon

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Articulations: with Calcaneus posteriorly with 4th and 5th MTs anteriorly Special cuboid shape with features large tuberosity on the inferolateral surface

aN eillcubo-calcaneal cubo-metatarsal joints underneath and to the side

C lateral / medial


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Cuneiform bones - wedgeshaped

There are 3 + 1 bones in the middle layer of the foot, broadening the sole from the heel for better weightbearing and balance. The Cuboid is the biggest and most lateral of the Cuneiform bones and spans across 2 layers.

Medial / 1st = the largest Cuneiform, kidney shaped at the base for the 1st MT

Intermediate / 2nd = the smallest Cuneiform - articulates with Cuneiforms on both sides

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Lateral / 3rd

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1 Medial Cuniform = 1st Cuneiform 2 Intermediate Cuniform = 2nd Cuneiform 3 Lateral Cuniform = 3rd Cuneiform part of Os Tarsus / bones of the foot Lateral / Medial


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C


ELBOW joint / humero-ulnararticulation, anterior / posterior

E BS anastomosies around joint from brachial, profundabrachii, radial and ulnar arteries NS musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar and median Ns (C5-7) A

flexion and extension -elbow supination pronation proximal & distal radioulnar jts at the wrist

1 Humerus 2 Radius 3 Ulna 4 head of Radius 5 neck of Radius 6 Trochlea of Humerus 7 Olecranon of Ulna

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Ear bones - Auditory ossicles see the A to Z of the Head & Neck

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Articulations: hinge jt Ulna hinge joint and Humerus inferior is the proximal pivot joint radio-ulnar joint

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Extended (Elbow joint -hinge joint between the Ulna and the Humerus only one dimensional movement)


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ELBOW joint / humero-ulnarjoint, lateral / medialFlexed (Elbow joint -hinge joint between the Ulna and the Humerus only one dimensional movement)

E BS anastomosies around joint from brachial, profundabrachii, radial and ulnar arteries NS musculocutaneous, radial, ulnar and median Ns (C5-7) A flexion and extension -elbow supination pronation proximal & distal radioulnar jts at the wrist

D68

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

radial collateral lig annular lig (covering the head of the Radius) radial tuberosity interosseous membrane oblique cord supinator crest of Ulna articular capsule lat epicondyle of Humerus ant band of Ulnar collateral lig medial epicondyle post band of Ulnar collateral lig Olecranon of Ulna oblique band of Ulnar collateral lig

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Articulations: hinge jt Ulna and Humerus hinge joint inferior is the proximal pivot joint radio-ulnar joint

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Ethmoid bonesanterior / lateral / medial / superior

E

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Ethmoidal labyrinth containing air cells (part of the Ethmoid sinus) continuous with the Sphenoid sinus 2 Crista Galli 3 Orbital plate of Ethmoid bone (part of the Orbital cavity) 4 Middle Nasal concha 5 Jugum of Sphenoid - Jugum Sphenoidale (Bridge connecting the 2 wings of the Sphenoid bone) 6 Perpendicular plate of the Palatine bone 7 Uncinate process 8 Ala (of Crista Galli) 9 Anterior groove (on the Ethmoid) 10 Posterior groove (on the Ethmoid) 11 Cribiform plate (entrance for the Olfactory nerve) 12 Vomer

1

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(Ethmoid = sieve light spongy cubic bone sitting b/n the 2 orbital cavities).


anterior 1 2

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Femur = Thigh bone aka LEG BONEanterior / posterior Articulations: with acetabulum with the hip superiorly / proximally with patella and tibia with the knee distally and only 1 bone of the lower leg 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 greater trochanter fovea on the head Head of the femur neck of the femur intertrochanteric line lesser trochanter shaft of the femur adductor tubercle medial epicondyle medial condyle lateral condyle lateral epicondyle patella surface of the femur trochanteric fossa intertrochanteric crest spiral line linea aspera medial supracondylar line intertrochanteric fossa popliteal surface lateral supracondylar line quadrate tubercle gluteal tuberosity

F

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(Femur = is the longest heaviest and strongest bone in the body)


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2 3 4 5 6

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Fibula = lower leg bone aka SHIN BONEanterior / posterior

F

Articulations: with Tibia superiorly Tibiofibular jt not the knee with Talus distally Talofibular jt lateral lateral malleolus side 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 styloid process articular facet for Tibia head of Fibula lateral surface lateral border anterior border posterior surface interosseus border medial surface Tubercle between articulations fossa for lateral malleolus fossa for Tibia (distal)

Fingers = Digits - see Hand and Wrist bones overview

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(Fibula = is a long thin lateral bone of the lower leg incidental at the knee joint pivotal at the ankle)


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FINGER joints = Interphalangeal joints (IP jts) + metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP jts)Bones of the Hand = Carpals (C), Metacarpals (MCs) & Fingers (Phalanges - P) + Sesamoid bones encased in tendons = 27 bones (foot 26).

F

The MCs are shorter than the foot Metatarsals (MTs) and the fingers much longer, as the functional emphasis is for gripping and fine motor skills rather than weightbearing. Each finger has a proximal, middle and distal phalanx, except the thumb (Pollux), which only has 2

NS median N for medial nerve for the thumb, index and middle finger, ulnar N for the little and ring fingers (C7-T1) A IP extension / flexion MCP flexion/extension, rotation, adduction/abduction circumduction 1 2 3 4 5 6

D76

palmer lig of IP joints collat. ligs of IP joints collat. ligs of MCP joints capsule for MCP of the thumb deep transverse MC ligs palmer ligs grooved for flexor tendons

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BS princes pollicis, radialis indicis, palmer & dorsal digital art. NO ANASTOMOSES ACROSS THE FINGERS hence blocking both sides of the finger will result in tissue death eg wearing a tight ring

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FOOT BONES overviewdorsal / plantar

F

Articulations: foot with Tibia - Talo-Fibular jt = lateral Malleoli foot with Fibula - Talo-Fibular = medial malleoli w/n the foot T-MT jts + MT-P jts = the arch of the foot IP jts = ball of the foot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 lateral tubercle of Talus medial tubercle of Talus trochlea of Talus neck of Talus head of Talus Navicular lat. Cuneiform intermed. Cuneiform medial Cuneiform proximal P of Hallux (big toe) distal P of Hallux (big toe) middle P of 2nd toe distal P of 2nd toe proximal P of 2nd toe metatarsals = MTs Cuboid facet for medial malleolus Calcaneus middle P of 4th toe middle P of 3rd toe Sustenaculum Tali of Calcaneus

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Bones of the Foot = Tarsal (T), Metatarsals (MTs) & Toes (Phalanges P) + Sesamoid bones encased in tendons = 26 bones (hand 27). The MTs are longer than the hand Metacarpals (MCs) and the toes are shorter than the fingers, as the functional emphasis goes from gripping to weightbearing & shock absorbing. Each toe has a proximal, middle and distal (terminal) phalanx, except the big toe (Hallux) which only has 2.


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FOOT joints = Intertarsal joints (IT jts)Bones of the Foot = Tarsal (T), Metatarsals (MTs) & Toes (Phalanges - P) + Sesamoid bones encased in tendons = 26 bones (hand 27).

F

The MTs are longer than the hand Metacarpals (MCs) and the toes are shorter than the fingers, as the functional emphasis goes from gripping to weightbearing & shock absorbing.

As with the Hand - IP joints hinge joints - flexion and extension only IT joints planar joints - slight gliding +rotation MT joints gliding and planar - slight gliding + rotation

NS deep peroneal medial & lat. plantar Ns (S1-2) A the actions of the foot joints are much more limited than the hand and are primarily to assist with inversion / eversion of the foot and weight dispersal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 dorsal intercuneiform ligs dorsal cuneonavicular lig dorsal cuboidenonavicular lig dorsal cuneocuboid lig plantar intercuneiform ligs plantar cuneonavicular lig plantar cuboidenonavicular lig plantar cuneocuboid lig

D80

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BS branches of dorsalis pedis, medial & lat. plantar arteries.

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see also Phalanges dorsal / plantar


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Frontal bonesanterior / lateral / inferior

F

Hammate see Carpus - disarticulated

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Frontal tuberosity -Frontal bossing Superciliary arch Supraorbital margin and notch Nasal spine Superior and inferior temporal lines Superior Orbital plate - pars orbitalis Frontal and Ethmoid air cells - Frontal sinus Posterior Ethmoidal foramen Anterior Ethmoidal foramen Zygomatic process Supra-Orbital notch or foramen Lacrimal fossa Metopic suture - frontal suture, Glabella Frontal squama Ethmoidal notch

aN eill

Description - Unpaired largest and very robust anterior bone forming the forehead - horizontal section forming the roof of the orbit.


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HAND and WRIST bones overview

The MCs are shorter than the foot Metatarsals (MTs) and the fingers much longer, as the functional emphasis is for gripping and fine motor skills rather than weightbearing. Each finger has a proximal, middle and distal phalanx, except the thumb (Pollux), which only has 2.

H

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

distal ends of forearm bones carpus or wrist bones in 2 layers MCs phalanx / phalanges, P = finger bones Ulna, distal end Radius, distal end Scaphoid (part of os carpus/wrist) 1st MC proximal P of thumb (pollux) distal P of thumb middle P of 2nd finger (index finger) distal P of index finger distal P of 3rd finger (middle finger) distal P of 4th finger (ring finger)

aN eill

dorsal Bones of the Hand + Wrist = Carpals (C), Metacarpals (MCs) & Fingers (Phalanges - P) + Sesamoid bones encased in tendons = 27 bones (foot 26).


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HAND (and WRIST) bones overview

The MCs are shorter than the foot Metatarsals (MTs) and the fingers much longer, as the functional emphasis is for gripping and fine motor skills rather than weightbearing. Each finger has a proximal, middle and distal phalanx, except the thumb (Pollux), which only has 2.

H

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

distal ends of forearm bones carpus or wrist bones in 2 layers MCs phalanx / phalanges, P = finger bones Ulna, distal end Radius, distal end Scaphoid (part of os carpus/wrist) 1st MC proximal P of thumb (pollux) distal P of thumb middle P of 2nd finger (index finger) distal P of index finger distal P of 3rd finger (middle finger) distal P of 4th finger (ring finger)

aN eill

palmar Bones of the Hand + Wrist = Carpals (C), Metacarpals (MCs) & Fingers (Phalanges - P) + Sesamoid bones encased in tendons = 27 bones (foot 26).


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Hand - Intercarpal joints = IC joints b/n the wrist and the fingersArticulations: main levels forearm with wrist wrist with hand hand with fingers sublevel within the wrist along the fingers Special thumb/pollux only has features 2 phalanges proximal & distal all other fingers have 3 (middle)

H

BS anterior interosseus C & MC branches of radial & ulnar art. and deep palmar arch rich aa NS ant post interosseus Ns (C6-8) A

sliding and gliding to allow increased wrist range of movement, radial and ulna deviation 1 palmar C-MC ligs 2 radial collat ligs 3 palmer radiate C lig 4 proximal IC lig 5* pisiohamate lig 6* pisio-MC lig 7 distal dorsal IC ligs 8 radial collat ligs 9 dorsal radiate ligs 10 dorsal C-MC ligs * Bifurcate ligament

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dorsal / palmar


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H

BS anterior interosseus, carpal and metacarpal branches of radial and ulnar arteries and deep palmar arch rich aa NS ant & post interosseus Ns (C6-8) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

sliding and gliding to allow for the fingers and thumb to increase range of movements interosseous MC lig dorsal lig of the thumb lateral lig of the thumb dorsal C-MC lig dorsal MC-MC ligs (inter MC) palmar MC-MC lig (interMC) palmar lig of the thumb palmar C-MC ligs

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dorsal / palmar Articulations: main levels forearm with wrist wrist with hand hand with fingers sublevel within the wrist along the fingers Special thumb/pollux only has features 2 phalanges proximal & distal all other fingers have 3 (middle)

aN eillradiocarpal / radioulnar C-MC MC- P IC IP MC-P jt in the thumb = saddle jt - hence additional mobility A. L. Neill

HAND JOINTS - Carpo-metacarpaI and Intercarpal joints = C-MC IC joints b/n the forearm and the fingers


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Hip bone = Innominate bone (unnamed bone) = Os Coxae(Hip bone - unnamed because it does not resemble anything)

Articulations/Special features - see Pelvic Girdle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13A 14 15 16 17 18 19

H

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ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine Iliac fossa Iliac crest Iliac tuberosity PSIS = posterior superior iliac spine Auricular surface / articular surface of Ilium with sacrum PIIS = posterior inferior iliac spine greater sciatic notch (enclosed with a ligament in life) ischial spine lesser sciatic notch ischial body ischial tuberosity ischiopubic junction ischiopubic ramus pubic symphysis pubic crest pubic tubercle superior ramus of Pubis iliopubic eminence AIIS = anterior inferior iliac spine

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lateral


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Hip bone = Innominate bone (unnamed bone) = Os Coxae(Hip bone - unnamed because it does not resemble anything)

made up of 3 bones ILIUM, ISCHIUM, PUBIS which meet in the Acetabulum -lunate surface

H

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1 ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine 2 iliac fossa 3, 4 iliac crest, iliac tuberosity 5 PSIS = posterior superior iliac spine 7 PIIS = posterior inferior iliac spine 8 greater sciatic notch (+ lig - greater sciatic foramen) 9 ischial spine 10 lesser sciatic notch (+ lig lesser sciatic foramen) 11 ischial body 12 ischial tuberosity 13/13A ischiopubic junction / ramus 15 pubic crest 18 iliopubic eminence 19 AIIS = anterior inferior iliac spine 20 post. gluteal line / superior gluteal line 21 ant. gluteal line 22 inf. gluteal line 23 Rim of Acetabulum n 24 Obturator groove 25 Obturator foramen

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sagittal plane - (looking into the joint through the fumer)


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Hip joint

NS gluteal, obturator Ns (L2-4) A

flexion / extension, adduction / abduction / circumduction, rotation 1 2 3 4 5 6 iliofemoral lig pubofemoral lig medial band of iliofemoral lig central band of iliofemoral lig lateral band of iliofemoral lig ischiofemoral lig

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anterior / posterior BS articular branches of: obturator, medial circumflex femoral, superior and inferior gluteal arteries


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Hip joint

NS gluteal, obturator Ns (L2-4) A

flexion / extension, adduction / abduction / circumduction, rotation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 iliofemoral lig pubofemoral lig ischeal ramus pubic ramus femur acetebulum-edge ligament of femoral head ischeal spine transverse ligament head of femur in acetabulum-cavity

H

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sagittal plane - (looking into the joint from inside of the pelvis) BS articular branches of: obturator, medial circumflex femoral, superior and inferior gluteal arteries


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Humerus = ARM bone (upper arm bone)anterior / posterior Articulations proximal/upper end arm with scapula distal/lower end elbow Special ossifies from 8 features centres 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

H

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head of Humerus / epiphysis anatomical neck surgical neck medial lip of intertubercular sulcus shaft of Humerus / diaphysis and nutrient foramen medial supracondylar ridge coronoid fossa medial epicondyle trochlea capitulum lateral epicondyle radial fossa lateral supracondylar ridge deltoid tuberosity lesser tubercle greater tubercle sulcus for radial N olecranon fossa

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aN eillglenohumeral joint = shoulder joint elbow = humerus + ulna + radius shaft, head, 2 tubercles, capitulum, trochlea, 2 epicondyles A. L. Neill

(Humerus = largest bone in the upper limb)


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Hyoid

H

Articulations: nil Special of interest in Forensic investigation rarely features broken unless specific pressure on this bone because of its site, acts to shape the jawline by supporting and bending the strap muscles body of hyoid greater horn (cornu) lesser horn (cornu) MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 4 Genioglossus 5 Geniohyoid 6 Middle Phayngeal Constrictor 7 Hypoglossus 8 Stylohyoid 9 Thyrohyoid 10 Omohyoid 11 Sternohyoid 12 Mylohyoid 1 2 3

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Incus see Auditory Ossicles in the A to Z of the Head & Neck

Inferior Nasal Concha see Nasal bones and cavity


aN eill

Description - Small U-shaped bone. Attached to the styloid processes via ligaments. This bone has no articulations -the only bone in the body - and is not normally broken in trauma, protected by the mandible / CHIN. It may be broken in hanging and strangulation.


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KNEE articulationanterior / posterior BS genicular branches of the following: femoral, ant. tibial and peroneal NS obturator, femoral, tibial, common peroneal Ns A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

hinge joint - flexion/extension slight lateral and medial rotation for locking and unlocking Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tibial tuberosity styloid process of Fibula soleal line lateral condyle of Femur

K

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KNEE cap = Patella

D

anterior / posterior 7 1 base 2 apex 3 femur articulation in flexion 4 femur articulation - lateral condyle 5 femur articulation in extension 6 area for infra-patella fat pad 7 femur articulation - medial condyle

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(the knee is the most unstable peripheral joint in the body)


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KNEE JOINT(the knee is the most unstable peripheral joint in the body)

NS tibial, N (S1-2) A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

hinge joint - flexion/extension slight lateral and medial rotation for locking and unlocking ant. cruciate lig post. meniscofemoral lig tibial collat lig medial meniscus tendon of semimembranosis oblique popliteal lig post. cruciate lig popliteal muscle arcuate lig fibular collat lig tendon of popliteal lateral meniscus suprapatellar bursa tendon of quadratus patella subcutaneous prepatella bursa infrapatella fat pad patella lig deep infrapatella bursa synovial cavity fibrous capsule transverse lig of the knee coronary lig ant ligs of the proximal tibiofibular joint

K

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BS genicular branches of the following: femoral, ant. tibial and peroneal


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anterior flexed

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KNEE JOINTposterior / lateral

BS genicular branches of the following: femoral, ant. tibial and peroneal NS tibial, Ns (S1-2) A

hinge joint - flexion/extension slight lateral and medial rotation for locking and unlocking

K

intra-articular MENISCI, CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS, structures 1 ant. cruciate lig 2 post. meniscofemoral lig 3 tibial collat lig 4 medial meniscus 5 tendon of semimembranosis 6 oblique popliteal lig 7 post. cruciate lig 8 popliteal muscle 9 arcuate lig 10 fibular

6082788 the a to Z of Bones Joints and Ligaments and the Back

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Transcript of 6082788 the a to Z of Bones Joints and Ligaments and the Back