6. Ijeefus - Potential for Recovery of Resources From Food Market

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POTENTIAL FOR RECOVERY OF RESOURCES FROM FOOD

MARKET REFUSE: A CASE STUDY IN DHAKA, BANGLADESHFARHADUR REZA & MOHAMMAD FARZID HASAN

1 Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh2 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

ABSTRACT

Food markets in Dhaka include a variety of independent shops that sell vegetables, fruits, fish and meat. These

food markets generate significant quantities of organic solid wastes, comprised mainly of spoiled or unsold food stuff. It

has been well established that without proper management, organic wastes can create environmental degradation and

impair public health. This study investigates the potential for recovery of otherwise wasted resources from food market

garbage. The field survey that forms the basis of this study shows that about 90% of this waste is organic, material that

could support development and operation of a small- to medium-scale compost and/or bio-gas plant. In addition to that

electricity, animal food, and other salable products might be extracted from the waste stream with relatively little

organized effort. The paper analyzes the possible options for resource recovery at food markets and provides guidelines

in this regard.

KEYWORDS: Resource Recovery, Food Market, Organic Waste, Refuse-Derived Fuel

Received: Nov 12, 2015;Accepted: Dec 28, 2015;Published: Jan 06, 2016;Paper Id.: IJEEFUSFEB20166

INTRODUCTION

Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a great challenge in developing countries, in particularin the larger urban centers (Scheinberg et al, 2010). It is estimated that everyday 5.2 million tonnes of MSW aregenerated worldwide, of which 3.8 million tonnes are from developing countries (Cointreau, 2007). The waste indeveloping countries, particularly in South Asia, mainly consists of organic materials that are characterized byrelatively high density and moisture content, and low caloric values (700–1,000 kcal/kg). Great untapped potentialexists in South Asia to scale up innovative approaches in managing the large fraction of organic waste within theregion’s MSW streams. On average, 70% of solid waste generated throughout the region is biodegradable organic

mass with high moisture content. If uncollected, this waste creates odors and provides harborage for rodents,mosquitoes and other vermin. Even after collection, this organic waste is typically deposited with all other MSWin the urban areas and deposited in dumps or sub-par landfills. There the organics decompose through an anaerobicprocess leading to the emission of harmful methane gas which not only contributes to global climate change, butalso leads to increased public and environmental health risks. Alternative treatment methods such as composting,in-vessel anaerobic digestion, and the production of refuse-derived fuels (RDF) offer a more sustainable course ofaction than the “business-as-usual” approach of open dumping and unsanitary landfilling. These approaches alsoproduce value-added resources, including organic fertilizer and renewable energy, while generating environmentaland economic benefits. (Asian Development Bank, 2011)

Waste managers in both developing and industrialized countries seek to reduce the volume of MSW that

C a s e S t u d y

International Journal of Environment, Ecology,Family and Urban Studies (IJEEFUS)ISSN(P): 2250-0065; ISSN(E): 2321-0109Vol. 6, Issue 1, Feb 2016, 59-70© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.


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Potential for Recovery of Resources from Food Market Refuse: 61 A Case Study in Dhaka, Bangladesh


Table 1: Sample Size by Type of Market

Food Markets Sample Size TotalVegetable Fruit Poultry Grocery Slaughter House Fish

Kallyanpur 12 2 4 3 4 5 30

Karwanbazar 10 3 7 5 8 7 40New Market 5 3 4 3 2 3 20Source: Field Survey, 2014

Composition of waste (organic, inorganic) and waste generation rate (kg/day) of these three markets have bestimated on the basis of sampled shop waste data. The successful models developed by Waste Concern (2011)Bangladesh; Medium scale biogas and compost production from market garbage in Colombo, Sri Lanka by PractAction Technical Brief, (1998); Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI) developed biogas system; Microbial FCells (MFC) using food garbage to produce electricity by Moqsud and Omine (2010); the Manual for the slaughter of sruminants in developing countries by FAO (1985) along with other relevant literatures have been reviewed to analyze

potentialities of resource recovery from the food market refuse.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Waste Generation

Vegetable, fish, poultry, slaughter house, fruit, plastic products and grocery shops are usually found in the thfood markets. From those shops both organic wastes (e.g. Vegetable scrap, fish scale, fruit scrap, poultry, slaughterhowaste etc) and inorganic wastes (e.g. Polythene, Plastic etc) are generated every day.

Table 2: Waste generation Scenario of the Three food Markets

Estimated Waste Generation Rates (kg/day)

Kallyanpur Karwanbazar New MarketOrganic Waste

Vegetable scrap 212.5 11525.78 109.2Fish scale 168 1104 341.25Poultry waste 531.25 438.9 693Meat shop waste 138 922.42 39Fruit scrap 42 75.6 18.67

Sub-total 1091.75 14066.7 1201.12 Inorganic waste 105 998.4 27

Grand Total 1196.75 15065.1 1228.12Source: Field Survey, 2014

It can be estimated from Table 2 that total 17489.97 kg waste is generated every day from the three most popufood markets in Dhaka city.

(a) Kallyanpur Market (b) Karwanbazar (c) New Market

Figure 1: Quantitative Comparison between Waste Types by Weight Percentage(Data Source: Field Survey, 2014)


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62 Farhadur Reza & Mohammad Farzid Hasan

Impact Factor (JCC): 3.0965 NAAS Rating: 3.63

A noteworthy feature is that 93.5% (on average of the three markets’ data) of this waste is organic in nature. Vegetscrap, poultry, meat shop waste and fish scale are the principal component of this organic waste.

Figure 2

Vegetable scrap (81.94%) constitutes the largest segment of waste stream of Karwanbazar. Whereas poultry wacontribute in greater extent of the waste stream of Kallyanpur Market (48.67%) and New Market (57.69%). Fish s(28.41%) is another significant component of New Market’s waste stream.

Resource Recovery from Waste

It is observed that (Table 2); the generation of organic waste (93.5%) is higher than the inorganic waste in thfood markets. From this organic waste various resources such as organic fertilizer, biogas, electricity, animal feed other products can be produced. However, inorganic wastes can be incinerated to generate electricity.

Compost

Composting is simply the method of breaking down organic materials in a large container or heap. Thdecomposition occurs because of the action of naturally occurring micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi. Sminvertebrates, such as earthworms and millipedes, help to complete the process (Viktoria Blonskaja et al., 201Composting can convert organic waste into rich, dark coloured compost, or humus, in a matter of a few weeks or mo(Practical Action Technical Brief, 1998).In the process of aerobic composting from one ton of organic waste ¼ toncompost can be obtained and this will reduce ½ ton of green house gas emission as well (Waste Concern, 2011). Initismall scale compost plant (processing capacity less than 3 tons/day) can be introduced for every 3 to 5 food marketpilot basis and then this may be scaled up to a centralized medium scale compost plant (processing capacity 50 tons/for Dhaka city.

Biogas Production

Biogas is formed when microorganisms, especially bacteria, degrade organic material in the absence of oxygenfour steps hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis, as shown in figure 3.


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Figure 3: Anaerobic Digestion Mechanism of Organic Kitchen Waste forProducing Biogas (Zhang et al., 2014)

In such an anaerobic digestion process, the natural ability of microorganisms to degrade organic wastes exploited to produce biogas and a nutrient rich residue which may be used as a fertilizer. The main constituent of biomethane, is rich in energy, and has a long history of use by mankind. Nowadays, production of heat and electricity is of the major applications. As an environmentally-friendly alternative to diesel and petrol, biogas may also be refineproduce vehicle fuel (Åsa et al., 2004). Recent advancements in co-digestion of food waste with high-rate activated slu(obtained from municipal waste water treatment plant) yield stable methane production rates up to 1.53 Litres per Litrdigester per day (Vrieze et al., 2015).

Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI) has developed a biogas system for using food waste as feedstoThe following table states the particulars of different modules

Table 3: The Particulars of the Standard Modules

Particulars 0.5 m 3 digester 1 m 3 digester 2 m 3 digesterMaximum food wasteaccommodation

1-2 kg 4-5 kg 10-12 kg

Gas productioncapacity

~ 100 gm LPGequivalent per day

250-300 gm LPGequivalent per day

750 gm LPGequivalent per day

Space required 1 m2, open tosunlight throughoutthe day

2 m2, open to sunlightthroughout the day 4m2, open to sunlightthroughout the day

Source: ARTI (n.d.)

It is observed from the field survey that 5,453 kg organic waste have been generated per day from the sampshops of the three food markets. Therefore a biogas plant (2 m3 digester) with production capacity of 750 gm LPGequivalent per day can be easily operated by the wastes generated in these markets. A larger scale production capabiogas plant can be established and operated if a centralized and integrated sorting, collection and processing approachbe adopted.


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Electricity Generation

The Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC) use food garbage to produce electricity. A rectangular acrylic container (10 xcm) was used as the cell. The container is filled with well mixed food waste (120 g), leaf mold (120 g), effective mi

organisms (15g) and distilled water (80 g). The maximum generated power is 682 mw/m2 during the laboratory test of theMFC by using the food waste. The by-product of the electricity generation in MFC by composting method can be usesoil conditioner after further treatment which is another way to serve the agricultural based country (Moqsud and Om2010).

Incineration of the inorganic and incinerable fraction of the waste (e.g. paper/cardboard and plastics) yields RDThe minimum lower heating value (LHV) of RDF depends on its composition. Paper/cardboard has a LHV of 9 MJwhile for plastic it is 26 MJ/kg (Caputo and Pelagagge, 2002). Hence the LHV of RDF, if consists of 50% plastics and paper, is about 17 MJ/kg. As modern incineration plants generate electricity with a net efficiency of 18% (Gohlke

Martin, 2007), electricity can be produced from the RDF at a rate of 850 kWh/ton. A part of the remaining inorganics glass and metal) could be recycled, and the residues would be destined for sanitary landfills (Souza et al., 2014)

Recently a Joint initiative has taken by Dhaka City Corporation and an Italian company namely ManagemEnvironment Finance to generate electricity from the wastes. The secondary outputs from such plants are organic maand diesel. At the first phase 50 MW electricity will be produced which would be extended to 100 MW in second phThis electricity would be distributed through the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC), Dhaka Electricity SuCompany (DESCO) and Rural Electrification Board. Everyday approximate 5000 metric ton wastes are produced in Darea and DCC will provide approximate 4000 metric ton/day to this plant. (The Daily Inqilab, 2013) For this reason, DCCmay introduce integrated food market waste collection system to provide organic wastes to the electricity plant.

Animal Feeding

Food scraps for use as animal feed is an option that does not require much effort. Hog, cattle, and poultproducers are often interested in collecting food waste to use as animal feed (Sherman, 1998). The residues of orgwastes from the food markets being utilized in the composting plant and biogas plants can be used to cultivmaggots/worms which may be used for producing livestock feed (Cahyari, K and Putra, R.A, 2010). The animal bofrom the slaughter houses can be utilized to produce animal feed and fertilizer (FAO, 1985).Unused portion of fishes scales, bones, innards and dried fish powder are high nutritious feed ingredients of poultry. Egg and meat productiopoultry get increased by feeding this types of food (Roysfarm, 2012). The fish scales extracted from the Bonolota Fmarket (New Market) are being sold to a private fish feed producing organization. Similar approach can be adopted foother food markets of Dhaka city.

Allied Product

Slaughterhouse waste and fish scale are ingredients of different products. The following table states the usagethese wastes.

Table 4: Slaughterhouse Wastes and their Uses

Waste Type Usage

Blood Liquid Blood: as a source of serum for pharmaceuticals, and as albumin for theglue, textile and dye industries. Dried Blood: as blood flour; also as blood mealfor animal feed and fertilizer3.


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Table 4: Contd., Bone Bone is used in the manufacture of combs, buttons, cutlery handles, etc; other

uses include glue, gelatin and tallow3. Horn As hoof/horn meal for use as fertilizer, gelatin and glue; also for combs, buttons

and hairpins; objets d’art (including souvenirs and articles of tourist attraction) 3.

Organs andgland

Thymus, thyroid, pituitary, gonads, pancreas and gall bladder – forpharmaceuticals3.

Fish scale Copper removal from industrial wastes , production of protein rich organicfertilizers5, raw material in collagen-based products such as skin moisturizers,anti-aging creams, wrinkle removers, hand creams, cleansing gels6.

Source: 3FAO (1985);4Huang (2007);5Basu and Banik (2005);6MPEDA (2012)

Though the slaughterhouse wastes are very handy to produce various products (table 4); most of the food marauthorities are not keen enough to sort, collect and process these wastes properly. Haphazard disposal of these wastedepriving valuable resource recovery. The bones from the slaughter houses of the Kallyanpur Katcha Bazar are being

to a private organization which produces fertilizer, button and combs etc (field survey 2014). This initiative has twobenefit i.e supply of raw materials to the concerned manufacturers and economic benefit to the market authority.

Potential Resource Recovery from a Single Food Market

The following table shows the quantitative recovery potential of resources from organic wastes generated at oof the surveyed markets, namely, New Market.

Table 5: Projected Resource throughput from the Organic Wastes of New Market

Input Quantity OutputVegetable

Scrap

109.2 kg/day 27.3 kg compost fertilizer7, 620256 mw/m2

electricity generation8

Poultry waste 693 kg/day 138.6m biogas per dayCow Dung 24-27 kg/day 1 m3 biogas from 25 kg cow dung10 Fish Scale 341.25 kg/day Copper removal11 from 5000 m3 /day of industrial

effluents having a copper concentration of 2 mg/L,production of 136 kg/day of protein rich organicfertilizers12.

Source: 7Estimated on the basis of Waste Concern (2011);8Moqsud and Omine (2010);9Bijman (2014);10 TamilNadu Agricultural University (n.d.);11Huang (2007);12Basu and Banik (2005)

Proposal for Resource Recovery

Figure 4 depicts the resource recovery options from food market generated waste. Source segregation is critifor resource recovery as mixed waste contains low calorific value and sorting puts extra financial burden.


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Figure 4: The Proposed Model for Resource Recovery from Food Market Waste

To ensure optimum resource recovery and efficient waste management and recycling process; following polmeasure should be adopted.

• Collection efficiency should be increased up to 100% with a focus on source segregation. This can be doinitially on a pilot basis to serve as a demonstration activity for scaling up.

• Collection fees should be charged to shopkeeper who supply mixed waste or through haphazardly but exemthose that segregate waste (i.e., the polluter pays principle). Market authority should provide separate basketthe shopkeepers in order to segregate organic and inorganic waste.

• Community awareness programs can significantly improve segregation of waste at source. Public awarengeneration is a powerful tool for driving the system in a sustainable manner and a critical part of any wamanagement program.

• Technology selection should match the local context to ensure adequate operational capacity and markets selling waste by-products. For example, small-scale projects that generate biogas from sorted organic waste best suited in this context, as they require less investment, are easier to operate, and are a better fit to the types volumes of municipal waste.


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• Proper quality control and pricing are the key factors for scaling up compost marketing efforts. Unless compmeets the quality requirements of farmers and is affordable, it will not be bought and used. Similar policyapplicable for other products produced from food market refuse.

• Chemical fertilizers are typically sold at a subsidized price, so in the medium to long term such subsidies shobe reduced to create a more level playing field for compost. A co-marketing policy for compost with chemifertilizers would also make compost more competitive in the agricultural market. Engaging fertilizer companiemarket the compost is most effective, as these companies have an existing network of distribution channels upthe village level. Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) can boost up the marketing organic fertilizer.

• Capacity building of the local government and food market staff is essential, especially regarding plannintendering, technology, waste management system design, supervision, and monitoring. Creating centers

excellence within countries would help support improved capacity development.• Private sector participation can significantly reduce costs and enhance service delivery. Food market wa

management can be improved by leveraging the expertise of the private sector through public–privapartnerships. A private organization buys fish scale of New Market to produce animal food. The food marAuthority or Dhaka City Corporation can segregate fish scale, bones, horns, animal dung etc and sells to private organization to produce animal food, button, comb, fertilizer and so on.

• Inter-institutional coordination among Dhaka City Corporation, Food market Authority, Department Environment, Agricultural Institutions, Energy Departments and Private sector Entrepreneurs is critical

formulating clear and targeted policies and utmost accomplishment.

The above mentioned policy measures should be implemented in an integrated and priority basis. Figure 5 impliespriority of actions required for successful resource recovery from food market waste.

Figure 5: Action Priority Pyramid


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CONCLUSIONS

Dhaka City Corporation (north and south) has more than 87 enlisted food markets along with a number uncounted ones. It is observed from the field survey that each market generates an average of 5,830 kg food waste per

This figure may vary from market to market according to their sizes; however the most striking feature of these wastehigher organic content (93.5%). This organic waste is a valuable ore from which resources such as organic fertilizer,gas, electricity, animal food and other allied products can be extracted. Due to scanty and scattered initiatives, the citnot only being deprived of exploiting these resources but also undergoing adverse environmental impacts. An Integrand organized effort can ensure a sustainable system of food market waste management that would help protect the uenvironment and provide valuable resources to the city dwellers as well.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express gratitude to Kazi Abdullah Asad and Md. Ziaul Haq, graduate students, Department of Urand Regional Planning, Jahangirnagar University, for their sincere contribution in collecting data on food market waste

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