98% of all animals are invertebrates

EQ: How are animals classified into groups?

Vocabulary:

Classifying Animals

classify vertebrate mammal warm-bloodedcold-blooded reptile amphibian

2

Classifying Animalsearthworm

tiger

3

An earthworm and a tiger are both animals, but they are quite easy to tell apart. Animals are the same in some ways, but different from each other in many ways. Scientists classify, or sort, animals into groups to help them understand ways that animals are the same and different.

Classifying Animals

Vertebrate: Animals with a backbone (tiger)Invertebrate: Animals without a backbone (earthworm)

Two Main Animal Groups

4

Vertebrates

Invertebrates

You are a vertebrate because you have a backbone. Other vertebrates include dogs, cows, snakes, frogs, birds, and fish.

Invertebrates tend to be small because they do not have a backbone to support their bodies. Many invertebrates live in the ocean, where the water helps support their weight. They include soft animals such as worms, snails, sponges, and octopuses. Invertebrates also include animals with hard shells such as crabs, lobsters, shrimp, and clams.

Classifying AnimalsMarine Invertebrates

5

Classifying Animals

• Insects and spiders make up the biggest group of invertebrates. Many insects, such as cockroaches, have hard shells. These shells protect and support their bodies.

• There are many more invertebrates than vertebrates. Scientists are still identifying all the kinds of invertebrates that live on land and in the water.

Invertebrates

6

Insects

Spiders

Vertebrates Invertebrates

Mammals Birds Fish Reptiles Amphibians

Vertebrates all have backbones, but they are as different as frogs and elephants. This big group of animals is divided into five smaller groups, as you can see below. Vertebrates tend to be much bigger than invertebrates.

You and other humans are in the mammal group. Almost all mammals give birth to live babies instead of laying eggs. Mammal mothers produce milk to feed their babies. Mammals are warm-blooded, which means that their bodies produce heat. Thus, they can survive in very cold weather. Mammals have fur or hair that also helps them stay warm.

Mammals

Classifying AnimalsKinds of Vertebrates

• give live birth• mammal mothers produce milk• warm-blooded (bodies produce heat) • have fur or hair

Mammals

7

Birds are another group of vertebrates. They have lightweight, hollow wings, and most can fly. However, some birds cannot fly. These birds include ostriches, penguins, and dodo birds that are now extinct. All birds lay eggs and are covered with feathers. Like mammals, birds are warm-blooded so they can survive cold weather.

Birds

Dodo Bird History

Classifying AnimalsKinds of Vertebrates

• Light-weight, hollow bones• Most can fly• Lay eggs• Covered with feathers• Warm-blooded (bodies produce heat)

Birds

8

Fish live in water and breathe with gills. Instead of fur, hair, or feathers, fish have scales to protect their bodies. Most fish lay eggs (about 97%), but some give birth to live babies (about 3%), like mammals. Fish are cold-blooded. That means their bodies are the same temperature as their surroundings. When the water is very cold, fish move slowly to save energy.

Fish

Grey Nurse Shark (gives live birth)

Fish eggspiranha

Classifying AnimalsKinds of Vertebrates

• Live entire life in water• Breathe with gills• Have scales (no fur, feathers, or hair)• Most Lay eggs, but some give live birth• Cold-blooded (bodies are same temperature as surroundings)

WARNING: A jellyfish is NOT a fish. It is an invertebrate!!!

Fish

9

Reptiles, such as snakes, lizards, and turtles, live on land and breathe with lungs. They are covered with scales, like fish. Most reptiles lay eggs. Like fish, reptiles are cold-blooded. On a chilly day, they often lie on a rock in the sun to get warm. Reptiles tend to live in warmer climates.

Reptiles

Classifying AnimalsKinds of Vertebrates

Komodo dragon hatching

• Live on land• Breathe with

lungs • Covered with

scales• Most lay eggs• Cold-blooded

Reptiles:

10

Amphibians include frogs, toads, and salamanders. Amphibians live in the water when they are young and breathe with gills. You probably have seen tadpoles-young frogs-swimming in ponds. As amphibians become adults, they begin to spend more and more of their time on land. The tadpole’s tail begins to disappear. Soon it is a frog that breathes with lungs, not gills. Most amphibians lay their eggs in the water. A few kinds of adult amphibians have small scales. All amphibians are cold-blooded.

Amphibians

Classifying AnimalsKinds of Vertebrates

• Live 2 lives (first in water, then on land)• While living in water,

they breathe with gills• When living on land,

they breathe with lungs• Most lay eggs• Cold-blooded

Amphibians

11

newt

If you found a new animal, how would you classify it?

First, you would study its outer covering, if it is warm-blooded or cold-blooded, its way of reproducing, and other characteristics. Those characteristics would tell you if it was a bird, reptile, fish, amphibian, or mammal.

Lesson 1 review

1. Which animal is an invertebrate?a. sharkb. squidc. dolphind. whale

B

2. Which statement is NOT true?a. A snake is an amphibian. b. An alligator is a reptile.c. An ostrich is a birdd. A deer is a mammal.

A

3. Which animal is cold-blooded?a. penguinb. a polar bearc. an eagled. a salmon

D

4. Scientists classify animals bya. their namesb. their roles as prey and predatorc. their physical characteristicsd. what they usually eat.

Classifying Plants

EQ:How are plants classified into groups?

Vocabulary:

Vascular Nonvascular Fungi Reproduce Pollen Spore

12

Plants do not have fur, scales, or blood, so how are they classified?

Like animals, plants are divided into two main groups. Then those two groups are divided into smaller groups. In which group do daises go? Where do mushrooms fit in? The ways that plants get their food and the ways that they create new plants will help you classify them.

Classifying PlantsOne way to group plants is the way that plants get their food.

Vascular: having tubes to carry water from roots to leaves

Nonvascular: no tubes. They suck up water and food from the soil like

sponges.Cross-section ofcelery stalk

Hint: Most all plants are vascular.

Mosses

Hornworts Liverworts

Hint: Nonvascular plants are much smaller than vascular plants because much of the plant has to be touching the soil. They need lots of moisture to stay alive. 13

*Non = not

This rock is covered with a carpet of moss. Moss is made of tiny nonvascular plants. They need lots of moisture to stay alive.

Classifying PlantsWhat about Mushrooms?

Mushrooms belong to a group called fungi. Mushrooms, yeast, and mold are all fungi. Instead of producing their own food from sunlight, fungi get their food from dead plants or animals. Fungi break these things into tiny pieces. Then they soak up the food in the pieces.

Mushrooms growing on cow dung.

Lichen

Mold

14

Why do they get a category of their own?

Unlike most plants, they do not make their own food!

Classifying PlantsAnother way to group plants is the way that plants produce new plants, or reproduce. Plants reproduce in 3 main ways.

• By producing seeds or cones

• By producing spores• By growing from the part

of the parent plant These plants can grow from seeds or from part of the parent plant.

Pollen under a microscope

15

Plants that produce seeds first produce flowers with pollen in them. Daisies are in this group. Pollen is a special dust that helps plants reproduce. Bees, birds, bats, and the wind carry the pollen from one flower to another. Flowers that receive pollen then produce seeds.

Some flowering plants also produce fruit. For example, apple trees bloom in the spring. Then bees and other animals help spread their pollen. Each flower that receives pollen grows into an apple. The apple has seeds inside it.

In the same way, tomato plants grow flowers. Each flower that receives pollen from other tomato plants become a tomato. Inside each tomato are seeds that can grow into new tomato plants.

Pine trees produce cones but no flowers. These cones contain pollen. As animals and the wind carry pollen from one cone to another, seeds form in the cones. Some of the seeds drop to the ground and sprout. Soon tiny new pine trees are reaching toward the sky.

Plants Grow By Producing Seeds or Cones

Tomato Flower

Pollination

Photosynthesis

Some plants do not produce flowers, pollen, seeds, or cones. Instead, they produce spores. A spore is a tiny cell that can grow into a plant. Spores drop off the plant into the soil. There they begin to grow.

Most spores need to land on very moist soil. Otherwise, they will dry up before they can sprout. Some spores have a coating that protects them. They can wait until there is enough moisture for them to sprout.

Both vascular and nonvascular plants use spores to reproduce. For example, this fern is a vascular plant. The little dots on its leaves are spores.

Mosses, which are nonvascular, also use spores to reproduce. So do fungi.

Plants Grow By producing spores

Tomato Flower

Some plants can reproduce in two ways. They can grow from seeds or from part of the parent plant. For example, a new potato plant can grow from seeds or from the “eye” of a potato. Strawberry plants and some kinds of grass send out runners. A runner is a specialized stem that grows on the soil surface. When the runner touches the soil, it grows roots and a new plant forms.

Plants can Grow from Part of the Parent Plant

The next slides do not follow the Coach book, but you may need to know this information…

Plant Kingdom

NonvascularVascular

Seedless PlantsSeed Plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Horsetails

Ferns

Liverworts

Mosses

Hornworts

Plants are classified according to the ways they transport water and reproduce.

Plant Growth

Vascular plants can be divided into 2 groups – Seed Plants and Seedless Plants. Let’s take a closer look at seed plants. They can also be classified into 2 groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds but do not produce flowers and fruits. The seeds rest in hard berries or on woody structures called cones.

Angiosperms are vascular plants that produce flowers. The flowers make seeds as well as fruits to protect seeds.

Seed Plants

Lesson 2 Review

1. In which two groups does moss belong?a. vascular and seed-producingb. vascular and spore-producingc. nonvascular and seed-producingd. nonvascular and spore-producing

D

2. Why is a fern a vascular plant?a. It has tubes inside its leaves and stemsb. It has no tubes inside its leaves and stemsc. It grows from sporesd. It grows from seeds

A

3. Do spore-producing plants need birds and bees to help them reproduce?a. Yes, because birds and bees help spread their pollenb. No, because they have no pollen to spreadc. Yes, because they have no flowers. d. No, because they have no cones.

B

4. Which statement is true?a. The biggest plants are nonvascularb. The biggest plants reproduce by sporesc. All plants use pollen or cones to reproduced. All plants must reproduce to survive

D

Ch. 6 CRCT Review

1. A shark is a vertebrate because ita. is cold-bloodedb. has a backbonec. lives in the oceand. lays eggs

B

2. Newborn puppies drink milk because they area. warm-bloodedb. born with furc. mammalsd. vertebrates

C

Use the picture below to answer question 3.

3. How do you know that this animal is an invertebrate?a. It has a furry bodyb. It is a spiderc. It comes from an eggd. It is cold-blooded

B

4. In which group does a cherry tree belong?a. vascular and seed-producingb. vascular and spore-producingc. nonvascular and seed-producingd. nonvascular and spore-producing

A

5. Why are fungi nonvascular plants?a. They have tubes inside their leaves and stemsb. They have no tubes inside their leaves and stems. c. They grow from sporesd. They grow from seeds.

B

6. What do you know about the plant above?a. It is nonvascularb. It reproduces by sporesc. It reproduces by runnersd. It reproduces by seeds D