6. Future Propulsion of Automobiles EAEC ESFA2015

7/25/2019 6. Future Propulsion of Automobiles EAEC ESFA2015

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Future Propulsion of Automobiles

Professor Cornel Stan

West Saxon University of Zwickau, Germany



The car and the world



Future propulsion: internal combustion engine OR electric motor?

Sources: Bugatti; Daimler



LaFerrariSpark Ignition Engine

6262 cm³ / 94,0 mm × 75,2 mm

Compression:13,5:1 /Cylinders: V12, 65°

Power : 588 kW (800 PS) at 9000 rpm

Torque: 700 Nm at 6750 rpm

2 Electric Motors 120 kW (163hp)

Future propulsion: internal combustion engine AND electric motor?

Source: Ferrari



Automobile production per year and country

2001 2011 2016



05.12.2015

Sunset in Peking – on the screen!



Traffic infarct



The automobile of the future

Traffic density

fast acceleration / decceleration

Green house effect

CO2 emission minimized /recycled

Pollutants near zero



The electric car ?



Hub motor for car propusion: Mitsubishi Michelin, Honda

Sources: Mitsubishi; Michelin; Honda



BMW i3

125 kW / 250 Nm / 1200 kg

LiIon 22 kWh / 360 V

Range 190 km (NEDC)Source: BMW



Renault Zoe

66 kW / 220 Nm / 1503 kg

LiIon 22 kWh / 400V

14,6 kWh/100 kmSource: Renault



Tesla

310 kW 600 Nm 2108 kg

LiIon 85 kWh – ca. 1000kg – energy content of 10 liter gasoline

Range 500 km (NEDC)Source: Tesla



T o r q u e

P o w e r

C a r w e i g h t

S t o r e d e l e c t r i c e n e

r g y

0

1000

2000

3000

R e n a u l t T w i z y U r b a n

B e i j i n g A u t o m o t i v e C 3 0 E V

S m a r t E D

T h ! n

k C i t y

A p t e r a 2 e

G M

E V 1

G r e a t W a l l H a v a l M

3 E V

B e i j i n g A u t o m o t i v e

B A I C …

G e e l y

E K - 2

C i t r o e n c - Z e r o ,

M i t s

u b i s h i …

J A C T o j o y E V

B M W M

i n i E

R e n a u l t F l u e n c

e Z . E .

R e n a u l t K a n g o

o Z . E .

T o y o t a R A V

4 E V

V o l v o C 3 0 D R I V e E l e c t r i c

L u x g e n N e o

r a E V

F o r d F o c u s E l e c t r i c

M e r c e d e s B e n z V i t o E - C e l l

N i s s a n L e a f

B o

m o b i l

D e t r o i t E l e c t r

i c e 6 3

T e s l a M o t o r s R o

a d s t e r

B Y D e 6

0

150

300

450

0

25

50

75

0

100

200

300

R e n a u l t T w i z y U r b a n

B e i j i n g A u t o m o t i v e C 3 0 E V

S m a r t E D

T h ! n

k C i t y

A p t e r a 2 e

G M

E V 1

G r e a t W a l l H a v a l M

3 E V

B A I C C 7 1 E V

G e e l y

E K - 2

C i t r o e n c - Z e r o

J A C T o j o y E V

B M W M

i n i E

R e n a u l t F l u e n c

e Z . E .

R e n a u l t K a n g o

o Z . E .

T o y o t a R A V

4 E V

V o l v o C 3 0 D R I V e E l e c t r i c

L u x g e n N e o

r a E V

F o r d F o c u s E l e c t r i c

M e r c e d e s B e n z V i t o E - C e l l

N i s s a n L e a f

B o

m o b i l

D e t r o i t E l e c t r

i c e 6 3

T e s l a M o t o r s R o

a d s t e r

B Y D e 6

[kWh]

[kg]

[Nm]

[kW]

Relationship between torque, power, stored e-energy and car weight - examples



Influence of the stored electric energy on the car

Energy (Work) = Force x Distance

Force = Weight x Acceleration

conclusion: weight reduction!!

9 kWh = 100 kg L iIon Battery (= 1 Liter Gaso line)

Energy = Power x Time

9 kW (ca. 12 PS) x 1 hour

Battery Pb-PbO2 Ni-Cd Ni-MH Zn-Br 2 Na-NiCl2 Na-S Li-Ion

Energy densityfor 2 hours use

[Wh/kg]

20...30 40...55 50...60 50...70 80...100 90...120 90...140

http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:2june_2007_453.jpg&filetimestamp=20070606100339



The safety is determined by weight and volume

Wh t b t h ti ?

http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:2june_2007_453.jpg&filetimestamp=20070606100339



What about heating?



Deutschland

Großbritanien

Frankreich

Italien

NorwegenChina

Welt

0

20

40

60

80

100

Kohle Erdgas Wind Wasser Kern

4 3

1 3 ,

8 2

3 ,

3 3 2 ,

5

4 5 ,

4

1 3 ,

5 1 1 ,

9

7 6

, 5

1 5 ,

2

5 4 ,

1

1 4 , 8

9 8 ,

5

7 8

1 7 ,

6

4 0

2 0

1 6

1 5

A n t e i l a n E l e k t r o e n e r g i e

%

Energy mix in various countries – comparison of CO2 emission - electric-thermal engine

(same car)

99

188

171

5

89

115

0

50

100

150

200

250

Golf Diesel BlueMotion (1,6 l)

Braunkohle S te inkohle Kernk raft S trommix-EU(2007)

Strommix-D(2010)

C O 2 - E m i s s i o n

VW Golf Blue - e - motion



Reservoir mass / volume for an energy equivalent of 37 liter diesel fuel



Future cars - remarks

Development conditions: no space for more cars, no pollutant emission, not only electric



The future cars and their functions



CLIMATE

SAFETY

POWER

TORQUE

Automobile functions between requirements and limitations

AUTONOMOUSDRIVING

V i t f k t i t l



SUV SEDAN COUPÉ

PICK UP

CONVERTIBLE

LUXURY CLASSMEDIUM CLASS ECONOMICAL CAR

CITY CAR STATION WAGON

Variety of car markets: regions, types, classes

object ive and su bject ive acceptance

geographic, econom ic and ecologic condi t ions

size, power, com fort, price

Connect ability – specific conditions for automobile application



Connect ability – specific conditions for automobile applicationHardware: Temperature, Humidity, Vibrations

Software: Commande by voice and gesture – no disturbance of driver

Car -- Internet: Phone, Emails, Informations, Weather, Webradio, Facebook, Street View

Car – Traffic Light: Traffic Stream

Car – Workshop: Telediagnosis, Service

Car – Offers: Entertainement, Reservations, Insurances, Toll

Car – Car: Warning – Glaze Ice , Jam in Curve

Car – Command: Smartphones and Tablets on Board

Car – Traffic: Autonomous Driving – Steering, Acceleration, Brake, Stop and Go, Overtaking,

Blinking, Parking, Cruiser Control



Source: Daimler

Electronic networks of a car



PSA 2014: 50% of all Peugeot und Citroen series on a common platform

Source: PSA



VW MQB Plattform

Source: VW

M d S F d i l i



Source: Audi

Modern car structure: Space Frame and material mix

Future cars remarks





Functions and structures: Variety of forms, structures and materials,

strong proportion of electronics



Overview of processes, propulsion systems and energy sources for automotive propulsion



Propulsion

Sun

Water

Wind

EnergySources Air

Energy Conversionon Board

HydrogenHot Fluid

Alcohol

Gas, Gasoline, Diesel

Vegetable Oil

Energy Storage+ electric -

PbNiCd

Li-Ionen

Energy-Conversion-Station

Electric Motor

Direct CurrentThree-Phase-CurrentAsynchronous-Current

Synchronous-Current

Wankel

Thermal Engine

SI, Piston, DI, 4 StrokeSI, Piston, DI, 2 Stroke

CI, Piston, DI, 4 StrokeCI, Piston, DI, 2 Stroke

StirlingGas Turbine, radial

Gas Turbine, axial

Energy Conversion

Energy Storage(thermal)


Future Internal Combustion Engines for Automobiles



Future Internal Combustion Engines for Automobiles



Mixture formation and combustion within a piston engine- Simulation

5 Energiemanagement: Kombinationen von Antriebssystemen,Energieträgern, -wandlern und -speichern



Down Sizing small engine with additional cylinder activation or with super /turbocharging



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

l o a d

speed

5 kW

10 kW

15 kW

20 kW 30 kW 40 kW 50 kW

210 215

225

250

275

210 215225

250

275

Motor mit großem Hubraum

Motor mit geringem Hubraum

load/speed in city traffic

full load

[Nm]

[min-1]

Down Sizing – small engine with additional cylinder activation or with super-/turbocharging

large engine

small engine

Diesel engine – achieved limitation of pollutant gases in Europe



Diesel engine achieved limitation of pollutant gases in Europe

http://www.vdik.de/fileadmin/images/Arbeitsgebiete/Umwelt/Abgasgrenzwerte_Pkw_D

iesel_.jpg



Properties of conventional and alternative fuels for automobiles



Properties of conventional and alternative fuels for automobiles

APS-2002 /39

FUEL STRUCTURE DENSITY

3/ dmkg

VISCOSITY

(KIN.) cSt

FUEL

ENTHALPY

kg MJ /

STOECH.

AIR-FUELRATIO

Fuel kg kgL/

MIXTURE

ENTHALPY

Mixkg MJ /

OCTAN NO

/ CETAN NO

VAPORIZATION

ENTHALPIE

kg KJ /

HYDROCARBONS

GASOLINE

DIESEL

NATURAL GAS

(85-95% METHAN)

LPG50% PROPAN;50% BUTAN)

CmHn ( C8H18)CmHn ( C8H18)CH4

C3H8 /C4H10

0,72-0,78

0,78-0,84

0,141 (0°C/20MPa)

0,409 (-150°C/0,1MPa)

0,00079(0°C/0,1MPa)0,00235 GAS(0°C/0,1MPa)

ca. 0,5 LIQUID(0°C/0,5 –1,0MPa)

1,2

3,7

...

...

44

43,2

45

46

14,6-14,7

14,5

14,5

15,5

3,9

3,8

4,0

3,8

91-99

50*-54*

ca. 120

98

350

270

0,51 (GAS)

386

ALCOHOLSMETHANOL

ETHANOL

CH3-OH

C2H5-OH

0,792

0,785

...

...

20

26

6,47

9,00

3,5

3,5

106

107

1103

840

HYDROGENH2

0,009 (GAS)(-200°C/0,1MPa)0,071 (LIQUID)

(-253°C/0,1MPa)- 120 34,3 3,0 - 436

VEGETABLE ÖILSRAPSED OIL

RAPSED OILMETHYLESTHER

CmHnOpRi 0,92

0,89

68-75

6-8

37,6

37,2

12,4

12,5

...

...

40*-44*

54*-58*

...

...

DIMETHYLETHER CH3OCH3 0,00197

(15°C/0,1MPa)- - - ... 55* ...

EXHAUST STORAGE LUBRICATION OPER. FUEL BMEP KNOCK COLD START

GAS ON BOARD RANGE DOSAGE MIXTURE COOLING

COMPONENTS CHARGE MASS

Comparison fuel enthalpy – mixture enthalpy



Co pa so ue e t a py tu e e t a py

Hgem

METHANOL

20.0

6.47

DIESEL

43.2

GASOLINE

44.0

HYDROGEN

120.0

14.5 14.6 34.3 6.47 14.5 14.6 34.3

DIESEL

3.9METHANOL 3.5

GASOLINE

3.8

HYDROGEN

3.0

0

20

60

40

80

120

Hu

0

1

2

4

M

J / m ³ m i x t u r e

(AIR/FUEL)ST

FUEL ENTHALPY

(AIR/FUEL)ST

MIXTURE ENTHALPY

M J / k g F u e l

Bifuel cars – LPG / Gasoline



Source: Renault

Bifuel cars – CNG / Gasoline



Bifuel cars CNG / Gasoline

Source: VW

Layout of hydrogen powered automobiles



Layout of hydrogen powered automobiles

Quelle: BMW



Car with internal combustion engine adapted for variable ratio



Torque

[Nm]

Power

[kW]

0-100 km/h

[s]

vmax

[km/h]Gasoline

(100 %)97 53 13,5 165

Ethanol

(100 %)106 56 13 165,4

of gasoline / ethanol (flex fuel)

Quelle: VW

Ethanol: production properties utilization



Ethanol: production, properties, utilization

Production Brasilia USA

Source Sugar Cane Corn / Cellulose*

CO2-Recycling (well-to-wheel) 61 % /EPA 2011,USA/ 13 % / 20…30%

EEthanol / EProduktion 8,3…10,2 1,3…1,6

Price 22 Cent/l 30 Cent/l

Flex-Fuel Cars 12 Millions 9,3 Millions

89 % worldproduction in USA and Brasil*vegetable waste, in the future cellulose based ethanol from industrial waste (paper, wood, house

waste)/Cyanobakteria

Combustion Ethanol Gasoline

Consumption 1,568 l 1 lEmission CO2 2,356 kg 2,285 kg

H2O 1,44 kg 1,013 kg (≈ 1 l)

N2 8,452 kg 8,45 kg




Propulsion

Sun

Water

Wind

EnergySources Air


HydrogenHot Fluid

Alcohol


Vegetable Oil


PbNiCd

Li-Ionen


Electric Motor

Direct CurrentThree-Phase-Current

Asynchronous-CurrentSynchronous-Current

Wankel

Thermal Engine




Gas Turbine, axial

Energy Conversion





Propulsion

Sun

Water

Wind

EnergySources


HydrogenHot Fluid

Alcohol


Vegetable Oil


PbNiCd

Li-Ionen


Electric Motor



Wankel

Thermal Engine




Gas Turbine, axial

Energy Conversion


Car with electric propulsion



Car with electric propulsion

Source: Cadillac




Propulsion

Sun

Water

Wind

EnergySources Air


HydrogenHot Fluid

Alcohol


Vegetable Oil


PbNiCd

Li-Ionen


Electric Motor



Wankel

Thermal Engine




Gas Turbine, axial

Energy Conversion




Configuration of modules in a fuel cell car

Source: Chevrolet



Propulsion

Sun

Water

Wind

EnergySources Air

Time


HydrogenHot Fluid

Alcohol


Vegetable Oil


PbNiCd

Li-Ionen


Electric Motor



Wankel

Thermal Engine




Gas Turbine, axial

Energy Conversion


Range extender with gas turbine



– Jaguar C-X75

4x145 kW / 4x400 Nm

( 4 motors in wheels)

System power: 580 kW System torque: 1600 Nm

2 Gasturbines : 2x 70 kW

Battery: 19,6 kWh

CO2-emission: 99 g/km

Höchstgeschwindigkeit: 330 km/h

3,4 s von 0 auf 100 km/h

Source: Jaguar



Propulsion

Sun

Water

Wind

EnergySources Air

Time


HydrogenHot Fluid

Alcohol


Vegetable Oil


PbNiCd

Li-Ionen


Electric Motor



Wankel

Thermal Engine




Gas Turbine, axial

Energy Conversion




Hybrid car: propulsion by connected IC engine + motors in gear (two mode hybrid)



Source: BMW



Plug In hybrid: propulsion IC engine + motor / fuel tank + battery with external charging




Functions and structures: Variety of forms, structures and materials,

strong proportion of electronics

Propulsion / Energy: combinations of thermal and electric

propulsion modules, renewable energy sources



Luxury class: full hybrid – propulsion by connected IC engine + electric motor



Source: Porsche

Medium class: propulsion by compact IC engine / current generation on board by fuell cell



propulsion by IC engine

(combined spark-self ignition)

Current generation on board by fuel cell –

same fuel as for IC engine

City car: electric propulsion – battery



Motor Cooling UnitLi-Ion Battery

Charger

Electric Motor

Electronic Control Unit

Gear

Source: Daimler



Economic car: propulsion by small spark ignition engine with alcohol



Source: Dacia



conclusions

Conclusion 1: MOTOR



Conclusion 2: MOTOR and ENGINE



Quelle: Audi



EXPECTATION: whatever – but not 3D traffic

6. Future Propulsion of Automobiles EAEC ESFA2015

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