PRIMARY AND PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES OF SECONDARY SOURCES OF

DATA COLLECTION DATA COLLECTION IN SOCIAL RESEARCHIN SOCIAL RESEARCH

Primary Data:Primary Data:

Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is Data that has been collected from first-hand-experience is known as primary data. Primary data has not been known as primary data. Primary data has not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective. Primary data has not been changed or altered by human Primary data has not been changed or altered by human beings, therefore its validity is greater than secondary data.beings, therefore its validity is greater than secondary data.

Sources of Primary Data:Sources of Primary Data:

Sources for primary data are limited and at times it Sources for primary data are limited and at times it becomes difficult to obtain data from primary source becomes difficult to obtain data from primary source because of either scarcity of population or lack of because of either scarcity of population or lack of cooperation. Regardless of any difficulty one can face in cooperation. Regardless of any difficulty one can face in collecting primary data; it is the most authentic and collecting primary data; it is the most authentic and reliable data source.reliable data source.

Following are some of the sources of primary data:Following are some of the sources of primary data:

Experiments:Experiments:  Experiments require an artificial or natural setting Experiments require an artificial or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collect data. in which to perform logical study to collect data. Experiments are more suitable for medicine, Experiments are more suitable for medicine, psychological studies, nutrition and for other psychological studies, nutrition and for other scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter scientific studies. In experiments the experimenter has to keep control over the influence of any has to keep control over the influence of any extraneous variable on the results.extraneous variable on the results.

Following are some of the sources of primary data:Following are some of the sources of primary data:

Survey:Survey:  Survey is most commonly used method in social Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences. Surveys can be conducted in different sciences. Surveys can be conducted in different methods like questionnaire, interview and methods like questionnaire, interview and observation.observation.

QuestionnaireQuestionnaire: : is the most commonly used method in is the most commonly used method in survey. Questionnaires are a list of questions either open-survey. Questionnaires are a list of questions either open-ended or close -ended for which the respondent give ended or close -ended for which the respondent give answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, answers. Questionnaire can be conducted via telephone, mail, live in a public area, or in an institute, through mail, live in a public area, or in an institute, through

electronic mail or through fax and other methods. electronic mail or through fax and other methods.

Following are some of the sources of primary data:Following are some of the sources of primary data:

Survey:Survey:  Survey is most commonly used method in social Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences. Surveys can be conducted in different sciences. Surveys can be conducted in different methods like questionnaire, interview and methods like questionnaire, interview and observation.observation.

InterviewInterview: : Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the Interview is a face-to-face conversation with the respondent. In interview the main problem arises when the respondent respondent. In interview the main problem arises when the respondent deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in depth source of deliberately hides information otherwise it is an in depth source of information. The interviewer can not only record the statements the information. The interviewer can not only record the statements the interviewee speaks but he can observe the body language, interviewee speaks but he can observe the body language, expressions and other reactions to the questions too. This enables the expressions and other reactions to the questions too. This enables the interviewer to draw conclusions easily. interviewer to draw conclusions easily.

Following are some of the sources of primary data:Following are some of the sources of primary data:

Survey:Survey:  Survey is most commonly used method in social Survey is most commonly used method in social sciences. Surveys can be conducted in different sciences. Surveys can be conducted in different methods like questionnaire, interview and methods like questionnaire, interview and observation.observation.

ObservationObservation: : Observation can be done while letting the Observation can be done while letting the observing person know that he is being observed or without observing person know that he is being observed or without letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural letting him know. Observations can also be made in natural settings as well as in artificially created environment. settings as well as in artificially created environment.

Secondary Data:Secondary Data:

Data collected from a source that has already Data collected from a source that has already been published in any form is called as secondary been published in any form is called as secondary data. The review of literature in nay research is data. The review of literature in nay research is based on secondary data. Mostly from books, based on secondary data. Mostly from books, journals and periodicals. journals and periodicals.

Sources of Secondary Data:Sources of Secondary Data:

Secondary data is often readily available. After the Secondary data is often readily available. After the expense of electronic media and internet the expense of electronic media and internet the availability of secondary data has become much availability of secondary data has become much easier. easier.

Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:

Published Sources:Published Sources:  

BooksBooks: : Books are available today on any topic Books are available today on any topic that you want to research. The use of books start that you want to research. The use of books start before even you have selected the topic. Books before even you have selected the topic. Books are most reliable secondary sourceare most reliable secondary source

Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:

Published Sources:Published Sources:  

Journals / PeriodicalsJournals / Periodicals: : Journals and periodicals Journals and periodicals

are becoming more important as far as data collection is are becoming more important as far as data collection is concerned. The reason is that journals provide up-to-date concerned. The reason is that journals provide up-to-date information which at times books cannot and secondly, information which at times books cannot and secondly, journals can give information on the very specific topic on journals can give information on the very specific topic on which you are researching rather talking about more which you are researching rather talking about more general topics. general topics.

Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:

Published Sources:Published Sources:  

Magazines / NewspaperMagazines / Newspaper: : Magazines are also Magazines are also effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other effective but not very reliable. Newspaper on the other hand are more reliable and in some cases the information hand are more reliable and in some cases the information can only be obtained from newspapers as in the case of can only be obtained from newspapers as in the case of some political studies. some political studies.

•Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:

Electronic Sources:Electronic Sources:  

InternetInternet: : information that is not available in information that is not available in printed form is available on internet in the form ofprinted form is available on internet in the form ofE-journalsE-journalsWebsitesWebsitesBlogsBlogs

Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:Following are some of the sources of Secondary data:

Other Sources:Other Sources:  

Personal RecordsPersonal Records: : Some unpublished data may also Some unpublished data may also be useful in some cases. be useful in some cases. 

Diaries: Diaries are personal records and are rarely Diaries: Diaries are personal records and are rarely available but if you are conducting a descriptive research available but if you are conducting a descriptive research then they might be very useful. then they might be very useful.

Letters: like diaries are also a rich source but should be Letters: like diaries are also a rich source but should be checked for their reliability before using them.checked for their reliability before using them.  

PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY

MISS. SWATI SALUNKHEMISS. SWATI SALUNKHE

THANK YOUTHANK YOU