5.1 Abnormal Psychology

5.1 Abnormal PsychologyConcepts of normalityDiscuss the extent to which biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors influence abnormal behaviorEvaluate psychological research relevant to study of abnormal behaviorAnxietyhave a form of irrational fear as the central disturbance. e.g. post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder; panic disorder, social anxiety disorder; generalized anxietyAffectiveCharacterized by dysfunctional moods.Depression; Bipolar; Seasonal-affective-disorder; alcohol/drug induced depressionEating DisordersCharacterized by eating patterns which lead to insufficient or excessive intake of food.Anorexia; bulimia.

IB three groups of disordersWe will study one of these disorders (Anxiety, Affective or Eating) and assess from:EtiologyBiologicalCognitiveSocioculturalSymptomsPrevalenceTreatmentBiometical (drug therapy)Individual psychotherapyGroup psychotherapyCultural and gender variationsStudying AbnormalDiscuss the concepts of normality and abnormalityPgs 136-141Who decides what is normal and what is abnormal?What effect does culture have on interpreting behavior?How does different social settings change the interpretation of what is normal vs abnormal?If treatment is dependent upon diagnosis, how does one qualify the degree of behavior?Often it is a series of judgementDiagnostic manualConcepts of normality and abnormalityTrends in behaviorIntelligence and short term memory follow normal distributionsAbnormality is often defined as a subjective feeling of not normal anxiety, unhappiness, distress.When behavior violates social norms or makes others anxious??? Can this be seen as abnormality?

There are seven criteria that could be used to decide whether a person or behavior is normal or not:SufferingMaladaptivenessIrrationalityUnpredictabilityVividness and unconventionalityObserver discomfortViolation of moral or idea standardsRosenhan and Seligman (1984)Does the person exhibit stress and discomfort?SufferingDoes the person engage in behavior that make life difficult for him rather than being helpful?MaladaptivenessIs the person incomprehensible or unable to communicate in a reasonable manner?IrrationalityDoes the person act in a ways that are unexpected by himself or other people?UnpredictabilityDoes the person experience things that are different from most people?Vividness and unconventionalityIs the person acting in a way that is difficult to watch or that makes other people embarrassed?Observer discomfortDoes the person habitually break the accepted ethical and moral standards of the culture?Violation of moral or idea standardsSuffering, Maladaptiveness, Irrationality, Unpredictability:Deals with how the person is living lifeVividness and unconventionalitySocial judgmentOften fail to consider the diversity in how people live their livesObserver discomfort, Violation of moral or idea standardsSocial norms

Defining abnormality is not easyThe Mental health criteria: Jahoda (1985)The Mental illness criteria: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (American Psychiatric Association)Medical modelTwo Approaches to defining abnormal vs normalJahoda (1985) took a different approach They assessed the characteristics that we identify with normal behavior.Efficient self perceptionRealistic self esteem and acceptanceVoluntary control of behaviorTrue perception of the worldSustaining relationships and giving affectionSelf-direction and productivityThe mental health criteriaUsing Johodas criteria, how might you be perceived in other cultures?How would a behavior be perceived in different eras of time?Example sexuality (pg 138)

Evaluation of mental health criteriaThe DSM has classified transsexualism as a disorder. It is called gender identity disorder when people feel deep within themselves that they are the opposite sex. Many films have portrayed the lives of people who are transsexual.1. Should this de described as a disorder, as homosexuality was?2. What are the arguments for and against declassification?Be a thinkerChanging view of abnormal behaviorAbnormal behavior is of physiological origin Medical modelNeurotransmitters, hormones Can be treated with drug therapyPsychopathology psychological illness that is based on the observed symptoms of a patient.The mental illness criterionModel argues it is better to regard someone suffering a mental disorder as sick than morally defectiveGross (2002) cites misuse, due to diagnosing being influenced by culture or politics. (pg 139 examples)Today psychiatrist use classification system, designed to be more objective. More holistic approach which is biopsychosocial.Tomasz Szasz (1962) US psychiatrist was most critical of the concept mental illness, he argued that although some disorders were associated with disease of the brain, most could be considered as problems in living.Frude (1998) there are few psychological disorders that can be associated with organic pathology.Ethical concerns of the medical modelRead top page 140 and discussAre you shy?Discuss validity and reliability of diagnosisPg 140- 143Diagnosing is accomplished through clinical interview a checklist of questionsLimitations Information is only as good as the patient provides and the physician is listeningInformation exchange may be blocked if either the patient or the clinician fails to respect the other, or if the other is not feeling well.Intense anxiety or preoccupation on the part of the patient may affect the processA clinicians unique style, degree of experience and the theoretical orientation will definitely affect the interview.Diagnosing Psychological DisordersObservationBrain scanning (suspected schizophrenic or Alzheimer) Psychological testing (ADHD, IQ, personality tests)Other methods used to diagnoseAffective symptomsEmotional elements, including fears, sadness, angerBehavioral symptomsObservational behavior, such as crying, physical withdrawal, pacing.Cognitive symptomsWays of thinking, including pessimism, personalization, and self imageSomatic symptomsPhysical symptoms, facial twitching, stomach cramping, amenorrhea.ABCs of describing disordersIs abnormal psychology stagnant or is it continuously evolving?Does how we define abnormality change over time?Does abnormality reflect a social construct?Defining is not easy!Diagnosing the ability to identify a disease based on symptoms using diagnostic systems, a set of standardized templates which to base your analysis.Reliability different clinicians using the same system should get the same results.Validity does the system identify a pattern of symptoms that can be treated? (*this does not imply identifying cause and effect).Validity and Reliability of diagnosisOn being sane in insane places, Aim to test the reliability of psychiatric diagnosisMethod field experimentProcedure 5 men & 3 women tried to gain admission to 12 psychiatric hospitals. They complained they had been hearing voices. Seven of them were diagnosed with schizophrenia. After being admitted they stated they felt fine and they were no longer experiencing symptoms. It took an average of 19 days before they were discharged.Rosenhan (1973) revisitedHe then challenged that the institutions could not distinguish abnormal from normal, and said they would send in more confederates. They did not, yet the institution claimed 41 pseudo-patients were confederates attempting to be admitted. Conclusion it was not possible to distinguish sane and insane in psychiatric hospitals. This also raised ethical concerns on treatment.Rosenhan cont.,Beck et al (1962) the agreement on diagnosing for 153 patients between two psychiatrist was only 54%.Cooper et al (1972) NY psychiatrist were twice as likely to diagnose schizophrenia than London psychiatrist. DiNardo et al., (1993) assessed DSM III for anxiety disorders:2 clinicians - 80% reliability on OCD, 57% reliability on generalized anxiety disorders when assessing 267 individualProblem with generalized anxiety was how to interpret how excessive a persons worries were.Diagnosing woesLipton and Simon (1985) 131 patients assessed1st round of diagnosis89 schizophrenic2nd round of diagnosisOnly 16 of the original 89 were diagnosed as schizophrenic50 were diagnosed as mood disorder

What problems do you see?Diagnosing woesAttitudes and prejudice of psychiatristExpectations that certain groups/gender are prone to depression therefore you interpret as depression.Overpathologization the excessive use of applying expectations/stereotyping to create a diagnosis. Influences on diagnosingDiscuss cultural and ethical considerations in diagnosisPgs 143 - 147Stigmatizing the use of labels to distinguish people as different.Szasz (1974) Ideology and Insanity, argues people use labels such as mentally ill, criminal or foreigner to socially exclude people.DMS-IV has altered its approach to separate the behavior from the individual.Self-fulfilling prophecy people may begin to act as they think they are expected to.Scheff (1966) argues labeling could increase symptomsDoherty (1975) those who reject the mental illness label tend to improve quicker.Ethical considerationsin diagnosisPrejudice and discrimination scheme processingLanger and Abelson (1974) : video of younger man telling older man about his job experience. (see interpretations pg 143)Racial/ethic bias: Jenkins-Hall and Sacco (1991)Evaluation of African American and European American Women in depressed and non-depressed setting (pg 143)Conformational bias: clinicians assume there must be a disorder is the patient is there to see them. Rosenhan?????Ethics cont.,Powerless and depersonalization: Lack of rights, constructive activity, choice, privacy, as well as frequent verbal abuse and even physical abuse by attendants.Ethics cont.,Culture-bound syndromes disorders that appear to be culturally specific.Although many disorders are universal some are culture-bound specificExamples: shehjing shuairuo (neurasthenia) accounts for more than 50% of psychiatric outpatients in China. This disorder is listed in the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2) but not in the DSM-IV used in western society.

Cultural considerationsin diagnosisDiagnostic criteria for neurasthenia include: Persistent and distressing symptoms of exhaustion after minor mental or physical effort including general feeling of malaise, combined with a mixed state of excitement and depression.

Accompanied by one or more of these symptoms: muscular aches and pains, dizziness, tension headache, sleep disturbance, inability to relax and irritability.

Inability to recover through rest, relaxation or enjoyment.

Disturbed and restless, unrefreshing sleep, often troubled with dreams.

Duration of over three months.

Does not occur in the presence of organic mental disorders, affective disorder, panic or generalized anxiety disorder.neurastheniaNeurasthenia and depression: a study of somatization and culture in China.Kleinman A.AbstractThe author reviews conceptual and empirical issues regarding the interaction of neurasthenia, somatization and depression in Chinese culture and in the West. The historical background of neurasthenia and its current status are discussed, along with the epidemiology and phenomenology of somatization and depression. Findings are presented from a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College. Eighty-seven of these patients made the DSM-III criteria of Major Depressive Disorder; diagnoses of anxiety disorders were also frequent. Forty-four patients were suffering from chronic pain syndromes previously undiagnosed, and cases of culture-bound syndromes also were detected. For three-quarters of patients the social significances and uses of their illness behavior chiefly related to work. Although from the researcher's perspective 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illness problems (the psychosocial accompaniment of disease including maladaptive coping and work, family and school problems). These findings are drawn on to advance medical anthropology and cultural psychiatry theory and research regarding somatization in Chinese culture, the United States and cross culturally. The author concludes that though neurasthenia can be understood in several distinctive ways, it is most clinically useful to regard it as bioculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization) related to either depression and other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping.

42APA currently recognizes culture-bound syndromes by including separate listing in the appendix os DSM-IV (1994).Depression is common in western culture but appears to be absent in Asian cultures.Asian people tend to live with extended family and have greater social support.Asian doctors report that depression is equally common among Asians, but that Asians only consult their doctor for physical problems, rarely emotional distress.May seek help for physical symptoms associated with depression (fatigue, appetite disturbance, sleep disruption) but not mood issue.American Psychiatric Association (APA)Reporting bias may limit the validity of the data obtained in cross culture comparisons, as data figures are typically based on hospitalization.Low admission rates may reflect cultural beliefs about mental health issues.Availability of mental health care for minority groupsCohen (1988) in India the mentally ill are cursed and looked down onRack (1982) in China mental illness carries great stigma, thus only those who are severely psychotic are identified.How accurate are the comparisons?Marsella (2003) argues individualistic cultures expression of depression is affective, (emotional). In these cultures feelings of loneliness and isolation dominate.In more collectivist societies, somatic (physiological) symptoms such as headaches are dominant.The source of the stress and the tools for coping are different for each culture. Thus diagnosing is challenging as is treatment.Culture and depressionCulture blindness - the problem of identifying symptoms of a psychological disorder if hey are not the norm in the clinicians own cultureCochrane and Sashidharan (1995) : normality behavior assumptions are based upon white population; any deviation reveals racial or cultural pthologyRack (1982) if a minority of different ethnicity exhibits a trait that would be considered abnormal in white culture, it is assumed to be abnormal in the other culture this may not be true (example: hearing voices of a loved one as part of a funeral passage).Culture and diagnosisRead the passage pg 147 describing Anne and answer the following questions:Do you think this persons behavior is normal?Do you think it is dysfunctional?Why or why not?Apply your knowledgeDiscuss the extent to which biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors influence abnormal behaviorPrepare a list of 3 Abnormal behaviors - (http://www.mentalhealth.com/)Identify the Biological, Cognitive and sociocultural factors that influence the abnormal behavior.Prepare summary: Discuss the extent to which biological, cognitive and sociocultural factors influence abnormal behavior.

Evaluate psychological research relevant to study of abnormal behaviorSelect three psychological research studies on abnormal behavior and clearly identify the strengths and limitations.