6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide: Just to get you thinking! T/FAll bacteria are harmful! T/FOnly...
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Transcript of 6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide: Just to get you thinking! T/FAll bacteria are harmful! T/FOnly...
6 Kingdoms Anticipation Guide:Just to get you thinking!
T/F All bacteria are harmful!T/F Only animals move.T/F All animals are
vertebrates.T/F Humans are not animals.T/F Mushrooms are plants.T/F Viruses are living cells.
Section 17.3 - Domains and Kingdoms
• Today’s biological classification system has six kingdoms within three domains. The three domains are:– Archaea– Eubacteria (Bacteria)– Eukarya (Eukaryota)
• Organisms are classified into domains according to cell type and structure.
Domains and Kingdoms (cont.)
• Within the domains are six kingdoms:– Archaea (or Archaebacteria)– Eubacteria– Protists– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia
• Organisms are arranged into kingdoms based on cell type, structure, and nutrition.
(BACTERIA)
(BACTERIA)
Domain Archaea• Kingdom Archaea or Archaebacteria
– Prokaryotes that reproduce asexually– More ancient than bacteria– No peptidoglycan in cell walls– Diverse in nutrition requirements
• Most are heterotrophic• Some are autotrophic
– Called extremophiles because they live in extreme environments• Boiling hot springs, salty lakes,thermal vents on
ocean floor, mud of marshes where there is no oxygen
• So may or may not need oxygen to live
Archaea (Extremophiles)
http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/sfs/images/life_ext.jpg
Domain Eubacteria (Bacteria)• Kingdom Eubacteria – prokaryotes whose
cell wall contains peptidoglycan – a strong polymer of two alternating sugars– A diverse group that can survive in many
different environments and that reproduce asexually.
– All are unicellular– Some are:
• Aerobic (require oxygen) OR• Anaerobic (die in presence of oxygen)
– And they are either• Autotrophic (produce their own food) OR• Heterotrophic (get their food from other organisms)
Eubacteria
(Peptidoglycan)
EubacteriaStreptococcus pyogenes
Escheria coli
http://www.microscopyconsulting.com
http://lenta.ru/news/2005/09/30/bacteria/
Domain Eukarya
• Eukaryotes• Contains the following Kingdoms:
– Protista– Fungi– Plantae– Animalia
The Domain Eukarya (or Eukaryota)
Kingdom Protista• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryote• Unicellular & Multicellular• Autotrophic & Heterotrophic• Require oxygen (aerobic)• Reproduce sexually or asexually
or both• Plant-like – may or may not have
cell walls
Kingdom ProtistaEuglena
http://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/~olaveson/Euglena.html, by Mary Olavsen http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/
faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Protists/protists.htm
Amoeba proteus
Giant Sea Kelp
http://www.eco-pros.com/giant.htm
Slime Mold
www.genome.gov
www.pantransit.reptiles.org
Paramecium caudatum
Fungus-like
Animal-like
Plant-like
Major Groups of Protista:
Kingdom Fungi• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• Cell wall, chitin• Unicellular or Multicellular• Heterotrophic• Aerobic• Reproduce sexually, asexually or
both
Kingdom FungiShelf Fungus
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/fungi.html
Penicillium notatum
http://www.consilia-sa.ch/Francais/Analytes_A-Z/Allergenes/f_allerg.htm
Yeasts
www.sbs.utexas.edu
Major GroupsGroups Examples
Zygomycota Bread molds
Ascomycota Sac fungi, yeasts & molds
Basidiomycota Club fungi, shelf fungi, (mushrooms)
Deuteromycota Parasitic molds, athlete’s foot
Major Groups of Fungi
Blue-green “algae” or cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs
Spirillus (spiral-shaped)
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
Coccus (spherical-shaped)
Major Groups
Kingdom Plantae• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• Cell wall made of cellulose• Multicellular• Autotrophic (all do photosynthesis)• Oxygen required• Reproduce sexually, asexually or
both.
Kingdom Plantae
Plant DiversityBryophytes (non-vascular)Pterophytes (seedless, vascular)Coniferophytes (naked seed,
vascular & cone-bearing)Anthophytes (covered seed,
vascular & flowering)
Major Groups
Kingdom Animalia• Domain Eukarya• Eukaryotes• No cell wall• Multicellular• All are heterotrophic
–Digestion takes place inside the body.
• All require oxygen• Reproduce sexually, asexually or both.
Kingdom Animalia
Sponges
Worms
Insects
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Major Groups of Animals
Characteristic Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Domain Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote)
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cellularity (single-celled or multi)
Unicellular Both Multicellular
Nutrition Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Hetero- Auto- Hetero-
Reproduction(sexual or asexual)
Both(binary fission &
conjugationBoth
Both Protista are mostly asexual while animalia are
mostly sexual.
Special features and/or new adaptations
Cell wall with peptidoglycan.
Autotrophs have pigmentation.
Classified by shape, cell wall & movement.
Oldest and can live in harsh conditions.
Classified by cell wall & movement, lack of shape.
Fungi-like: Cell wall of chitin.Plant-like: Cell wall of cellulose.Chloroplasts & pigments.
Classified by movement & nutrition.
Cell wall of chitin.
Specialized cells.
Classified by reproduction
Cell wall of cellulose.
Specialized cells & tissues.
Classified by derived characters
Lacks cell wall
Specialized cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Classified by derived characters
Habitat EVERYWHERE BUT EXTREMES EXTREMES
MOIST ENVIRONMENT
MOIST ENVIRONMENT
LAND & WATER
LAND & WATER
Major groups or phyla
CyanobacteriaGram + / -
Salt-lovers &Methane producers
Fungi, Plant, Animal-LIKE
Molds, mushrooms, spore-forming, parasitic
Nonvascular, vascular/seedless, vascular/seeded (flowering or non-flowering)
Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
What About Viruses?
Why don’t we classify them?
Viruses are Non-living!• Viruses are nonliving strands of genetic
material within a protein coat.• Not classified into a domain as they are not
considered to be living due to the following:– 1. don’t exhibit all 8 characteristics of life– 2. no organelles to take in nutrients or use
energy– 3. can’t make proteins– 4. can’t move– 5. can’t replicate on their own – require a host
to do so
Viruses (cont.)• Origin: Viruses may have evolved from parts
of cells.• Structure:
– Capsid = outer layer made up of proteins.– Inside capsid is genetic material which is either
• DNA OR• RNA, BUT NEVER BOTH!
• Types: Classified by the type of nucleic acids they contain.– DNA Virus, example = smallpox– RNA Virus called a RETROVIRUS = HIV
Bacteriophage:CAPSID
This type of virus infects bacterial cells.
Virus Infecting a Host Cell