500DR&FManual

GE Healthcare

Precision 500D® R&F System Manual

Direction 5184799-100, Revision 2Copyright © 2007 by General Electric Company.All Rights Reserved.

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DIRECTION 5184799-100, REVISION 2 PRECISION 500D® R&F SYSTEM MANUAL

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Legal Notes

LEGAL NOTES

TRADEMARKSAdobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Acrobat logo, Exchange, and PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated or its subsidiaries and may be registered in certain jurisdictions.

Microsoft is a registered trademark and Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

All other products and their name brands are trademarks of their respective holders.

COPYRIGHTSAll Material, Copyright © 2007 by General Electric Company. All rights reserved.

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Important Precautions

IMPORTANT PRECAUTIONS

LANGUAGE

WARNING(EN)

• This Service Manual is available in English only. • If a customer's service provider requires a language other than English,

it is the customer's responsibility to provide translation services. • Do not attempt to service the equipment unless this service manual has

been consulted and is understood. • Failure to heed this warning may result in injury to the service provider,

operator, or patient, from electric shock or from mechanical or other hazards.

Предупреждение

(BG)

• ТОВА УПЪТВАНЕ ЗА РАБОТА Е НАЛИЧНО САМО НА АНГЛИЙСКИ ЕЗИК.• АКО ДОСТАВЧИКЪТ НА УСЛУГАТА НА КЛИЕНТА ИЗИСКА ЕЗИК,

РАЗЛИЧЕН ОТ АНГЛИЙСКИ, ЗАДЪЛЖЕНИЕ НА КЛИЕНТА Е ДА ОСИГУРИ ПРЕВОД.

• НЕ ИЗПОЛЗВАЙТЕ ОБОРУДВАНЕТО ПРЕДИ ДА СТЕ СЕ КОНСУЛТИРАЛИ И РАЗБРАЛИ УПЪТВАНЕТО ЗА РАБОТА.

• НЕСПАЗВАНЕТО НА ТОВА ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ МОЖЕ ДА ДОВЕДЕДО НАРАНЯВАНЕ НА ДОСТАВЧИКА НА УСЛУГАТА, ОПЕРАТОРАИЛИ ПАЦИЕНТ В РЕЗУЛТАТ НА ТОКОВ УДАР ИЛИ МЕХАНИЧНА ИЛИ ДРУГА ОПАСНОСТ.

警告(ZH-CN)

• 本维修手册仅提供英文版本。

• 如果维修服务提供商需要非英文版本，客户需自行提供翻译服务。

• 未详细阅读和完全理解本维修手册之前，不得进行维修。

• 忽略本警告可能对维修人员，操作员或患者造成触电、机械伤害或其他形式的伤害。

VÝSTRAHA(CS)

• Tento provozní návod existuje pouze v anglickém jazyce. • V případě, že externí služba zákazníkům potřebuje návod v jiném

jazyce, je zajištění překladu do odpovídajícího jazyka úkolem zákazníka.

• Nesnažte se o údržbu tohoto zařízení, aniž byste si přečetli tento provozní návod a pochopili jeho obsah.

• V případě nedodržování této výstrahy může dojít k poranění pracovníka prodejního servisu, obslužného personálu nebo pacientů vlivem elektrického proudu, respektive vlivem mechanických či jiných rizik.

ADVARSEL(DA)

• Denne servicemanual findes kun på engelsk. • Hvis en kundes tekniker har brug for et andet sprog end engelsk, er det

kundens ansvar at sørge for oversættelse. • Forsøg ikke at servicere udstyret medmindre denne servicemanual har

været konsulteret og er forstået. • Manglende overholdelse af denne advarsel kan medføre skade på

grund af elektrisk, mekanisk eller anden fare for teknikeren, operatøren eller patienten.

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WAARSCHUWING(NL)

• Deze onderhoudshandleiding is enkel in het Engels verkrijgbaar. • Als het onderhoudspersoneel een andere taal vereist, dan is de klant

verantwoordelijk voor de vertaling ervan. • Probeer de apparatuur niet te onderhouden voordat deze

onderhoudshandleiding werd geraadpleegd en begrepen is. • Indien deze waarschuwing niet wordt opgevolgd, zou het

onderhoudspersoneel, de operator of een patiënt gewond kunnen raken als gevolg van een elektrische schok, mechanische of andere gevaren.

HOIATUS(ET)

• Käesolev teenindusjuhend on saadaval ainult inglise keeles. • Kui klienditeeninduse osutaja nõuab juhendit inglise keelest erinevas

keeles, vastutab klient tõlketeenuse osutamise eest. • Ärge üritage seadmeid teenindada enne eelnevalt

käesoleva teenindusjuhendiga tutvumist ja sellest aru saamist. • Käesoleva hoiatuse eiramine võib põhjustada teenuseosutaja,

operaatori või patsiendi vigastamist elektrilöögi, mehaanilise või muu ohu tagajärjel.

VAROITUS(FI)

• Tämä huolto-ohje on saatavilla vain englanniksi. • Jos asiakkaan huoltohenkilöstö vaatii muuta kuin englanninkielistä

materiaalia, tarvittavan käännöksen hankkiminen on asiakkaan vastuulla.

• Älä yritä korjata laitteistoa ennen kuin olet varmasti lukenut ja ymmärtänyt tämän huolto-ohjeen.

• Mikäli tätä varoitusta ei noudateta, seurauksena voi olla huoltohenkilöstön, laitteiston käyttäjän tai potilaan vahingoittuminen sähköiskun, mekaanisen vian tai muun vaaratilanteen vuoksi.

ATTENTION(FR)

• Ce manuel de service n'est disponible qu'en anglais. • Si le technicien du client a besoin de ce manuel dans une autre langue

que l'anglais, c'est au client qu'il incombe de le faire traduire. • Ne pas tenter d'intervenir sur les équipements tant que le manuel

service n'a pas été consulté et compris • Le non-respect de cet avertissement peut entraîner chez le technicien,

l'opérateur ou le patient des blessures dues à des dangers électriques, mécaniques ou autres.

WARNUNG(DE)

• Diese Serviceanleitung existiert nur in Englischer Sprache. • Falls ein fremder Kundendienst eine andere Sprache benötigt, ist es

aufgabe des Kunden für eine Entsprechende Übersetzung zu sorgen. • Versuchen Sie nicht diese Anlage zu warten,

ohne diese Serviceanleitung gelesen und verstanden zu haben. • Wird diese Warnung nicht beachtet, so kann es zu Verletzungen des

Kundendiensttechnikers, des Bedieners oder des Patienten durch stromschläge, Mechanische oder Sonstige gefahren kommen.

ΠΡΟΕΙΔΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ(EL)

• Το παρόν εγχειρίδιο σέρβις διατίθεται στα αγγλικά μόνο. • Εάν το άτομο παροχής σέρβις ενός πελάτη απαιτεί το παρόν εγχειρίδιο

σε γλώσσα εκτός των αγγλικών, αποτελεί ευθύνη του πελάτη να παρέχει υπηρεσίες μετάφρασης.

• Μην επιχειρήσετε την εκτέλεση εργασιών σέρβις στον εξοπλισμό εκτός εαν έχετε συμβουλευτεί και έχετε κατανοήσει το παρόν εγχειρίδιο σέρβις.

• Εαν δε λάβετε υπόψη την προειδοποίηση αυτή, ενδέχεται να προκληθεί τραυματισμός στο άτομο παροχής σέρβις, στο χειριστή ή στον ασθενή από ηλεκτροπληξία, μηχανικούς ή άλλους κινδύνους.

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FIGYELMEZTETÉS(HU)

• Ezen karbantartási kézikönyv kizárólag angol nyelven érhető el. • Ha a vevő szolgáltatója angoltól eltérő nyelvre tart igényt, akkor a vevő

felelőssége a fordítás elkészíttetése. • Ne próbálja elkezdeni használni a berendezést, amíg a karbantartási

kézikönyvben leírtakat nem értelmezték. • Ezen figyelmeztetés figyelmen kívül hagyása a szolgáltató, működtető

vagy a beteg áramütés, mechanikai vagy egyéb veszélyhelyzet miatti sérülését eredményezheti.

AÐVÖRUN(IS)

• Þessi þjónustuhandbók er eingöngu fáanleg á ensku. • Ef að þjónustuveitandi viðskiptamanns þarfnast annas tungumáls en

ensku, er það skylda viðskiptamanns að skaffa tungumálaþjónustu. • Reynið ekki að afgreiða tækið nema að þessi þjónustuhandbók

hefur verið skoðuð og skilin. • Brot á sinna þessari aðvörun getur leitt til meiðsla á þjónustuveitanda,

stjórnanda eða sjúklings frá raflosti, vélrænu eða öðrum áhættum.

AVVERTENZA(IT)

• Il presente manuale di manutenzione è disponibile soltanto in inglese. • Se un addetto alla manutenzione richiede il manuale in una lingua

diversa, il cliente è tenuto a provvedere direttamente alla traduzione. • Si proceda alla manutenzione dell'apparecchiatura solo dopo aver

consultato il presente manuale ed averne compreso il contenuto • Il non rispetto della presente avvertenza potrebbe far compiere

operazioni da cui derivino lesioni all'addetto, alla manutenzione, all'utilizzatore ed al paziente per folgorazione elettrica, per urti meccanici od altri rischi.

警告(JA)

• このサービスマニュアルには英語版しかありません。

• サービスを担当される業者が英語以外の言語を要求される場合、翻訳作業はその業者の責任で行うものとさせていただきます。

• このサービスマニュアルを熟読し理解せずに、装置のサービスを行わないでください。

• この警告に従わない場合、サービスを担当される方、操作員あるいは患者さんが、感電や機械的又はその他の危険により負傷する可能性があります。

경고(KO)

• 본 서비스 지침서는 영어로만 이용하실 수 있습니다 .

• 고객의 서비스 제공자가 영어 이외의 언어를 요구할 경우 , 번역 서비스를 제공하는 것은 고객의 책임입니다 .

• 본 서비스 지침서를 참고했고 이해하지 않는 한은 해당 장비를 수리하려고 시도하지 마십시오 .

• 이 경고에 유의하지 않으면 전기 쇼크 , 기계상의 혹은 다른 위험으로부터 서비스 제공자 , 운영자 혹은 환자에게 위해를 가할 수 있습니다 .

BRDINJUMS(LV)

• Šī apkalpes rokasgrāmata ir pieejama tikai angļu valodā. • Ja klienta apkalpes sniedzējam nepieciešama informācija citā valodā,

nevis angļu, klienta pienākums ir nodrošināt tulkošanu. • Neveiciet aprīkojuma apkalpi bez apkalpes rokasgrāmatas izlasīšanas

un saprašanas. • Šī brīdinājuma neievērošana var radīt elektriskās strāvas trieciena,

mehānisku vai citu risku izraisītu traumu apkalpes sniedzējam, operatoram vai pacientam.

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ĮSPĖJIMAS(LT)

• Šis eksploatavimo vadovas yra prieinamas tik anglų kalba. • Jei kliento paslaugų tiekėjas reikalauja vadovo kita kalba – ne anglų,

numatyti vertimo paslaugas yra kliento atsakomybė. • Nemėginkite atlikti įrangos techninės priežiūros, nebent atsižvelgėte į šį

eksploatavimo vadovą ir jį supratote. • Jei neatkreipsite dėmesio į šį perspėjimą, galimi sužalojimai dėl elektros

šoko, mechaninių ar kitų pavojų paslaugų tiekėjui, operatoriui ar pacientui.

ADVARSEL(NO)

• Denne servicehåndboken finnes bare på engelsk. • Hvis kundens serviceleverandør trenger et annet språk, er det kundens

ansvar å sørge for oversettelse. • Ikke forsøk å reparere utstyret uten at denne servicehåndboken er lest

og forstått. • Manglende hensyn til denne advarselen kan føre til at

serviceleverandøren, operatøren eller pasienten skades på grunn av elektrisk støt, mekaniske eller andre farer.

OSTRZEŻENIE(PL)

• Niniejszy podręcznik serwisowy dostępny jest jedynie w języku angielskim.

• Jeśli dostawca usług klienta wymaga języka innego niż angielski, zapewnienie usługi tłumaczenia jest obowiązkiem klienta.

• Nie próbować serwisować wyposażenia bez zapoznania się i zrozumienia niniejszego podręcznika serwisowego.

• Niezastosowanie się do tego ostrzeżenia może spowodować urazy dostawcy usług, operatora lub pacjenta w wyniku porażenia elektrycznego, zagrożenia mechanicznego bądź innego.

ATENÇÃO(PT)

• Este manual de assistência técnica só se encontra disponível em inglês.

• Se qualquer outro serviço de assistência técnica solicitar estes manuais noutro idioma, é da responsabilidade do cliente fornecer os serviços de tradução.

• Não tente consertar o equipamento sem ter consultado ecompreendido este manual de assistência técnica.

• O não cumprimento deste aviso pode pôr em perigo a segurança do técnico, do operador ou do paciente devido a choques elétricos, mecânicos ou outros.

ATENŢIE(RO)

• Acest manual de service este disponibil numai în limba engleză. • Dacă un furnizor de servicii pentru clienţi necesită o altă limbă decât

cea engleză, este de datoria clientului să furnizeze o traducere. • Nu încercaţi să reparaţi echipamentul decât ulterior consultării şi

înţelegerii acestui manual de service. • Ignorarea acestui avertisment ar putea duce la rănirea depanatorului,

operatorului sau pacientului în urma pericolelor de electrocutare, mecanice sau de altă natură.

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ОСТОРОЖНО!(RU)

• Данное руководство по обслуживанию предлагается только на английском языке.

• Если сервисному персоналу клиента необходимо руководство не на английском, а на каком-то другом языке, клиенту следует самостоятельно обеспечить перевод.

• Перед обслуживанием оборудования обязательно обратитесь к данному руководству и поймите изложенные в нем сведения.

• Несоблюдение требований данного предупреждения может привести к тому, что специалист по обслуживанию, оператор или пациент получат удар электрическим током, механическую травму или другое повреждение.

UPOZORNENIE(SK)

• Tento návod na obsluhu je k dispozícii len v angličtine. • Ak zákazníkov poskytovateľ služieb vyžaduje iný jazyk ako angličtinu,

poskytnutie prekladateľských služieb je zodpovednos″ou zákazníka. • Nepokúšajte sa o obsluhu zariadenia skôr, ako si neprečítate návod na

obluhu a neporozumiete mu. • Zanedbanie tohto upozornenia môže vyústi″ do zranenia poskytovateľa

služieb, obsluhujúcej osoby alebo pacienta elektrickým prúdom, do mechanického alebo iného nebezpečenstva.

ATENCION(ES)

• Este manual de servicio sólo existe en inglés. • Si el encargado de mantenimiento de un cliente necesita un idioma que

no sea el inglés, el cliente deberá encargarse de la traducción del manual.

• No se deberá dar servicio técnico al equipo, sin haber consultado y comprendido este manual de servicio.

• La no observancia del presente aviso puede dar lugar a que el proveedor de servicios, el operador o el paciente sufran lesiones provocadas por causas eléctricas, mecánicas o de otra naturaleza.

VARNING(SV)

• Den här servicehandboken finns bara tillgänglig på engelska. • Om en kunds servicetekniker har behov av ett annat språk än engelska

ansvarar kunden för att tillhandahålla översättningstjänster. • Försök inte utföra service på utrustningen om du inte har läst och förstår

den här servicehandboken. • Om du inte tar hänsyn till den här varningen kan det resultera i skador

på serviceteknikern, operatören eller patienten till följd av elektriska stötar, mekaniska faror eller andra faror.

DIKKAT(TR)

• Bu servis kilavuzunun sadece ingilizcesi mevcuttur. • Eğer müşteri teknisyeni bu kilavuzu ingilizce dişinda bir başka lisandan

talep ederse, bunu tercüme ettirmek müşteriye düşer. • Servis kilavuzunu okuyup anlamadan ekipmanlara müdahale etmeyiniz. • Bu uyariya uyulmamasi, elektrik, mekanik veya diğer tehlikelerden

dolayi teknisyen, operatör veya hastanin yaralanmasina yol açabilir.

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DAMAGE IN TRANSPORTATIONAll packages should be closely examined at time of delivery. If damage is apparent, have notation “damage in shipment” written on all copies of the freight or express bill before delivery is accepted or “signed for” by a General Electric representative or a hospital receiving agent. Whether noted or concealed, damage MUST be reported to the carrier immediately upon discovery, or in any event, within 14 days after receipt, and the contents and containers held for inspection by the carrier. A transportation company will not pay a claim for damage if an inspection is not requested within this 14 day period.To file a report:• Call 1-800-548-3366 and use option 8.• Fill out a report on http://egems.med.ge.com/edq/home.jsp• Contact your local service coordinator for more information on this process.Rev. Jan. 5, 2005

CERTIFIED ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR STATEMENTAll electrical Installations that are preliminary to positioning of the equipment at the site prepared for the equipment shall be performed by licensed electrical contractors. In addition, electrical feeds into the Power Distribution Unit shall be performed by licensed electrical contractors. Other connections between pieces of electrical equipment, calibrations and testing shall be performed by qualified GE Medical personnel. The products involved (and the accompanying electrical installations) are highly sophisticated, and special engineering competence is required. In performing all electrical work on these products, GE will use its own specially trained field engineers. All of GE’s electrical work on these products will comply with the requirements of the applicable electrical codes.The purchaser of GE equipment shall only utilize qualified personnel (i.e., GE’s field engineers, personnel of third-party service companies with equivalent training, or licensed electricians) to perform electrical servicing on the equipment.

IMPORTANT...X-RAY PROTECTIONX-ray equipment if not properly used may cause injury. Accordingly, the instructions herein contained should be thoroughly read and understood by everyone who will use the equipment before you attempt to place this equipment in operation. The General Electric Company, Medical Systems Group, will be glad to assist and cooperate in placing this equipment in use.Although this apparatus incorporates a high degree of protection against x-radiation other than the useful beam, no practical design of equipment can provide complete protection. Nor can any practical design compel the operator to take adequate precautions to prevent the possibility of any persons carelessly exposing themselves or others to radiation.It is important that anyone having anything to do with x-radiation be properly trained and fully acquainted with the recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements as published in NCRP Reports available from NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Room 1016, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, and of the International Commission on Radiation Protection, and take adequate steps to protect against injury.The equipment is sold with the understanding that the General Electric Company, Medical Systems Group, its agents, and representatives have no responsibility for injury or damage which may result from improper use of the equipment.Various protective materials and devices are available. It is urged that such materials or devices be used.

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LITHIUM BATTERY CAUTIONARY STATEMENTSCAUTION Risk of Explosion.

Danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced.Replace only with the same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacturer. Discard used batteries according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

ATTENTION Danger d’ExplosionIl y a danger d’explosion s’il y a replacement incorrect de la batterie. Remplacer uniquement avec une batterie du même type ou d’un type recommandé par le constructeur. Mettre au rébut les batteries usagées conformément aux instructions du fabricant.

OMISSIONS & ERRORSCustomers, please contact your GE Sales or Service representatives. GE personnel, please use the Healthcare PQR Process to report all omissions, errors, and defects in this publication.

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Revision History

Revision History

Revision Date Reason for change

1 Oct. 27, 2006 Initial draft.

2 03DEC2008 Chapter 2, Sections 3.3.1.16 and 3.3.1.17: Added references to Saturn V2 circuit board.

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Revision History


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List of Effected Pages


PAGES REVISION PAGES REVISION1 through 320 2

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Table of Contents

Table of ContentsPrefacePublication Conventions ...................................................................................... 19

Section 1.0Safety & Hazard Information ........................................................................... 191.1 Hazard Messages............................................................................................................ 191.2 Text Format of Signal Words ........................................................................................... 191.3 Symbols and Pictorials Used ........................................................................................... 20

Section 2.0Publication Conventions ................................................................................. 212.1 General Paragraph and Character Styles........................................................................ 212.2 Page Layout..................................................................................................................... 212.3 Computer Screen Output/Input Text Character Styles .................................................... 222.4 Buttons, Switches and Keyboard Inputs (Hard & Soft Keys) ........................................... 22

Chapter 1 System Overview & Safety.................................................................. 23

Section 1.0Features ............................................................................................................ 231.1 Product Overview ............................................................................................................ 231.2 Acquisition Modes............................................................................................................ 23

Section 2.0System Components........................................................................................ 24

Chapter 2 Theory of System Operation............................................................... 27

Section 1.0Systems Cabinet .............................................................................................. 271.1 Components .................................................................................................................... 271.2 Systems Cabinet Internal Connections............................................................................ 271.3 Applications Software ...................................................................................................... 271.4 Digital System “Saturn”.................................................................................................... 281.5 Accessory Rack ............................................................................................................... 321.6 X-Ray “Generator” ........................................................................................................... 321.7 AC/DC Unit ...................................................................................................................... 371.8 Power Distribution Unit (PDU) ......................................................................................... 38

Section 2.0Generator “Jedi” .............................................................................................. 452.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 452.2 Technology Overview ...................................................................................................... 472.3 Functional Description ..................................................................................................... 642.4 Block Diagrams................................................................................................................ 712.5 Switches, Jumpers and LEDS ......................................................................................... 92

Section 3.0Imaging System.............................................................................................. 1023.1 Overview........................................................................................................................ 102

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Table of Contents

3.2 CCD Camera................................................................................................................. 1043.3 Imaging Chain ............................................................................................................... 106

Section 4.0Positioning System ........................................................................................ 1114.1 Positioner Cabinet......................................................................................................... 1114.2 Application (Saber) Software ........................................................................................ 1144.3 Movement Functions..................................................................................................... 114

Section 5.0System Communications............................................................................... 1265.1 CAN Bus ....................................................................................................................... 1265.2 Ethernet......................................................................................................................... 130

Section 6.0System Interconnects .................................................................................... 1316.1 System Communications .............................................................................................. 1316.2 Power Distribution ......................................................................................................... 132

Section 7.0Overhead Tube Suspension (OTS) ............................................................... 1337.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1337.2 Console ......................................................................................................................... 1347.3 Carriage ........................................................................................................................ 1347.4 Collimator ...................................................................................................................... 1357.5 OTS Counterpoise Theory of Operation ....................................................................... 136

Chapter 3 MX100 Tube Specifications “Jedi 80RF2T” .................................... 141

Section 1.0Introduction..................................................................................................... 141

Section 2.0Parameters ...................................................................................................... 141

Section 3.0kW Rating - Track protection......................................................................... 1413.1 Small Focus (0.6), High Speed (10000rpm).................................................................. 1423.2 Large Focus (1.0), High Speed (10000rpm) ................................................................. 143

Section 4.0Casing Protection........................................................................................... 144

Section 5.0Anode Protection............................................................................................ 1445.1 Heat Capacity................................................................................................................ 1445.2 Anode cooling Curve..................................................................................................... 144

Section 6.0Filament protection ........................................................................................ 1456.1 mA limitation at low kV .................................................................................................. 1456.2 Max mA ......................................................................................................................... 1466.3 Filament Drive Level ..................................................................................................... 146

Glossary of Acroymns & Their Meaning.......................................................... 147

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Preface

PrefacePublication Conventions

Standardized conventions for representing information is a uniform way of communicating information to a reader in a consistent manner. Conventions are used so that the reader can easily recognize the actions or decisions that must be made. There are a number of character and paragraph styles used in this publication to accomplish this task. Please become familiar with them before proceeding forward.

It’s important that you read and understand hazard statements, and not just ignore them.

Section 1.0Safety & Hazard Information

Proper product safety labeling allows a person to safely use or service a product. The format and style for safety communications reflected in this publication represents the harmonization of IEC/ISO 3864 and ANSI Z535 standards.

Within this publication, different paragraph and character styles are used to indicated potential hazards. Paragraph prefixes, such as hazard, caution, danger and warning, are used to identify important safety information. Text (Hazard) styles are applied to the paragraph contents that are applicable to each specific safety statement.

1.1 Hazard Messages

Any action that will, could or potentially cause personal injury will be preceded by the safety alert symbol and an appropriate signal word. The safety alert symbol is the triangle with an exclamation mark within it. It’s always used next to the signal word to indicate the severity of the hazard. Together, they are used to indicate a hazard exists.

Signal words describe the severity of possible human injures that may be encountered. The alert symbol and signal word are placed immediately before any paragraph they affect. Safety information includes:

1.) Signal Word - The seriousness level of the hazard.

2.) Symbol or Pictorial - The consequence of interaction with the hazard.

3.) Word Message:

a.) The nature of the hazard (i.e. the type of hazard)

b.) How to avoid the hazard.

The safety alert symbol is not used when an action can only cause equipment damage.

1.2 Text Format of Signal Words

DANGER - INDICATES AN IMMINENTLY HAZARDOUS SITUATION WHICH, IF NOT AVOIDED, WILL RESULT IN DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY. THIS SIGNAL WORD IS TO BE LIMITED TO THE MOST EXTREME SITUATIONS. WARNING - INDICATES A POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS SITUATION WHICH, IF NOT AVOIDED, COULD RESULT IN DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY. Caution - Indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. It may also be used to alert against unsafe practices.

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Preface

NOTICE - Indicates information or a company policy that relates directly or indirectly to the safety of personnel or protection of property. This signal word is associated directly with a hazard or hazardous situation and is used in place of 'DANGER,' 'WARNING,' or 'CAUTION.' It can include:

• Destruction of a disk drive

• Potential for internal mechanical damage, such as to a X-ray tube

1.3 Symbols and Pictorials Used

The following Symbols and Pictorials are be used in this publication. These graphical icons (symbols) may be used to make you aware of specific types of hazards that could possibly cause harm.

keep_up

fragile

static_elec

keep_dry

general

torque

ce

magnetic

impact

heat

pinch

explosive

crush/mechanical

poisonmatl

biohazard

corrosive

general

radiation

electrical

tipping

entanglement

compressgas

heavyobject

laser

flammable

Read Manual

ppe-respitory

ppe-hearing

ppe-2people

ppe-loto

ppe-eye

ppe-gloves

instuctioninstuction

poisongas

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Preface

Section 2.0Publication Conventions

2.1 General Paragraph and Character Styles

Prefixes are used to highlight important non-safety related information. Paragraph prefixes (such as Purpose, Example, Comment or Note) are used to identify important but non-safety related information. Text styles are also applied to text within each paragraph modified by the specific prefix.

EXAMPLES OF PREFIXES USED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION:Purpose: Introduces and provides meaning as to the information contained within the chapter, section or subsection (such as used at the beginning this chapter, for example).

Note: Conveys information that should be considered important to the reader.

Example: Used to make the reader aware that the paragraph(s) that follow are examples of information possibly stated previously.

Comment: Represents “additional” information that may or may not be relevant to your situation.

2.2 Page Layout

Headers and footers in this publication are designed to allow you to quickly identify your location. The document part number and revision number appears in every header on every page. Odd numbered page footers indicate the current chapter, its title and current page number. Even page footers show the current section and its title, as well as the current page number.

Publication Part Number & Revision Number Publication Title

An exclamation point in a triangle is usedto indicate important information to the user.

Paragraphs preceeded by Alphanumericcharacters (e.g. numbers) contain infor-mation that must be followed in a specific order.

Paragraphs preceeded by a symbol(e.g. bullets) contain information thathas no specific order.

The current chapter and its titleare always shown in the footer ofthe right (odd) page.

The current section and its titleare always shown in the footer ofthe left (even) page.

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Preface

2.3 Computer Screen Output/Input Text Character Styles

Within this publication, mono-spaced character styles (fonts) are used to indicate computer text that’s either screen input and output. Mono-spaced fonts, such courier, are used to indicated text direction. When you type at your keyboard, you are generating computer input. Occasionally you will see the math operator “greater-than” and “less-than” symbols used to indicate the start and finish of variable output. When reading text generated by the computer, you are reading it as computer generated output. In addition to direction, characters are italicized (e.g. italics) to indicate information specific to your system or site.

Example:Fixed Output

This paragraph’s font represents computer generated screen “fixed” output. Its output is fixed from the sense that it does not vary from application to application. It’s the most commonly used style used to indicate filenames, paths and text that do not change from system to system. The character style used is a fixed width such as courier.

Example:Variable Output

This paragraph’s font represents computer screen output that is “variable”. It’s used to represent output that varies from application to application or system to system. Variable output is sometimes found placed between greater-than and less-than operators for clarification. For example: <variable_ouput> or <3.45.120.3>. In both cases, the < and > operators are not part of the actual input.

Example:Fixed Input

This paragraph’s font represents fixed input. It’s computer input that is typed-in via the keyboard. Typed input that does not vary from application to application or system to system. Fixed text the user is required to supply as input. For example: cd /usr/3p

Example:Variable Input

This paragraph’s font represents computer input that can vary from application to application or system to system. With variable text, the user is required to supply system dependent input or information. Variable input sometimes is placed between greater-than and less-than operators. For example: <variable_input>. In these cases, the (<>) operators would be dropped prior to input. For example: ypcat hosts | grep <3.45.120.3> would be typed into the computer as

ypcat hosts | grep 3.45.120.3

without the greater-than and less-than operators.

2.4 Buttons, Switches and Keyboard Inputs (Hard & Soft Keys)

Different character styles are used to indicate actions requiring the reader to press either a hard or soft button, switch or key. Physical hardware, such as buttons and switches, are called hard keys because they are hard wired or mechanical in nature. A keyboard or on/off switch would be a hard key. Software or computer generated buttons are called soft keys because they are software generated. Software driven menu buttons are an example of such keys. Soft and hard keys are represented differently in this publication.

Example:Hard Keys

A power switch ON/OFF or a keyboard key like ENTER is indicated by applying a character style that uses both over and under-lined bold text that is bold. This is a hard key.

Example:Soft Keys

Whereas the computer MENU button that you would click with your mouse or touch with your hand uses over and under-lined regular text. This is a soft key.

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Chapter 1 - System Overview & Safety

Chapter 1 System Overview & Safety

Section 1.0Features

1.1 Product Overview

The Precision 500D is a classical R/F system. The main features of the system are:

• Touch-screen User Interface (IUI)

• Fully Automated Exposure Control

• 65kW or 80kW Jedi Generator

• Optional Overhead Tube and Wall-stand

• Digital Image Chain, comprised of:

- 32 or 40cm Image Intensifier

- High Resolution CCD Camera

- Digital Image Processor with a base storage capacity of 4,000 images

- Hi-Bright Monitors (21in and 17in)

The system is designed to be fully serviceable from the IUI touch screen interface, not requiring a service laptop interface.

1.2 Acquisition Modes

The Precision 500D system can acquire diagnostic images using several different modes.

1.2.1 Digital Record

1.2.1.1 AECFully automated exposure control, the exposure technique (kV, mA) is selected based on a calculated patient thickness from the previous AEC exposure or previous fluoro exposure. The exposure is terminated when the target dose is reached, as determined by the brightness pulses.

Single Exposure or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7½ exposures/second.

1.2.1.2 Fixed TimeFully automated exposure control, the exposure technique (kV, mA, time) is selected based on a calculated patient thickness from a previous exposure or, if no previous exposure, uses a default patient thickness value.

Single Exposure or 1, 2, 3, 3¾, 5, 6, 7½ exposures/second.

1.2.1.3 Subtraction (DSA)Digital Subtraction Angiography is a digital radiological procedure for the isolated visualization of blood vessels. Several trial exposures are taken first, to calculate and confirm the patient thickness. The calculated patient thickness is then used to set up an exposure technique for the DSA run.

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Section 2.0 - System Components

1.2.2 Digital Fluoro

1.2.2.1 Continuous Operates with continuous x-ray tube current at 30 frames/second.

1.2.2.2 Pulsed The x-ray radiation is turned on and off several times a second. This technique is used to reduce the dose to the patient. Available pulse rate options are 3, 7½ or 15 frames/second.

1.2.3 Radiography (Overhead Tube)

1.2.3.1 AEC Operator selects kV and mA. The ion-chambers, in the table bucky or wall stand, are used to terminate the exposure when the desired film density has been reached.

1.2.3.2 Fixed Time Exposure at operator selected technique.

Section 2.0System Components

The Precision 500D system is fully digital “state-of-the-art” Radiographic and Fluoroscopic system. To identify the system components, see Figure 1-1.

Figure 1-1 System Components

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Chapter 1 - System Overview & Safety

Dose Printer - An option that produces hardcopy records of patient dose.

Bar Code Reader - An option used for entering data

Systems Cabinet:

• Distributes power

• Generates x-ray tube voltage and filament current.

• Monitors and controls the system

• Manipulates and stores digital images

Positioner Cabinet - Controls movements (longitudinal, lateral and vertical limits)

Positioner Table - Used to position the patient. It contains a table Bucky and Ion-chamber.

Intelligent Digital Device (IDD) - Used to control position movements, locks, limit exposures and control image chain.

Imaging System - Creates and displays images. Consists of:

• Image Intensifier

• CCD TV camera

• Optics

Overhead Tube Suspension (OTS) - An option used to make radiographic film exposures, using the tabletop, table Bucky, or wallstand Bucky.

Monitors - Used to display patient information; live Fluoro and digital radiographic images.

Wall Stand - An option that is used primarily for chest x-rays.

Integrated User Interface (IUI)

• Touch screen control located in the console.

• Keyboard is used to manually enter patient data.

• The CD-RW is used to archive patient images. It’s also used to save and restore system software.

Foot Switch - Activates Fluoro exposures. Also used in digital recording in conjunction with the Prep switch.

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Section 2.0 - System Components


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Chapter 2 - Theory of System Operation

Chapter 2 Theory of System Operation

Section 1.0Systems Cabinet

1.1 Components

The System Cabinet contains a Digital System, X-ray Generator and Power Distribution Unit (PDU), and system communication accessories.

1.2 Systems Cabinet Internal Connections

See system cabinet drawing 2336900, located in schematics.

1.3 Applications Software

Saturn is the Digital acquisition and display computer/workstation used in the Precision 500D product. Figure 2-1 shows the components making up that subsystem and its interactions with the image chain and the rest of the system.

Figure 2-1 Saturn Block Diagram

The software on Saturn performs the following tasks:

OCB

IIPS

ADCM

CCD

II

-IIFOV-II Grid Voltages

Optics

PCI Bus

ImageDisplayBoard

Saturn

GITANESIB V3

ImageCorrection

BoardAcquisition

Board

Digital CPU Board

MemoryBoard

StaticImageBoard

(Option)

ParallelPort

IDE

Floppy

Serial Port(s)

10 bitsstorage

CCUBoard

ABS (ABD)

Backplane

ScanConverter

Board(Option)

ISA Bus

Digital HostBoard

(Option)

XRT

CollimatorJedi

IntegratedUI +

Handswitch

Calypso

In-roomMonitor

(LiveFluoro)

ControlRoom

Monitor

In-roomStatic Image

Monitor(Option)

12 bits video/camera control/image link

image chainCANbus

Image chain RT bus(Bright_Sig)

system RT buspositioner

Ethernet

Pos/OTS/Wall Stand/Collimator Control (CAN)

8 bit RB 170 video

Ethernet

GeneratorControl (CAN)

Generator RTbus

Ion Chambers (3) Power &Signal Cables

High Voltage Cables &Stator

12bitvideo

Image Bus

Sync

- NDF- IRIS- PHOTODIODE

Trigger outCAM readyExt sync CCD

Magic PC

To DVD

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Section 1.0 - Systems Cabinet

• Controls the Leeloo image chain during Fluoro and Record exposures by appropriately configuring the CCD camera, Image Correction board (ICB), Gitane system interface board, Camera control unit (CCU) and Optics Control board (OCB) for optimal image quality and performance.

• Supports the following acquisition modes: Continuous Fluoro at 30 fps with optional storage of Fluoro images to disk, Pulsed Fluoro at 4 fps (3.75 actual), 7.5 fps and 15 fps, Digital Record at 1, 2, 3, 4 (3.75 actual), 5, 6, 7.5 fps and single shot Digital Record exposures.

• Controls the processing of acquired images on the Image Acquisition board (IAB) and their display on the image monitor using the Image Display board (IDB). Images can also be stored on the Image Memory Board (IMB) and then transferred to disk.

• Displays exposure technique parameters and other system information received from Magic PC on the image monitor, and stores them with the images.

• Acquired images can be reviewed later. Stored images can be played back and manipulated during review.

• Interfaces with the rest of the system, by establishing local network connections with the subsystems.

• Provides dose feedback to the Exposure management software on Magic PC, which is used to compute optimal Technique values for exposures.

• Stores patient and exam data in a local database and provides external DICOM connectivity to other DICOM-enabled severs and peripherals.

• Provides the capability to perform image chain calibrations and diagnostic tests, including hardware and functional diagnostics, including the Image Quality Signature Test (IQST) and Video Data Path Integrity Test.

• Provides the capability to interface with other peripheral components.

1.4 Digital System “Saturn”

The Digital System hardware is occasionally referred to as Saturn. The name Saturn and Digital System is used interchangeably to mean the same hardware in the discussion that follows.

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1.4.1 Saturn V2

1.4.1.1 Digital System Block Diagram

Figure 2-2 Digital System Block Diagram

Figure 2-3 Digital System “Exploded View” (Saturn V2)

Imager

Digital System

Single Board Computer

Image Correction(ICB)

Gitane

Digital Display Board(DDB)

Static Reference(SRB)

Digital Host Control II(DHCII)

Digital Acquisition Board(DAB)

Digital Memory Board(DMB)

CD-ROM

PCI Bus

Image Bus

Sys RTBus

Hard Drive

Backplane

Record On/Off

Reset

SyncSync

Multi-FunctionConnector

100BaseTEthernet

System(UPS)Power

IR RemoteReceiver

SerialPort

Customer's Network

ImageData

Power &Control

Customer'sDICOMPrinter

Customer'sDICOM

Workstation

Customer'sDICOM

Worklist Broker

Customer'sDICOM

Archival Device

PowerSupply

System(PDU)Power

IR RemoteTransmitter

VGA to BNC

External ToSystem

StaticRef

Monitor

LEGEND

PCI Bus

Image Bus

Between Digital System Boards

External to Digital System

Symbol Description

Keyboard

ControlRoom

MonitorIn-RoomMonitor

System(UPS)Power

SystemHub

CompositeVideo

Mouse

CompositeVideo

System(PDU)Power

System(PDU)Power

CCDCameraHead

OCB

CAN Bus& ImageRT Bus

CompositeLo-Res Video

VGAVideo

CompositeVideo

Router

ResetPB

Magic PC

DVD

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1.4.1.2 Saturn V2 Circuit Board Changes

Digital Acquisition Board (DAB)The acquisition board accepts digitized 12 bit data from the ICB and outputs data on the Image Bus. It handles pre-processing in real-time and consists of a frame buffer, ABD computation, a user-programmable ROI, encoding LUT, and digital re-scaling gain. It also contains frame averaging circuits providing for both conventional and Motion Corrected noise reduction. Recursive and non-recursive frame averaging algorithms are used. It connects to the Gitane, ICB, PCI, and the Image Bus.

PCI InterfaceThe PCI interface allows the Saturn software to communicate with the system boards. Commands through the PCI bus configure the boards for proper operation and transfer data from the boards to the CPU memory. The PCI interface also provides the reset logic. Reset can come in from the system RT Bus (initiated by the customer through the IUI) or the PCI Bus (initiated by the SBC as part of the Saturn reset process).

Image BusThe Image Bus is a GEMS proprietary bus that moves data from circuit board to circuit board. The Image bus is 1024x1024, 10 bit format at 40 MHz.

Gitane BoardThe Gitane board provides the system interface for Saturn. It provides the interface and synchronization for the image chain timing, as well as providing the means of controlling the image head through a CAN bus. In addition, it provides the means for Saturn to respond appropriately to resets. RS422 Interface circuits provide the signal translation between the external and internal signal levels for the timing signals needed to synchronize the image transfer at the CCU. Interface circuits provide the appropriate signal translation between the external and internal signal levels for the timing signals needed to synchronize the image transfer at the ICB. A relay contact is provided to control record on/off for a VCR. Several types of signals exist on the RT Bus including 16 RS485 differential lines, and the system reset contact closure. This logic provides the appropriate interface type for each of these signals. The system reset signal is sent on to the PCI interface logic, while the other signals are used in the System Logic FPGA. This is a relay contact closure driven through the PCI interface FPGA. This contact is connected through the PC backplane and enters the single board computer through the multi-function connector. As such, when this contact closes, a full reset will occur in the Saturn PC.

Image Correction Board (ICB) The Image Correction board is an off the shelf board from “Thales” that works together with the CCD camera to deliver “corrected” digital images to the Saturn CCU board.

Digital Memory Board (DMB)The Digital Memory Board interfaces to the PCI bus and to the proprietary Image Bus. The DMB contains 256 Mb of memory. The Memory board is where Image data is temporarily stored before being sent to the Hard disk or output on the Image Bus. When Digital Record, Fluoro Store or Fluoro

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Loop images are acquired they are initially stored in the DMB before being copied out and written to the Hard Disk.

When images are being retrieved from the Hard Disk for display on the monitor they are first written to the DMB before being placed on the Image Bus, sent to the display board, and out to the monitor.

Digital Display Board (DDB)The Digital Display Board is responsible for displaying the images during acquisition and image review. The display board is the output video board for the Saturn Digital System. It has 2 identical composite 73 Hz analog BNC video outputs and also a configure-able output for 525 line (NTSC) or 625 line (PAL) video to a VCR and/or low resolution monitor. The display board contains circuitry to carry out functions such as subtraction, pixel re-registration, edge enhancement, panning/zooming, 4-on-1 and 16-on-1 review and Window/Level. It is connected to both the Image Bus and PCI Bus.

Single Board Computer (SBC)The Single Board Computer is a standard off the shelf CPU board. It contains the following interfaces: PCI, ISA, Ethernet, Serial, Parallel, IDE, PS/2, and multi-function.

The CPU board contains a Pentium III processor with 128 Mb of memory running at 850 MHz. The SBC plugs into the PCI and ISA busses on the backplane. The SBC supports several data and input/output interfaces. It supports an ethernet controller that is used for communications with other portions of the system. The PS/2 port is utilized for the keyboard. The serial ports are used for a serial mouse and the Infrared Remote interface. The SBC interfaces to an IDE hard drive and CD-ROM. The multi-function connector connects to the passive backplane and transmits the CPU Reset and Hard Drive Activity signals.

Static Reference BoardThe Static Reference Board is a PCI circuit board and provides a standard VGA output video signal that is used for the reference image display.

The Static Reference Board is used to display a Static Image on a monitor if the user has purchased the advanced package. It is one of the few boards in the Saturn Digital System, which connects to the PCI Bus only and outputs SVGA video through a VGA connector. Only 3 connections are used; Horizontal and Vertical sync, and video (green). A separate VGA to BNC converter is then used to provide composite video to the in-room monitor.

Passive BackplaneThe Passive Backplane contains three buses: PCI, ISA, and Image Bus. The backplane houses 13 board slots: 3 ISA, 1 PCI/ISA, 3 PCI, 6 PCI/Image Bus. The backplane has two PCI bridges and two power connections.

Image ReviewImages are read from the hard disk by the CPU and sent out over the PCI bus and written into the Image Memory board. The memory board then sends them out over the Image Bus where they are picked up by the display board and sent on to the monitor.

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Real Time Fluoro DisplayReal time Fluoro data flows from the Camera head to the Image Correction Board, on to the Camera Control Unit or CCU and then the Acquisition board. It travels from the Acquisition board to the Image Bus flowing to the display board and finally to the monitor. If the VCR option is present, data also flows from the Image Bus through the scan converter board and on to the VCR.

Digital Record/Pulsed Fluoro Acquisition and StorageA Record or Fluoro Store Image flows from the Camera through the ICB, CCU and Image Acquisition boards. Passing onto the Image Bus it is copied into the Memory and Display boards. The Display board sends the image on to the monitor. The image data in the Memory board is copied out by the CPU over the PCI Bus, and stored on the hard disk. If the VCR option is present, data also flows to the scan converter board and VCR.

Fluoro Loop StoreFluoro loop image data is captured in the memory board at the same time it is being displayed on the monitor. The data stays in the memory board enabling immediate playback after acquisition. The user must use the “store loop” button to send the images to the hard disk.

Static Reference DisplayStatic reference display data is taken from the display board and stored in RAM on the CPU. When a static display is requested, data is sent on the PCI Bus to the Static Reference Display Board and then out to the monitor.

External Device TransferTo transfer data to an external device, images are pulled from the hard disk through the CPU and sent to the appropriate board. Image data will be sent to the Host Control board for output to a local Laser for hardcopy, or to the Ethernet board for output to a customer network.

1.5 Accessory Rack

The Accessory Rack includes some key assemblies in the Precision 500D system:

• VGA/BNC Converter - converts the VGA video signal from the Digital System to a single wire co-axial signal, used for the optional Static Reference monitor.

• Ethernet Router - Used for the internal Precision 500D Ethernet network, DICOM and broadband services.

• Keyboard/Mouse Extender - Used to extend the Digital Computer's mouse and keyboard to the control console area.

• PDU I/O Board and power supply.

• 120VAC relay to PDU I/O - Used for signalling “mains” power failures.

• Media converter - Used on early systems and later eliminated. Provides fiber to RJ45 media conversion, and transmits external network into router WAN/Internet port.

1.6 X-Ray “Generator”

Additional information on the “Jedi” generator can be found in Section 2.0.

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1.6.1 Components

Figure 2-4 Generator Components

The generator (Jedi) supplies DC power to the x-ray tube. The Precision 500D system comes with two different power versions, 65kW and 80kW. The following are major components of the generator:

• AC/DC Unit

• Auxiliary 1 Unit

• Auxiliary 2 Unit

• Power Unit

• kV Control Board

1.6.2 Generator Block Diagram

Figure 2-5 Generator Block Diagram

Phase ShiftCapacitors

GenericInterface

AECBoard

X-ray Tube 1(Undertable)

X-ray Tube 2(OTS)

kV Control RotationBoard

LowVoltagePowerSupply

SmallFil.

Heating

LargeFil.

Heating

Inverter H.V. Tank& Measurement Board

Heater Supply Voltage 160Vdc

CAN Bus

CAN Busto SystemController

DC Bus 400Vdc to 800Vdc

InverterControls

kV, mAMeasurements

Sm. Fil DriveLg. Fil Drive

HV C

ables

HV C

ables

3 Phase Input Power(380 to 480Vac)

115VacInput Power

kV Switch Motor

kV SwitchFeedback

IonChambers

Anode Rotation Drive& Tube Temp. Fdbck (70oC)

RT Bus

Lg Filament DriveTube 1Tube 2

Sm Filament DriveTube 1Tube 2

AnodeRotationDrive

DC

Bus 400Vdc to 800Vdc

TubeSwitching Bd

MAINS_DROP

Oil Pump

Fan

ImpedanceMatchingCapacitors

125A Fuses

EMC Filter

AC/DC

PR-Jedi Block�Page 1 of 6

Rev.1Edward Singleton

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1.6.3 Auxiliary 1 UnitThe Auxiliary 1 Unit contains the following:

• Low Voltage Power Supply (LVPS)

• Large Filament/Heater Board

• Small Filament/Heater Board

Figure 2-6 Auxiliary 1 Unit

1.6.3.1 Low Voltage Power SupplyThe LVPS supplies the generator with the required low voltages. It is powered by either 115Vac or 230 Vac. There are eleven output voltages: ±15VCAN (supplies the kV Control Board, Filament Heating and Rotation boards)

• +15VEXT (not used with Precision 500D)

• 24V (supplies the Gate Control board in the Inverter)

• 24V FAN (four outputs - supplies power to the fans)

• 160V H1 (supplies DC voltage for the filament inverter)

• 160V H2 (supplies DC voltage for the filament inverter)

• 160V EXT (not used with Precision 500D)

1.6.3.2 Filament Heater BoardsThere are two filament boards for fast exposure switching from one filament to another. The filament boards supply three levels of filament heating current: Standby, Boost (for 400ms) and Exposure.

• Small Filament: This board supplies heating current for the small filament.

• Large Filament: This board supplies heating current for the large filament.

Note: One filament is in standby preheating mode while the other is in use.

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1.6.4 Auxiliary 2 Unit

Figure 2-7 Filament Heater Boards

The Auxiliary 2 Unit contains the following boards:

Rotation Board: This board generates the power to drive the anode rotation in either x-ray tube. It can switch between a high and low speed drive by selecting the phase shift capacitors.

• Tube Switching Board: This board switches all functions between the x-ray tubes and receives status and tube temperature feedback. The following describes the functions and feedback:

• X-Ray Tube High Voltage Switching (sends drive voltage to motor in HV tank and receives feedback)

• X-Ray Tube Filament Heating Switching (switches large and small filament heating between both tubes)

• Anode Rotation Switching

• X-Ray Tube Stator Impedance Switching (for different x-ray tube types, the system switches capacitors to match the stator impedance.

• X-Ray Tube Temperature Feedback (interlock generated at 70°C)

Note: Tube Switching board also supplies either 115 Vac or 230 Vac to an oil pump or fan for tube cooling.

1.6.5 Power UnitThe Power Unit provides power to the x-ray tube and main control of the generator. It includes the High Voltage Tank, Measurement Board and Inverter Assembly.

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Figure 2-8 Power Unit

• High Voltage Tank: Contains the HV Transformer, rectifier, filament transformers, tube switching motor and feedback switches.

• Measurement Board: (part of the HV Tank): Measures and monitors ±kV and mA for safety violations, then sends this information to the kV Control board.

• Inverter Assembly: Contains four IGBT's (formed as a half bridge hypo-resonant inverter), two fly back diodes and a resonance capacitor.

1.6.6 AEC and Generic Interface BoardsThe Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) Board generates 230Vdc bias voltage for the ion chambers. Up to four ion chambers can be connected (Precision 500D uses two of these). It also compares the selected ion chamber output to a reference and generates a series of pulses, which are sent to the KV control board.

The Generic Interface Board interfaces the internal CAN and RT Bus between the generator and the system controller.

Figure 2-9 AEC and Generic Interface Boards

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1.6.7 kV Control BoardThe kV Control Board is the main control of the generator. It provides CPU control of the following:

• Control and System Communication

• Exposure Control (including rotation and heater)

• mA Regulation

• Tube/Generator Thermal Protection

• Generator Configuration (stored on battery backed up NVRAM)

• Tube and AEC Calibration (NVRAM)

• Generator Diagnostics

• Inverter Control

• HV Chain Safety Interlocks and Monitoring (kV, mA, mAs, Inverter Current, Inverter Gate Supply and DC Bus)

• Main Generator CPU

Note: It also controls the Generic I/F board and CAN interface.

Figure 2-10 kV Control Board

1.7 AC/DC Unit

Figure 2-11 AC/DC Unit

The AC/DC Unit creates the DC Bus, which is a range of DC voltage from 400-800V. This voltage feeds all the main generator functions including:

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• Inverter

• Gate Drive Supply

• Anode Rotation

1.8 Power Distribution Unit (PDU)

Figure 2-12 PDU

1.8.1 “Main” supply from HospitalThe hospital’s “mains” provide the 3-phase power and grounds needed by the system to operate. A circuit breaker, customer supplied, should be placed before the power supplied to the system cabinet. A room emergency button is used to activate the circuit breaker, using a trip mechanism. The pre-install manual shows how such a configuration might be wired.

1.8.2 The Mains SwitchMains power from enters the system through a switch at the bottom of the cabinet. If this switch is turned off, the power to the system is removed. Note that there may be power coming out of the UPS even when this is off if the system was “ON”

1.8.3 Power Peak-UpThree phases of power go from this point to the Jedi Generator. Two phases of power and ground go to the Power Distribution Unit (PDU).

1.8.4 PDUThe PDU provides power to the system except for the three phase power to the Generator. The system is designed to operate either at 60Hz or 50Hz. At the power input to the PDU there are tap settings to select the voltage that is being supplied to the PDU (380V to 480V in increments of 10V). This is a tap setting into the isolation transformer in the PDU so that the output voltage is always

Circuit Breakers 1 to 7

230VacService Outlet

120VacService Outlet

UPS

CB 8

Room InterfaceTerminalBlock

Power On On

EmergencyStop/Reset

Standby

Voltage Tap Selection �Terminal Block(380 to 480Vac in 20V steps)

Circuit BreakersCB 1 Positioner (Table) PositionerCB 2 Wallstand OTSCB 3 Monitors Cabinet Fans VCR

CB 4 120Vac and 240Vac Service OutletsCB 5 Logic Board Power Supply UPSCB 6 Generator Auxiliary 1CB 7 Generator Auxiliary 2CB 8 Isolation Transformer Input

PR-PDU rev2Drawn By Edward Singleton

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same irrespective of the input voltage. There are two voltage outputs 120V/ 220V from the PDU. Most of the system uses 120V. The Gantry tilt drive uses 220V. There is no voltage regulation in the PDU. Each of the subsystems which use power manages the variation in the input voltage.

The output from the transformer goes through an EMC filter to minimize the electrical noise entering the system or going back into the main power supply.

The output from the EMC filter goes through various relays to turn On and Off the various parts of the system depending on what the state of the system is. These relays are driven by the PDU IO logic board located on the top left side of the system cabinet.

The PDU also has service power outlets.

1.8.5 Corona2/ Lime BoardThe Corona2 board turns on and off the various relays in the PDU based on the commands it receives from the system controller computer called. In addition it provides the interface for the room Emergency off and the door interlock. The corna2 and lime board control power to the magic pc.

Th board is powered ON all of the time. This board is powered when the system is in the “ON”, “OFF” or in the “Standby” state. When there is a power failure, till the computers are shutdown and the UPS is shutdown this board is powered. Then the power is removed. When the room emergency button is pressed, the power to this board is removed. There is a relay in the PDU which connects the power supply located next to the PDU IO board to the main input power when the UPS is off and connects to the UPS output when the UPS is On. This power supply provides power to the PDU IO board.

This board gets commands from the system controller computer. The commands comes to the board through the CAN bus.

1.8.6 Operational Power StatesThe In this section, the different states of operation for the system will be described:

• Power On, Section 1.8.6.1

• Standby

• Shutdown, Section 1.8.6.2

• Emergency Off, Section 1.8.6.3

• Tableside Emergency Off, Section 1.8.6.4

• Power Loss, Section 1.8.6.5

• Reset, Section 1.8.6.6

• UPS / Interlocks, Section 1.8.6.7

1.8.6.1 Power-OnThere are three normal states to PDU operation: on and shutdown. Pressing the ON button (from the RCIM2), sends a signal to the Logic/Relay Driver. Power (+24v) which is fed through the RT bus. When the ON button is pressed on the RCIM2, it closes a contact and sends the 24V back to the Corona2 board, which energizes relays K1 and K2. If the UPS is off, a “Turn On” signal is sent to the UPS. The UPS turns on approximately two seconds later and supplies power to the computers.

Firmware in the FPGA on Corona2 board coordinates activities. This device turns ON power to all the components in the system at the same time and thus allows the system comes up.

See Figure 2-13.

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Figure 2-13 PDU Power-On

1.8.6.2 ShutdownThere is no power off hard button on this system. The system is turned off by selecting the SHUTDOWN button in the UTILITIES menu on the User interface screen. Pressing the Shutdown key (a soft key on the IUI) starts an orderly shutdown of the IUI, digital system and system controller.

When the shutdown is pressed on the IUI a message is send to all the computers. The computer first sends a command to turn on a backup watch dog timer in the Corona2 board. During the shutdown process if the computers get hung up, this timer will expire and force a hard shutdown of the system.

Normally a command is sent to turn off power to most of the system except for the UPS, which keeps the computers powered. The relays K1 and K2 are de-energized as a result of the shutdown command. Thus removing power from the rest of the system.

The computers go through a shutdown process and at the end sends an Off command to the UPS through a serial connection between the Corona2/Lime and the UPS. When the UPS is turned off the watchdog timer running in the Corona2 board is cleared. See Figure 2-14.

Corona2 & Lime Bd.

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Figure 2-14 PDU Standby

1.8.6.3 Emergency OffThe room emergency button is a two pole two throw switch. One set of contacts is connected to the room power supply main circuit breaker. So when this button is pressed the main circuit breaker will trip and remove power from all components except for the ones powered by the UPS. The second normally closed contact in the emergency switch is connected to the Corona2 board. This board provides a 24 V to this switch and the return from the switch is monitored by this board. When the switch opens this line, it is detected by the Corona2 board and it sends a hard-wired command to the UPS to shut-off the UPS immediately. If there is a break in the wire in this circuit, the system thinks that somebody pressed this button and the system will shutdown. See Figure 2-15.

Corona2/Lime Bd.

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Figure 2-15 Emergency Off

1.8.6.4 Tableside Emergency Off This button is hard wired into the Corona2 board through wires in the RT bus. When this is pressed the power to the Gantry, OTS and the wall stand is removed immediately by turning off the relays in the PDU which provide power to these devices. The Corona2 board informs the Magic computer regarding this action through the CAN bus. When the button is released, the power is restored to these devices by turning on the relays in the PDU. See Figure 2-16.

Corona2/Lime Bd.

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Figure 2-16 Table Side Emergency Off

1.8.6.5 Power Loss There is a UPS in the system to provide power to the computers (IUI, Digital System and System Controller) when there is a short duration(30 seconds approximately) main power loss from the hospital power supply. This also provides power to the devices to keep the communication between the computers, keyboard and the modem. See Figure 2-17.

Corona2/Lime Bd.

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Figure 2-17 Power Loss

1.8.6.6 Reset When the Reset button on the RCIM2 is pressed, the following three steps occur simultaneously:

1.) A reset signal is sent to the two computers. If the computers are operating normally, they will undergo an orderly shutdown and reboot. If the computers are hung, a hard reset will occur after two seconds.

2.) The generator CPU board is reset.

3.) The positioner, wallstand and OTS power is cycled. The K3 relays stays on for ten seconds, turns off for ten seconds and finally turns on again.

1.8.6.7 UPS / Remaining power interlock. There is a hard-wired interlock in the PDU between the UPS output and the rest of the system power output. Through this interlock, when the UPS output power is turned off the rest of the system power output power is removed. This is to assure that the system is turned off even if there is a failure in the communication between the Magic PC and the Corona2 board.

Corona2/Lime Bd.

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Section 2.0Generator “Jedi”

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Jedi is GE Medical System’s name for a family of compact high frequency X-Ray generators used in many of its products.

2.1.1 Standard features• A family of 150kV generators operates from 12KW up to 100KW for all the major radio logic,

fluoroscopic and CT applications. This family handles exposures ranging from 1ms to continuous; ranging from 0mA up to 1000mA

• These generators feature the very latest technology available:

- constant potential independent of the line voltage variations.

- power generation by a high-frequency converter (High voltage ripple: 40KHz-140KHz)

- distributed micro-processor controlled functions (CAN bus).

• Single phase, three phase or battery power source.

• Very low kV and mA ripple, excellent accuracies and dose reproducibility

• Compatible with a wide range of tubes, high speed or low speed, supplies up to 3 different tubes. Thermal load interactive integrator ensuring optimum use of the heat protection curve of the x-ray tube

• Serviceability: high reliability, fast installation (no generator calibration), application error codes reported ensure fast troubleshooting

• Meets CE marking (and in particular EMC), IEC, UL, CSA, MHW regulations (if required)

• Optional pulsed fluoroscopy

2.1.2 Typical Applications

2.1.2.1 Rad• “3 point” mode

• “2 point” mode


• Automatic exposure control: AEC

• Tomography

• Automatic tomographic exposure (AET)

2.1.2.2 RF• “3 points” mode

• “2 points” mode



• Automatic exposure control: AEC

• Tomography

• Automatic tomographic exposure

• continuous or pulsed fluoroscopy

• Automatic brightness control in fluoroscopy (ABC)

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Section 2.0 - Generator “Jedi”

2.1.3 ArchitectureRefer to Jedi generator functional architecture block diagrams in Section 2.4. The Jedi family is composed of:

1.) A kernel

- High voltage chain composed of kV control, HV power inverter and HV tank

- Anode rotation function

- Tube filaments heater function

- control bus for communication between the functions

- DC bus for power distribution to each function

- Input voltage to DC conversion: AC/DC function

- Low voltage power supply

- Application software, running on the kV control board

These functions are the Jedi core. They are present in all versions of the generator. A function can be unique for all products or can be derived in several releases based on product specification

Example: Anode rotation function is declined in 2 releases:

- low speed rotation for applications where the tube is a 3000 rpm max tube

- high speed/low speed rotation for applications where at least one of the tubes is a 8000-10000 rpm tube

However, control bus is unique

2.) options, depending on the application

- System Interface for:

* CT

* RAD (console interface, room interface, AEC management present or not)

* ATLAS

- EMC function

- Grid function (RF, vascular)

- Bias function (RF, vascular)

- Tube management (2 tubes or 3 tubes option)

3.) packaging

The packaging architecture consists in a set of boxes which can be put together in several ways to make it fit either in a cabinet or a console foot or a table foot. The boxes can also be split in 2 units distant of several meters (example: CT gantry).

Depending on the configuration, the following modules will be found:

1 2 3 4 5

POWER(1 box)

AUXILIARY(1 or 2 boxes)

ACDC(1 box)

Optional interface(1 box plugged in the Power box)

Grid/Bias (optional)(1 tank)

Table 2-1 Packaging Architecture

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2.2 Technology Overview

2.2.1 kV Control

2.2.1.1 IntroductionThe kV control function controls the generator. Its main functions include:

• a CPU, which runs the generator software:

- console and/or system communications

- exposure sequencing (rotation, heater, exposure control)

- mA regulation

- tube and generator thermal protection

- generator configuration management

- tube, AEC calibrations

- generator diagnostics (application background diagnostics and service diagnostics)

1 tube• HV tank 1 tube• HV power

inverter• KV control• system interface

if not (4)• AEC function if

not (4)

Standard• Low Voltage Power

Supply (100W)• Heater function• Rotation function

3 Phase• EMC function• ACDC function

• Rad interface• AEC interface

Ingrid tank (plugged directly in the X-ray tube)

2 tube• HV tank 2 tube• HV power

inverter• KV control• system interface• AEC function

2 heaters – 1 tube1st box• Low Voltage PS

(400W)• SF Heater function• LF Heater function2nd box

Rotation function

1 phase• EMC function

(optional)• ACDC function• Low Voltage

Power supply (100Wmono)

2 heaters – Two tubes

1st box• Low Voltage Power

Supply (400W)• SF Heater function• LF Heater function

2nd box• Tube switch

function• Rotation function

1 heater – Two tubes

1st box• Low voltage Power

supply (100W)• Heater function

2nd box• Tube switch

function• Rotation function

1 2 3 4 5

Table 2-1 Packaging Architecture (Continued)

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• a standard interface to system interface

• a Control bus interface

• exposure control

• HV power inverter control

• IGBT gate drive supply control

• HV chain measures and safeties (kV, mA, mAs, inverter currents, inverter gate supply, DC bus)

2.2.1.2 CPU CoreCPU is a Power PC micro-controller based CPU running at 50MHz. Program memory is a 2Mbytes flash memory which allows the software to be downloaded through the system or laptop communication path. Data memory contains a 256Kbytes RAM and 32Kbytes battery backed-up RAM used to store the configuration/calibration/errorlog data. This memory also includes a clock used mainly for thermal algorithm calculation.

The generator software is based on the VxWorks operating system and divided into several tasks and layers:

• communication tasks controls the various communication paths provided by the CPU

• application task handles the exposure state machine

• thermal management task

• device controller tasks which identifies and then drives the kV control, mA control, heater and rotation functions

Calibration and diagnostic functions are also part of the generator software

2.2.1.3 Standard interface to system interfacekV control provides a standard interface on which various system interfaces can be plugged depending on the system configuration. This “standard” interface provides:

• a CAN communication line

• 5 UART lines

• 5 configure able IO lines

• 4 system interface identifier lines

2.2.1.4 Control bus kV control is connected to the generator through the internal communication bus:

• CAN communication line used to drive heater and rotation functions

• reset line (from kV control to other functions)

• mains_drop (from LVPS board to signal without delay a drop on the main supply)

• ctrl_to_grid (from kV control to grid for pulsed modes in vascular)

• speed_cons_to_rotor (spare)

• +15V (used to create locally 5V supply)

• -15V

CAN is a network car industry standard. Its main purpose is to bring short command messages in hostile environments over few meters up to hundreds of meters with a guaranteed latency and without any information loss.

Defined for small systems, it does not require large amounts of software to encode and decode the messages.

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The network hardware is based on a differential line (2 wires) driven at each node by a CAN driver (ISO/DIS 11898 standard). The length of the network define the maximum network speed: 1Mbit/s max up to 30m length, 500Kb/s up to 100m.

The messages have a fixed length. Their structure is the following:

• an identifier field which defines at the same time the command number and the priority of the command (smaller the command number is, higher is the priority)

• 8 bytes of data max

• checksum of the message

The CAN protocol ensures that:

• the highest priority message is send the first

• if a message is corrupted, it is resent automatically

• if more than 8 bytes of data must be transmitted, data is divided in packets of 8 bytes and several messages are generated consecutively

2.2.1.5 Exposure control

CPU Core (Exposure control master)• Once the system connected to the generator is known, the CPU downloads the exposure

control configuration stored in a FPGA (DSP also in the case of PPC control board).

• Then, the CPU manages the slow functions while the FPGA manages the hard real-time functions:

FPGA• handles the system/generator IO lines (including exposure command lines, brightness...)

• triggers/cuts the exposure

• handles the HV power inverter safeties signals (by the DSP in case of PPC kv control board)

• handles X-ray On signal

• counts the mAs (n/a for CT applications)

• generates the 1KHz microprocessor main interrupt

CPU• update the exposure state machine based on the signals send by the FPGA

• generates the exposure enable to the FPGA once everything is ready for the exposure

• calculates and applies kV, mA, exposure time, mAs

• counts the exposure time

• regulates mA each 1ms

• counts the brightness for AEC (n/a for CT applications)

• regulates brightness for ABC in fluoroscopy (n/a for CT applications)

• handles heater and rotation errors

• manages the event and error log

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2.2.1.6 HV power inverter controlThis function is controlled by the FPGA (or DSP + FPGA in the last KV control generation). It handles the HV power inverter state machine. This state machine goes into its active states when exposure control function triggers the exposure. Then the state machine successively drives each IGBT gate. The delay applied between two consecutive IGBT “on” commands is calculated inside the FPGA (or the DSP in the case of the PPC board).

This is the minimum time of the following two:

• the parallel resonance time which represents the max delay not to go over (the inverter must not be driven below the parallel resonance frequency)

• the time calculated by the kV regulation

This second time is the result of the kV regulation loop whose role is to make the measured kV equal to the kV demand:

• kV measure is subtracted to kV demand to create error_kV (analog or 360 kV control board and digital for the PPC board)

• error_kV is divided in two parallel chains made of a kV error peak detection followed by a analog to digital conversion (analog)

• the digital error then feeds a digital PI (proportional Integral) regulator which calculates the delay to apply before triggering the next IGBT (FPGA) for the 360 kV control (computed by the DSP in case of PPC board)

Each IGBT “off” command is triggered by the 0 Amps crossing of the serial resonant current.

Figure 2-18 IGBT Command Timing

In case of tube spit, the state machine goes to the “off” state, stays 100us inside it and automatically restart if the maximum number of tube spits is not reached. This time can be longer in the case of RAD or RF products (4 ms, for example). At the same time, the main software counts the number of spits and informs the system with a process depending upon the application.

IGBT commands from the FPGA then goes through drivers to the inverter. The drivers can be disabled by a mains drop or an incorrect gate supply. The IGBT gate drive supply is controlled synchronously with the inverter state machine:

• gate supply voltage is read and compared to a reference

• each two IGBT command, the gate supply IGBT is commanded with a duration proportional to the gate voltage error

HV power inverter serial resonantcurrent

IGBT_HIGH command

IGBT_LOW command

ON

ON

IGBTdiodecurent

IGBTdiodecurent

IGBTcurent

IGBTcurent

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• between two exposures, the inverter being not running, the gate supply is regulated by at a fixed (8KHz) frequency. Constant gate supply voltage is ensured by regulating the gate supply command pulse width.

2.2.1.7 HV chain measure and safetiesHV chain is protected by fast and slow safeties. Fast safeties are implemented in analog form and cut the HV power inverter state machine in case of error:

• over kV

• no kV

• kV regulation error (at the 7th error in the exposure)

• anode spit (after the max number of tube spits allowed for the application/tube)

• cathode spit (after the max number of tube spits allowed for the application/tube)

• max resonant current

• gate supply ok

Slow safeties are based on measures made by the micro-controller. The following signals are measured each 1ms:

• kV measure

• kV unbalance

• kV demand

• mA measure

• HV tank temperature

• gate supply voltage

• DC Bus voltage

These measurements provide a second way to detect a fault condition in the HV chain and put the generator in a safe state.

2.2.2 HV power Inverter and HV Tank function

2.2.2.1 IntroductionFor this section see Figure 2-26 and Figure 2-27.

The HV function involves the following sub-assemblies

• HV power Inverter

• HV power Inverter LC

• HV Tank

• Tube

The main features of the function are:

• HV power inverter principle is common for all applications. Several tierings have been defined to cover the 12KW-100KW applications range:

- Battery powered HV power Inverter: 12KW-25KW inverter when supplied by 100VDC-200VDC battery

- RAD/RF 32KW, 40 kW, 400mA, 640mAs inverter

- CT 36KW, 300mA max, 18720mAs max, 3KW average inverter

- RAD 50KW, 640mA, 640mAs inverter

- VASC/RF 100KW inverter

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• HV Tank principle is common for all applications: 40kV-150kV, 0mA-1000mA max. Two HV Tank types have been defined to cover battery powered generators on one side and the 1 phase or 3 phase products on the other side.

• In the case where 2 tubes are connected to the generator, a 2 tubes HV tank with commutation capability replaces the standard HV tank to connect the HV output to the right tube.

2.2.2.2 HV power Inverter principle See Figure 2-26 for the following discussion.

The HV power Inverter is a hypo-resonant type half-bridge inverter. Power switches used are IGBTs. Depending on the power requirements, either 1 IGBT per polarity is installed (2 IGBTs total) or 2 IGBTs in parallel per polarity for high power applications (4 IGBTs total). The resonant circuit presents two resonant frequencies:

• A serial resonance frequency made by the resonant capacitor and the sum of all the circuit serial inductors (including the HV transformer leakage inductance). Its frequency is fixed at 50KHz to 70KHz depending on the inverter tiering.

• A parallel resonance frequency made by the resonant capacitor and the parallel inductance. Its frequency is fixed at 20KHz for all tierings

The inverter drive frequency is ranging between the parallel frequency and the serial frequency. The inverter is producing the maximum current when it is commanded near (under) the serial frequency (ex: CT inverter produces 300mA at <=50KHz) and produces the minimum current when it is commanded near (above) the parallel frequency (ex: 0mA at >=20KHz). Serial and parallel current are measured by current transformers and used by the inverter control for the HV power inverter command (see kV control section).

The HV power inverter is composed of two FRUs:

• the inverter comprising:

• heat-sink

• IGBTs and aid circuit

• gate command board

• parallel inductor

The inverter LC composed of:

• aid and serial inductor

• filtering capacitors

• resonant capacitor

• serial and parallel current measure transformers

Each element can vary from one application to another. Some general rules can be drawn:

• 100KW requires 4 IGBTs

• 50KW and less require 2 IGBTs

• value of resonant elements vary from one application to another because they are linked to the peak power and the average power

• gate command board is unique

With IGBTs being connected to the DC Bus, both their gate drivers and the gate drivers must be isolated from ground. The IGBTs are controlled by the kV control board. The command is isolated by small pulse transformers. They command a semi-power stage which drive the IGBTs gates. The gate commands have the capability to drive up to two 400A IGBTs in parallel which is the case for vascular power.

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IGBT gate drivers supply is made by a small fly-back power supply fed by the DC Bus and regulated by the kV control board (see kV control section). The fly-back IGBT command is made through a pulse transformer. This supply produces +20V and -10V for IGBTs gates drives.

All inverter commands and measures (including inverter identificator) are going from and to the kV control board through a bridge made by the HV tank kV measure board.

2.2.2.3 HV Tank principleHV Tank is sealed by the kV measure board placed on top of it. This board must not be removed.

The HV Tank can be used in any position. A temperature measure is placed in the oil under the cover and is used to track HV Tank temperature and to prevent overheating (max temperature allowed is 67 degrees C).

The HV transformer presents two primary coils connected in serial and to the inverter LC. Four secondary coils are connected in serial along with their rectifier/filter stage. The transformer ratio is 417 for 1 and 3 phase input line applications (which lead to a 400VDC-800VDC DC Bus) and is four time higher for battery powered applications (which lead to a 100VDC-200VDC DC Bus).

Total HV filtering capacitor is 1nF inside the HV tank.

The inverter topology along with this HV filtering capacitor produces a HV ripple in the 40KHz-140KHz range, not measurable at low mA up to a few percent at max mA.

Both cathode and anode kV are measured and reported to the kV control board for kV regulation, kV safeties and tube spits detection. mA measure is made in the cathode side of the transformer and transmitted to the kV control board for mA regulation and safety.

2.2.3 System interfaceSystem interface is the FRU which adapts the generator to the system.

2.2.3.1 RF FUNCTION Refer to Figure 2-39 in the following discussion. RF interface consists in:

• Interface between the generator and the system consists in:

• an isolated CAN communication line to the system

• 4 isolated RS485 lines:

- exposure command

- exposure enable

- X-ray on

- reset

• One plug for AEC board option

2.2.3.2 AEC (Automatic Exposure Control)

AEC FUNCTIONRefer to Figure 2-28 in the following discussion. AEC board is able to drive up to four GEMSE ionization chambers.

• Two ionization chambers are used generally: One for table, the second for Wall stand.

• One analog ion chamber is used in “Uroview” generator, for the table.

• One analog ion chamber is used on the Precision 500D generator, for the Wall stand (note: a digital AEC is used for the table digitally managed between system and Jedi)

• The ionization chambers are connected in front of the Interface Module.

• On each plugs (two) the following signals are available:

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- Ionization chamber selection (1 to 4)

- Cells selection (Left, Middle or Right)

- Return voltage from ionization chamber (VAEC1 to VAEC4)

- High power supply (230Vdc) for ion chamber polarization (if necessary)

- Low voltage power supply (+/- 15Vdc)

AEC Function Principle:During an exposure the output of an ionization chamber (VAEC1 to VAEC4) is monitored to determine when the required density on film has been reached. This result is obtained by sending pulses to kV control board (through Interface board). to increase the value in a software counter.

These pulses are also sent to a hardware counter followed by a DAC. The DAC output voltage is then compared to the feedback voltage of the ionization chamber selected (AEC1 or AEC2). When the return voltage of the ionization chamber is greater than the output voltage of the DAC, a new pulse is generated. The exposure is cut when the software counter on kV control has reached a calibrated value.

The value of the software counter is calibrated in service mode and it is depending of kV and exposure time. These parameters are called: kVef and kT in calibration mode. The value VREF is corresponding to the software counter value: VREF= kVef x kT

2.2.4 Heater function

2.2.4.1 IntroductionRefer to Figure 2-29 in the following discussion. The heater function involves the following sub-assemblies:

• Heater board

• HV tank heater transformers

• Tube filaments


• One type of heater board is available:

- a 1 inverter heater board for applications which do not a fast exposure switch from one filament to the other. In this case, 1 inverter powers alternatively the two filaments.

- For applications which need fast exposure switch from one filament to another (This requires to pre-light one filament when the other is used), 2 heaters board are used in parallel.

• Each heater board is able to drive all kind of filaments up to either 5,5A or 6,5A depending of the filament type, and 10A in boost mode.

• Heater function includes filament protection against overheating and filament open detection

2.2.4.2 1 Inverter HeaterRefer to Figure 2-29 in the following discussion.

The heater inverter is an hyper-resonant half bridge inverter fed by a 160VDC voltage provided by the Low voltage power supply function or the battery voltage (100VDC-200VDC) in case of a battery powered generator.

The resonant frequency is fixed at 20KHz, and the working frequency range is between 20KHz (maximum power) and 60KHz (minimum power around 1,5A in the filament).

Current waveform in the inverter is approximately a sine wave. The inverter working frequency range makes it completely inaudible.

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The filaments being at the cathode voltage, an isolation transformer for each filament is located in the HV Tank. These transformers present a 1:1.25 ratio leading to a RMS current in the heater inverter 1.25 times the filament current.

The inverter is switched to one of the two filaments by the focus selection relay.

The input voltage being referenced to ground, no isolation is required to drive the MOS switches

The heater drive mainly relies on a 16 bits, 20MHz, 32Kbyte memory micro-controller.

It is in charge of the main functions:

• Get at power-up the heater database containing all the data required to drive the filaments (through the CAN serial line of the Control Bus):

- filament max currents

- boost duration

- inverter current safety levels

• Receive the commands (ex: go to filament=5A on small focus), and update the heater state accordingly

• Measure the inverter current and regulate the inverter

• Simulate the filament temperature and protect it against overheating

• Give the feedbacks (ex: filament=5A, errors) to the main software, and put the heater in a safe state in case of error

• Read the +15V, -15V (Control bus voltages), heater supply bus and inform the main software

The micro-controller commands the power bridge drive through an EPLD in charge of:

• de-multiplexing the drive frequency to command the 2 MOS

• stop the inverter in case a safeties which require a fast action: over-current, over-voltage (=filament open detection), inverter short circuit, mains drop, tube temperature reaches 70 degrees

• drive the focus selection relay and read its position

The filament current accuracy and reproducibility must be excellent (less than several 1/1000) to ensure a good mA accuracy and reproducibility. Filament current being not measurable (because at high voltage), the heater inverter current (and not the filament current) is regulated.

The heater inverter current is measured and converted to RMS. The RMS current is measured by the micro-controller compared to the reference and the error leads to an adjustment of the inverter drive frequency.

At the same time, the micro-controller tracks the filament temperature based on the filament current applied and prevents overheating.

2.2.5 Rotation function

2.2.5.1 IntroductionRefer to Figure 2-31 in the following discussion. The rotation function involves the following sub-assemblies:

• Rotation board

• Rotation capacitors module

• Tube stator


• One type of rotation board is available: high speed (max speed=180Hz=10800rpm) rotation board (with the capacity to drive the rotor in Low Speed)

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• Each rotation board is capable to drive GE tubes (23Ohms/23Ohms stator), CGR tubes (50/110) and all vendors tubes. Tube adaptation is made by selecting the right capacitors module to adapt to the stator.

• High speed rotation is capable to drive both tri-phased stator and bi-phased stators.

• In the case where several tubes are connected to the generator, the Tube Management module (optional module only present when several tubes are connected) manages the tube selection. This module has the capability to mix up to 3 different tubes with different stators

• The rotation function also manages the tube thermal safeties and the tube cooling commands

2.2.5.2 High speed rotation Refer to Figure 2-31 in the following discussion.

Rotation PrincipleSince the rotation function must be able to drive either tri-phased stator or bi-phased stators, the inverter is a three-leg inverter with six IGBTs. This module is packaged in one pack.

The inverter is feed by the DC bus generated by the AC/DC board through a small EMC filter (voltage 400VDC-800VDC for one or three phase input line generators, or battery voltage (100VDC-200VDC) for battery powered generators).

The inverter drive uses a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) of the IGBTs commands.

This principle consists in applying a periodic command on the IGBTs equal to the speed selected in order to generate a sine wave current in each phase at the anode speed frequency with the optimum angle between the phases.

Inside this “fundamental” command frequency, the IGBTs commands duration is modulated in order to get the right level of current in the phases.

Figure 2-19 Example of bi-phased SLEM motors high speed drive timing

1

26 4

35P

CommonA

IGBT_1ON

IGBT_3

IGBT_5

rotation speed period (ex:180Hz)

motor current amplitude modulation

OFF

IGBT_2 / IGBT_4 / IGBT_6 = opposite of IGBT_1/ IGBT_3 / IGBT_5

inverterphase P current

inverterphase A current

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Depending on the stator windings number (2 or 3), of their impedance and of the speed selected, the main and auxiliary phases are either connected directly to the phases (example: in high speed mode on a tri-phased low impedance stator, in low speed mode for a bi-phased stator, in high speed brake) or through a module of shift capacitors whose role is to put the right angle between the phases to ensure maximum efficiency in acceleration and run.

This capacitor module is defined for each stator and so different from one stator to another.

Rotation is including a relay which allow to put the capacitors in the circuit and to short-circuit it depending of the state of the rotation drive.

As the IGBTs are connected to the DC voltage, IGBTs gates drives require isolation. This is accomplished through opto couplers. Gates drives power supplies are generated by a small fly-back power supply which uses the +15V of the Control Bus to generate 4 isolated +15V to power each IGBT gate (and the 5V for all logic function).

The rotation drive mainly relies on a 16 bits, 20MHz, 32Kbyte memory micro-controller.

It is in charge of the main functions:

• Get at power-up the rotation database containing all the data required to drive the stator (through the CAN serial line of the Control Bus):

- currents reference for each state

- acceleration and brake durations

- inverter current safety levels

• Receive the commands (go to speed=10000rpm), and update the rotation state accordingly

• Measure the inverter currents and regulate the inverter (fundamental and modulation)

• Give the feedbacks (speed=10000rpm, errors) to the main software, and put the rotation in a safe state in case of error

• Read the tube safeties and drive the tube cooling

- The micro-controller commands the power bridge drive through an EPLD in charge of:

- mixing fundamental and modulation commands

- de-multiplexing the PWM command to command the 6 IGBTs

- stop the inverter in case a safeties which require a fast action: inverter overload, mains drop, tube temperature reaches 70 degrees

- drive the high speed relay

Fundamental frequency is applied so that the sine wave in the phases is at the frequency corresponding to the desired anode speed. It is calculated by the micro-controller.

The modulation of the IGBT commands is the result of a regulation loop which ensure to reach the right current level for the tube and the rotation state (example: high speed acceleration current = 7A for Qj tube, high speed run current = 2A for Qj tube).

This loop ensure optimum acceleration performances in all conditions of DC bus and of stator temperature.

The current is measured inside 2 phases, reconstructed for the third phase.

Then the measure is compared to the reference value and the error leads to an adjustment of the modulation rate.

All rotation states are regulated except the brake. Brake includes a state where a DC current is generated in open loop mode, the commands frequency depending only of the tube and the line voltage.

The rotation function has capabilities which are not yet developed like:

• variable speed profiles for tri-phase motor drive

• anode speed control

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Tube Cooling The high speed rotation board handles the following functions:

• supply and reading of two tube thermo-switches (typically 40 degrees and 70 degrees). The information is send to the main software which takes appropriate actions based on the tube and system

• when supplied by a 1 phase 115VAC or 230VAC, capability to power permanently a tube lamp

• when supplied by a 1 phase 115VAC or 230VAC, capability to power a fan and/or pump and/or to trigger a chiller whenever decided by the main software based on tube and system

• read-back of the cooling supply voltage to prevent tube damage in case of a no cooling condition

Note that the tube cooling supply (115VAC or 230VAC) must be isolated from ground and protected by a fuse at the source wherever this voltage is created.

2.2.6 Switching Tube Function Refer to Figure 2-38 in the following discussion. This function is realized with the following sub assemblies:

• Two Switching Tubes board

• Two tubes HV tank with motorized internal switch

The Two Switching Tubes board ensures

• the switch of the rotation stator currents (delivered by the rotation board) between tube 1 and tube 2 with management of the shift capacitors. It may have 4 shift capacitors – 2 per tube - used for high speed with the selected tube or shorted for low speed)

• the switch of the filament currents from the heaters board to the Two tubes HV tank

• the management of the cooling supply between tube 1 and tube 2

• the management of the thermal security signals between tube 1 and tube 2

• the control of the motor for the High voltage switch and the management of the HV tank position switches

• the dialog through CAN bus with the main generator software.

The two tubes HV tank contains

• the same high voltage stage than the standard single tube HV tank

• an internal mechanical switch allowing a selection between two High Voltage outputs (4 HV receptacles)

• a motor driving the mechanical switch controlled by the Two Switching Tubes Board.

2.2.7 EMC filter function

2.2.7.1 IntroductionEMC filter is designed to make the generator compliant with the EMC conducted noise and immunity regulatory by filtering the HV power inverter noise (rotation noise is mainly filtered on rotation board).

It is placed at the power input of the generator and mainly composed of one to several (L,C) filters cells placed in cascade to filter common mode noise (filters referenced to ground) and differential mode noise (filters between phases).

EMC filter is declined in:

• single phase version

• three phase version

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2.2.7.2 3 phase EMC filterRefer to Figure 2-32 in the following discussion.

2.2.8 AC/DC

2.2.8.1 IntroductionAC/DC function consists in creating the DC Bus. Standard DC Bus range is 400VDC-800VDC.

This voltage is feeding all the main generator functions (inverter, gate drive supply, low voltage power supply, rotation).

DC Bus to the auxiliary functions (gate drive supply, low voltage power supply, rotation) is protected by a fuse rated to protect them against short circuits.

Note that the mains phases feeding the generator must be protected wherever they are created with a rating matching generator power requirements.

AC/DC function is declined in:

• single phase version

• three phase max power version

2.2.8.2 Single phase AC/DCThis function is designed to create a DC Bus in the 400VDC-800VDC range when supplied by a 230VAC (200 to 240V) input.

The design uses a voltage doubler principle to generate the right DC Bus voltage.

If the mains is lower than 230VAC, an auto-transformer may be required to generate a 240VAC input to the generator.

The function includes a set of storage capacitors whose role is to limit the DC voltage drop during the exposure.

The capacitors number required to run up to 32KW exposure being high, the generator power-up requires a pre-load at low charging current. Once the capacitors are charged, the pre load resistor is shunted for normal operation through a contactor.

The capacitors also require a discharge circuit to comply with a fast access to the generator once it is powered off.

In order to protect the discharge circuit against overheating, three successive ON/OFF sequences are allowed. After the third, the software inhibits any ON command within 15mn.

2.2.8.3 3 phases max power AC/DCRefer to Figure 2-33 in the following discussion.The function mainly includes differential modes filters. The main storage capacitors are designed to limit the DC Bus drop during the kV rise.

2.2.9 Low voltage power supply (standard LVPS)This fly-back type power supply generates the +15V/-15V supplies for the generator. At the same time it creates the heater supply voltage.

This power supplies is powered by the main DC bus. It means that all the generator is off when the 3 phases are off.

Low voltage power supply is declined in 2 versions:

• - for 3 phases application

• - for 1 phase applications:

2.2.10 Low Voltage power supply 400W (LVPS400)

Refer to Figure 2-37 in the following discussion.

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• The LVPS400 board is designed to supply the various circuits of the JEDI generator with the required low voltages. The board communicates with JEDI generator by the mean of a CAN bus and one real time line (MAINS_DROP). It is intended to be connected to a fuse protected 230V RMS Mains. (115V RMS with a specific strap). It has 11 specific outputs:

• P15VCAN and M15VCAN to supply mainly the PPC board and the low voltage parts of HEATER boards and ROTATION board.

• P15V EXT intended to supply mainly the low voltage circuits of the grid control tank - InGrid tank- (If required)

• 24V GATE to supply the Gate control board of JEDI main inverter (HELIOS application) or a ON/OFF contactor (in UROVIEW single phase system).

• Four specific outputs (24V FAN) intended to connect fans. Each output can drive two fans connected in parallel, so depending on the considered system, up to eight fans can be used. Each output voltage is programmable by firmware

• Two outputs 160 H1 and 160V H2 designed to supply two different HEATER boards for XL and XS filament. (if required)

• 160V EXT to supply the INGRID tank power circuits (if required).

The board monitors the output voltage and current. Depending on the values, it may generate warnings, which are sent to the kV control board, but the exposure is not interrupted.

Refer to the Low voltage power supply Bloc diagram in appendix:

2.2.10.1 Circuits description.The LVPS400 board is constituted by

• A rectifier stage

• An auxiliary fly-back inverter which provides three specific voltages P15V, M15V and P7V intended to supply the control and regulation circuits on the board

• A main regulated inverter with four separate outputs: P17V, M17V, P26V and P160V

• Eleven separate regulators with individual ON/OFF function controlled by the LVPS micro controller

• A control circuit

AC/DC StageThis stage is composed by an EMI filter (L1, C19, C12), a rectifier bridge U10 and a tank capacitor formed by C34,C43,C47,C36. The CTN U11 and U15 are used to limit the inrush current. For 115VRMS operation, pins 1 and 2 of J2 connector must be externally connected. A voltage doubler stage is formed by two diodes of U10 and the capacitors C34 and C43 on one side, and the capacitors C36 and C47 on the other side. The neon lamp DS8 lights as long as the capacitors C34, C43, C47, C36 are not completely discharged.

The Mains AC input is monitored by the two signals LINE1 and LINE2. The needed isolation is made by opto couplers U16. The DC signal, at the output of the rectification stage CR112 and CR113, is applied to the comparator U14 which provides the signal _LINE ON to the micro controller (needed data to generate MAINS_DROP to the JEDI generator and allow a preventive data back up when the ac input voltage disappears)

Auxiliary fly-back inverterIt is a stand-by power supply which delivers the internal voltages needed on the LVPS400 board. The inverter is supplied from the DC bus and protected by an internal fuse. The inverter is made with an integrated fly-back driverU101, a switch Q16 and the transformer T1. The T1 secondary voltages are rectified by the diodes CR24, CR128 and CR25.

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Main inverter

POWER STAGE

The switches Q7 and Q12, the inductance L9 and the capacitors C52 and C53 are the main parts of a resonant inverter working above the resonant frequency of about 20kHz. The transformer T2 provide the needed isolation and with its four secondary windings it can deliver after rectification, the voltages P17V, M17V, P26V, P160V. The input lines of the gate switch drivers U19 are isolated by opto couplers U20. The main inverter can be disabled by the LVPS micro controller with the INV_ON signal (state 1 = inverter enable)

CONTROL AND FEEDBACK CIRCUIT

The switch control signals _CMD_INV_H and _CMD_INV_L are derived from a sawtooth generator and the two comparators U17 and U18. The sawtooth generator is set up with the integrator U2 (1,2,3) and the comparator U2 (8,9,10) which drives a diodes switch CR102 to commute the voltage of CR3 or CR4. The comparison level of U2 comparator is issued by the output 7 or 14 of U2 depending on the sawtooth polarity (diodes switch CR1). We obtain in this way a voltage /period generator. This control voltage is derived from an inverter current measurement and a signal _CONS_I_INV (output 14 of U5) calculated from error voltage.

The error signal is calculated from the reference voltage P10REF and the lowest voltage among P160V, P26V and P17V (in respect to their nominal value) by the amplifiers U5 and U13 an the diodes switches CR7 and CR8

When we start the inverter the signal _INV_ON has a transition from 1 to 0, Q3 is OFF and the feedback reference voltage (On the Q3 drain) rise at a rate depending on R151, C10, C11 and C118. followed by the inverter output voltages

Regulators

P15V, M15V, 15V EXT, 24V GATE REGULATORS

These four linear regulators are the same type. They show only a slight difference in components choice to take into account the various output power. The P15V CAN regulator, for example includes:

• A ballast transistor Q13

• A driver stage Q123, Q124

• An error amplifier U13 which compare the output voltage to the reference voltage M10REF

• An enable /disable circuit Q117, Q5 with a rising voltage ramp R28, C23

A LED DS7 shows when the P15V CAN supply is ON.An image of the output voltage is sent to the micro controller to measurement MEAS_V_P15_CAN

160V H1, 160V H2, 160V EXT REGULATORS

These three linear regulators are the same type that the previous one but in this case the error amplifier and driver stage are made with a two differential transistors stage Q132 and Q133 for 160V H1 output

24V FAN1, 24V FAN2, 24V FAN3, 24V FAAN4 REGULATORS

These four regulators consist in a pulse width modulation switching stage. So each output can be adjusted to the right value by the firmware.(taking in count temperature measurements) The PWM signal is delivered by the micro controller. For the 24V FAN1 the switch is made by Q13 and the MOS Q108, the output smoothing filter L5, C8, C114. An over current detection is provided with the shunt R102 and the comparator U8 (_OVER_I_FAN1)

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Control and Auxiliary Circuits The control of LVPS400 board is made by the micro controller U7 which manage the CAN bus by the mean of a transceiver CAN U1. A specialized circuit U6 reset the micro controller at power on. A red LED DS5 lights when the micro is in reset state. The two LED DS3 and DS4 blink alternatively in normal operation.

An integrated voltage reference circuit U12 and the amplifiers U9 generate the two needed reference voltage P10REF and M10REF.

2.2.11 Generator SoftwareThe generator software runs on the kV control CPU.

Its main function are:

• console and/or system communication

• exposure sequencing (rotation, heater, exposure control, mA regulation)

• tube/generator thermal protection

• Image quality algorithms

• tube, AEC calibrations

• Tube/generator tracking

• generator diagnostics (application background diagnostics and service diagnostics)

2.2.11.1 System CommunicationThe generator has some communication capabilities: CAN, RS232 (not for PPC kV control).

Each communication path is connected to the application software through a communication driver. This mechanism allows:

• to have the same generator behavior regardless the communication path used to drive the generator

• to connect several interfaces at the same time on the generator

2.2.11.2 Tube/generator Thermal ProtectionThe generator software simulates HV power inverter, HV tank and tube temperature in real time.

These algorithms are based on generator and tube models. They use the real kV and mA applied to the tube.

They are used to protect the generator and tube against overloads.

They are also used to predict the exposure parameters/number of exposures allowed based on the current generator and tube thermal status.

The algorithms parameters are tube and generator power dependent. They are included in the tube and generator database downloaded in the generator during manufacturing integration or installation.

Depending on the system using the generator, the algorithms can be either active or inhibited.

For CT systems, the tube thermal algorithm included in the generator is inhibited. Tube protection is managed at the OC level.

2.2.11.3 CalibrationsCalibrations handled by the generator software are:

• AEC calibration

• tube filament calibration

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See the service manual for a description of these calibrations. These calibrations do not apply to CT systems.

FILAMENT AGING

Tube filaments are aging during the tube life leading to mA inaccuracy. In order to get accurate mA, the mA accuracy is tracked all over the tube life:

At the beginning of each exposure, the difference between the mA demand and the real mA is measured

The drift is recorded. It is used with a slow time constant to correct the filament drive initial values.

During all the generator life, the software logs the drift on both focal spot in the generator saved RAM.

2.2.11.4 Tube Spits CountingThe generator software counts the number of tube spits occurring during an exposure.

The count generates an error if:

• the number of tube spits exceeds the maximum number allowed for the medical application (X-ray applications: 7 spits, CT applications: (100+8*T) spits where T is the exposure time in seconds)

• the tube spits rate exceeds the maximum allowed for the medical application (CT applications: 20 spits/0,1s, X-ray applications n/a)

In both cases, the exposure is stopped and the error is reported to the system.

If the count do not exceed the limits, the number of spits is reported to the system at the end of the exposure.

During all the generator life, the software adds the number of tube spits detected and log it in the generator saved RAM.

2.2.11.5 Generator Usage TrackingDuring all the generator life, the software logs in the saved RAM the following parameters:

Tube Filament aging corrections for small filamentTube Filament aging corrections for large filamentTube Total number of spitsTube Anode + cathode spitsTube Anode spitsTube Cathode spitsTube kV regulation spitsTube Number of anode accelerations (new)Tube Number of exposures on small filamentTube Number of exposures on large filamentTube Cumulated energy on small filamentTube Cumulated energy on large filamentTube Cumulated Rad exposure time on small focusTube Cumulated Rad exposure time on large focusTube Cumulated Fluoro timeTube Cumulated mAsGenerator Max Temperatures for IGBT (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for Diode (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for Snubber (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for Base (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for Base_snubber (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for Heat-sink (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for 3mF Capacitor (simulated)Generator Max Temperatures for HV Tank

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2.2.11.6 DiagnosticsRefer to troubleshooting for diagnostics functions.

2.3 Functional Description

2.3.1 Power-on Sequence Generator power on can be achieved by various ways depending on the system (circuit breaker, console ON/OFF, PDU contactor).

In all the cases, generator power on starts when input phases are applied to the generator.

For three phase Generator, the DC voltage rises on the AC/DC board when this voltage reaches 200VDC, the low voltage power supply starts providing the +15V/-15V bus (Rotation Leds DS1/DS2 lighting).

The +15V rise triggers the 5V rise on the kV control, heater and rotation (Led DS3 lighting) boards.

For single phase Generator, a DC voltage (400VDC,DS2 lighting)) is provided on ACDC board to supply the low voltage power supply (NE1) as soon the input phases are applied. The low voltage power supply starts providing the +15V/-15V bus (Rotation Leds DS1/DS2 lighting) and the 160VDC (DS1) for Heater board.

The +15V rise triggers the 5V rise on the kV control, heater and rotation (Led DS3 lighting) boards.

At this stage, many actions take place in parallel:

• kV control:

- software starts running the PRDs (1s) (in case of error, Leds S0-S7 display an error code)

- software downloads the kV control FPGA which starts regulating the inverter gate drivers supply (in case of error Leds S0-S7 display an error code)

- software checks the hardware configuration:

* reads inverter identification

* reads HV tank identification

* reads system Interface identification

* talks on Control Bus to identify the function present

- In case of single phase generator. The software monitor the DC Bus pre load and full load through low voltage power supply board. The sequence is the following:

* Check the DC Voltage value=0

* Monitor pre load relay on ACDC board during 15 seconds

* Check DC Bus voltage over 400V

* Monitor load contactor for full charge

* Remove pre load Relay after 5 seconds

* Check the DC Bus voltage over 450VDC min. and under 850VDC max

* In case of a wrong sequence an error is generated.

• heater:

- micro-controller starts running the PRDs (in case of error, Led ST0/ST1 flashes)

- then goes to the idle state

Generator Max Temperatures for Inverter board Generator DC_bus min. in preparationGenerator DC_bus max in preparationGenerator DC_bus min. during exposureGenerator DC_bus max during exposureGenerator Time since first power-upGenerator Cumulated Power-on time

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- heater supply bus reaches its final value

• rotation:

- micro-controller starts by running the PRDs (in case of error Led ST0/ST1 flashes)

- then goes to the idle state

- gates drive supply reaches its final value

- DC Bus reaches its final value

• inverter: DC Bus reaches its final value on inverter LC and on gate drive supply

Once each main function is alive, kV control:

- checks the generator configuration consistency (in case of error, error message TBD is send)

- installs the right hardware drivers

- talks to the system or the console (in case of no system/laptop presence detected, kV control Leds S0-S7 display an error code)

- configures the final kV control FPGA

- sends to rotation and heater their database based on the knowledge of the tube selected

At this level, if no error has been detected, the generator is ready for the exposure procedure.

2.3.2 kV functionRefer to Figure 2-34 in the following discussion. KV function is mainly controlled by the kV control exposure control function.

After power on, the exposure control FPGA is downloaded by the main CPU (and also DSP in case of the PPC kV control board).

The FPGA then:

• configures the real-time lines to the system

• drives the inverter gate drive supply to provide the right voltage for the IGBT gates

• monitors the DC bus voltage, the IGBT gates voltage

Then the CPU receives the kV, mA, exposure time commands.

When the CPU receives the exposure enable signal (either by a communication message or by a real time hardware line both linked to the prep button), it drives the filament drive and anode rotation

During this preparation phase, kV reference is applied to the hardware.

Once these functions are ready, CPU informs the exposure control that the generator is ready for an exposure.

When exposure command goes in its active state, the CPU;

• starts exposure time counter

• starts mAs and brightness counters (for AEC cut-off) (if required by the application)

• measures kV demand, kV measure, DC bus, gate voltage, HV tank temperature each 16ms during the exposure

• calculates new kV, mA reference in RAD tomography or ABC

• applies new kV, mA reference if the system/operator changes the parameters

Exposure control:

• starts the HV power inverter by driving the IGBTs

• put X-ray on in its active state

• regulates the inverter

• monitors the hardware safeties: tube spits, no kV, over kV, HV inverter over current, kV regulation error

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When either exposure command goes down, exposure enable goes down, a fatal safety occurs or a timer reaches its final count, the exposure control:

• stops the inverter

• puts X-ray on in its inactive state

CPU:

• store tube spit count, exposure count, exposure parameters

• computes the generator thermal status

When a tube spit occurs, exposure control stops the inverter 100us, informs the CPU that reads and store the error, verify if the max number of spits is not reached, and restart if authorized. If it is a hardware failure: exposure control stops the exposure, reports the error to the CPU, which in turn that reports the error to the system.

When a measure goes out of range, the CPU stops the exposure and reports the error to the system. The CPU also stores the error in the generator error log.

2.3.3 mA functionRefer to Figure 2-35 in the following discussion. mA function is mainly controlled by the kV control CPU function.

After power on, the CPU sends a preheat command to the heater function (except for application where preheat is not used).

Then the CPU receives the kV, mA and exposure time commands.

When the CPU receives the exposure enable signal (either by a communication message or by a real time hardware line both linked to the prep button), it calculates the acquisition filament drive to apply to the filament in order to match the required tube mA.

This calculation is based on:

• the filament drive values stored in the tube database

• the interpolation to calculate the filament drive for the (kV, mA) point selected

• the filament aging correction

Then it either:

• calculates the filament boost command to apply to the filament to fasten the filament temperature rise and send it to the heater function. In this case, the boost duration is 400ms and is followed by the acquisition command send to the heater function.

• or do not use any boost command and directly send the acquisition command to the heater function

When exposure command goes in its active state, the CPU:

• starts the exposure

• measures the mA each 1ms (start 5ms after exposure start), compares it to the mA demand and calculates the filament drive to apply to reach the mA demand

• sends each 1ms, the new filament drive to the heater function

• updates mA demand if required by the system or by generator algorithm (ABC mode, falling load mode, variable mA mode)

• checks mA accuracy

The heater function:

• gets the filament drive demand each 1ms

• measures the heater inverter RMS current two times per 1ms, compares it to the filament drive demand and applies the inverter frequency to reach the right filament drive current

• checks inverter RMS current to avoid exceeding the max filament temperature

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• sends each 100ms the inverter RMS current measure to the kV control CPU

When exposure command goes in its inactive state, the CPU either stay with the last filament drive demand or goes in preheat mode or stops filament drive to allow a fast filament cooling before going preheat. The rule depends on the application.

2.3.4 Rotation functionRefer to Figure 2-30 in the following discussion. Rotation function is mainly controlled by the kV control CPU function.

When the CPU receives the exposure enable signal (either by a communication message or by a real time hardware line both linked to the prep button), it sends the anode speed reference to the rotation function.

Upon receiving this command, the rotation drive:

• compares it to the present anode speed. If the present speed is lower:

• gets from the tube database the current required to accelerate the anode and the acceleration time to apply

• drives the inverter with the frequency required for the speed selected

• measure the phases currents, compare them to the current demand and applies the modulation rate to supply the right stator current

• counts the acceleration time

• monitors rotation safeties

• sends back each 100ms the speed to the kV control CPU

The speed feedback is used by the kV control CPU to authorize exposure

Once the acceleration time is complete, the rotation drive applies the inverter current required for the anode speed maintain.

When exposure command goes in its inactive state, the CPU either:

• sends a speed=0 command to the rotation to stop the anode rotation

• applies a “hold” time to maintain the anode rotation speed before stopping it

• applies a “hold” time to maintain the anode rotation speed before going to a low speed mode depending on the application.

2.3.5 Power Supplies DistributionRefer to Figure 2-36 in the following discussion.

2.3.6 Exception HandlingJEDI software performs auto-test at power up and continuously monitors the correct operation of it’s functions during application. Any miss functioning is stored in the Jedi error log and reported to the system through a protocol that vehicles error code.

Errors found can only be reported if the generator is powered on and alive.

2.3.6.1 DiagnosticsThere are different levels of diagnostics:

Power on DiagnosticsAt power up, the kV control performs its own initialization, checks its memory integrity (Checksum of program and NVRam), and starts the communication with its peripherals and the system; Communication is permanently checked afterwards. Then it initializes the Rotation board and Heater board with their respective Data base parameters and loads kV control FPGA.

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8 LEDs (S7.S0) on kV control board show the software status.

During power on, the Heater board and the Rotation board CPU’s initialize themselves and check their memory integrity and hardware. If a problem is encountered, a PRD error is reported to the kV control.

Alive Diagnostics

1.) Under application. Faults will be reported through an error code and associated message. Some are straight forward and drive to the root cause. Refer to recommended action in the error list.

2.) Diagnostics run separately:

- Heating without HV nor rotation

- Rotation without HV nor filament

- Inverter gate command diagnostic

- Inverter in Short circuit diagnostic

- no load HV without anode rotation nor filament heating

- AEC diagnostic

3.) Manual diagnostics: Through troubleshooting guide based on error message or when the generator does not reply.

2.3.6.2 Error Code Structure The error code structure described in this chapter applies to the JEDI error detection and logging. JEDI error log file can be accessed from the system through the system error log viewer.

When an error is detected, it is sent to the system and is logged in parallel in the JEDI error log file. The file contains 64 logs maximum. Each log shows the following structure:

The first four fields will be described in the following paragraphs.

The field “data associated with the error code” shows detailed information about the state of the generator when the error occurred. Examples: rotation high speed acceleration state, small focus preheat, tube number 1 selected

The field “number of occurrences” is used to log the same error occurring several times consecutively. Instead of filling the error log file with the same error several times consecutively, the first error is logged and the following errors are recorded through increasing the “number of occurrences” field.

The field “date and time” stores the date and time when the error occurred. This is the Jedi internal date and time which may be different of the system date and time. In case of logging several time the same error, the field is indicating the date and time of the first occurrence.

Simplified error code

Generator Phase

Error class

Error code

Data associated to the error code

number of occurrences

Date and time

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Simplified Error code definitionThe simplified error code is a grouping of the Jedi error codes. This field gives a fast understanding of which part of Jedi is faulty.

Generator Phase definitionThe generator phase field contains the state of the generator when the error occurred:

Error class definitionThere are 5 classes of errors that correspond to different levels of impact to the system.

Class of errors correspond to the seriousness of the error and the system software will manage operations upon it.

Simplified error code Description

30 Tube Spits errors

40 Rotation errors

50 Heater errors

60 Exposure errors (HV inverter+mA measure+exposure control)

70 Power Supply errors (low voltage + DC bus)

80 Hardware errors (internal communications + cables)

90 Application errors (saved RAM+software)

100 external communications errors

110 thermal errors

120 Manipulation errors

130 Ingrid errors

140 Tube switch errors

10 rotation warnings (engineering use)

20 heater warnings (engineering use)

25 LVPS warnings (engineering use)

27 application warnings (mainly saved RAM battery change)

Table 2-2 Simplified Error code definition

Generator phase Description

0 idle: entered in diagnostic mode

1 Powered-Up; Waiting for Configuration

2 Stand by: Config done. Waiting for a preparation command

3 Preparation in Progress: JEDI gets ready to take X-rays

4 Ready for exposures (Rotor at speed; Filament; HV inverter drive ready; no errors): waiting for an exposure command

5 High voltage on

6 error detected and not yet cleared

Table 2-3 Generator Phase definition

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Error code definitionEach error code consists in two fields (which cannot be generated and used separately):

the first field describes the Jedi function which is faulty (referred to as function code)

the second field describes the error detected

Example: Error code 0306 means: 03 means high voltage generation function and 06: no kV feedback on anode.

Class Description

1 Errors which have no impact on the system operation.

Those are errors detected in background diagnostics during application. They are referred as “Warning” errors, to monitor drifts and used for engineering tracking.

The generator phase remains unchanged.

They are stored in JEDI error log.

2 Errors which are detected by JEDI and that are recoverable automatically without noticeable effect on the system, such as error related to recovered tube spits.

The generator phase remains unchanged.

Those errors usually occur during exposure.

3 Errors detected by JEDI during exposure. They stop the exposure and turn the generator in a safe state.

Error will be reset on Exposure Command release. It will require another Exposure Command to restart the sequence.

The generator phase is set to “error” until the error is cleared

4 Errors which are related to any hardware failures, software application or communication errors.

JEDI will turn to a safe state.

If preparation is in progress, it is stopped.

They are cleared either by a reset error action from the system (for system having a reset error mechanism) or by a prep release or by a new prep command.

The generator phase is set to “error” until the error is cleared.

Application can not work if errors is persistent.

5 Those are codes that may rise up when generator or tube temperature limits are reached. The application waits until the thermal information disappears. The error information is temporary.

The generator phase is set to “error” until the error is cleared.

Table 2-4 Error class definition

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FUNCTION CODES LIST:

2.4 Block Diagrams

2.4.1 JEDI Generator / Functional Architecture

Function Code Description

01 rotation

02 heater 1

03 Kv control

04 mA control

05 power supplies

06 system interface

07 software

08 application

09 tube control

10 tube switch

11 Grid/bias

12 Heater 2

13 AEC

14 hardware

15 Operator errors

Table 2-5 Error code definition

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Figure 2-20 JEDI generator / functional architecture

EMC

Filter

1 phase or3 phase pow

erinput

AC/D

C

High VoltageInverter

High Voltage

Tank

X-Ray tube 1

X-Ray tube 2

kV controlH

eaterR

otation

LowvoltagePow

erSupply

TubeM

anagement

SystemInterface

Grid/Bias

Chiller

DC

Bus

System

1 phase tubecoolinginput

HV cables

preload (1 phase)

tube selection

inverter controls

HV measures

fil. drives

rotation phases+safeties+fans


rotation phases

heater supplybus

Control Bus

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2.4.2 JEDI Generator / Np+ Functional Architecture

Figure 2-21 JEDI generator / Np+ functional architecture

EMC

Filter

3 phase power

input

AC/D

C


High Voltage

Tank

X-Ray tube 1

kV controlH

eaterR

otation

LowvoltagePow

erSupply

SystemInterface

DC

Bus

System

1 phasetube cooling

input

HV cables

inverter controls

HV measures

fil. drives


heater supplybus

Control Bus

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2.4.3 JEDI Generator / Tiger Functional Architecture

Figure 2-22 JEDI generator / Tiger functional architecture

1 phase power

input

AC/D

C


High Voltage

Tank

X-Ray tube 1

kV controlH

eaterR

otation

LowvoltagePow

erSupply

SystemInterface

DC

Bus

System

1 phasetube cooling

input

HV cables

preload/loadinverter controls

HV measures

fil. drives


heater supplybus

Control Bus

400Vdc

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2.4.4 JEDI Generator / Precision 500D Functional Architecture

Figure 2-23 JEDI generator / Precision 500D functional architecture

EMC

Filter

3 phase power

input

AC/D

C

High Voltage

Inverter 100kWH

igh VoltageTank

X-Ray tube 1

kV controlP

OW

ER

PC

HeaterS

FR

otation

LowvoltagePow

erSupply

Generic

Interface

DC

Bus

System

1 phasetube cooling

input

HV cables

inverter controls

HV measures

fil.SF drives


heater supplybus

Control Bus

HeaterLF

CAN

Externe

serial LinkLap top

TubeM

anagement

X-Ray tube 2 rotation phases

+safeties+fans

High VoltageSw

itchingTank

HV cables

AEC

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2.4.5 JEDI Generator / 68360 kV Control

Figure 2-24 JEDI generator / 68360 kV control

EXPOSU

RE

CO

NTR

OL

(FPGA)

CPU

CAN

INTER

F.

CO

NTR

OL

BUS

INTER

F.

GEN

MEASU

RES

KVD

EMAN

D

mA/m

AsM

EASUR

E

KV ERR

OR

MEASU

RE

+SAFETIES

INVER

TERC

UR

REN

TM

EASUR

E+

SAFETIES

IDs R

EAD

GATES

SUPPLY

REG

UL.

5VSU

PPLY

CA

N

1 ethernet + 5 UA

RT lines

Tank_id

inverter_id

IF_idkV

_control_id

Control B

us+15V

-15V

5 configurable IO lines

microprocessor

busexposurecontrols

mA

_measure

I_meas

mA

s_measure

mA

_meas

measure_controls

Ilr_threshold

Ilp_sign

Ilr_max

Ilr_moy cathode_kV

_measure

anode_kV_m

easure

kV_unbalance

kV_m

eas

kV_ref

Tank_temperature

measure_controls

kV_error

kV_dem

and

over_kV, no_kV

cathode_spit, anode_spit

IGB

T_H_cm

d

IGB

T_L_cmd

GA

TE_P

S_cm

d

DC

_BU

S_m

eas

control

DC

B_m

eas

Vgate_m

eas

Vgate_m

eas

DC

B_m

eas

CA

N

HV Tank

systemI/F

systemI/F

HV Tank

HV Tank

heater,rotation,LVPS

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2.4.6 JEDI Generator / PPC KV Control

Figure 2-25 JEDI generator / PPC KV control

EX

PO

SU

RE

CO

NTR

OL

(FPG

A)

CP

U

CA

N IN

TER

F.

CO

NTR

OL

BU

S IN

TER

F.

GE

NM

EA

SU

RE

S(A

DC

)

mA

/mA

sM

EA

SU

RE

KV

ER

RO

RM

EA

SU

RE

+S

AFE

TIES

INV

ER

TER

CU

RR

EN

TM

EA

SU

RE

+S

AFE

TIES

IDs R

EA

D

GA

TES

SU

PP

LYR

EG

UL.

1.8V-3.3V

-5VS

UP

PLY

CA

N

1 ethernet + 5 UA

RT lines

Tank_id

inverter_id

IF_id

kV_control_id

Control B

us+15V

-15V

5 configurable IO lines

uP bus

exposurecontrols

mA

_measure

I_meas

mA

s_measure

mA

_meas

measure_controls

Ilr_threshold,Ilr_moy

Ilp_sign

Ilr_max

cathode_kV_m

easure

anode_kV_m

easure

Tank_temp

measure_controls

over_kV, no_kV

cathode_spit, anode_spit

IGB

T_H_cm

d

IGB

T_L_cmd

GA

TE_P

S_cm

d

DC

_BU

S_m

eas

control

DC

B_m

eas

Vgate_m

eas

CA

N

HV

Tank

systemI/F

systemI/F

HV

Tank

HV

Tank

heater,rotation,LV

PS

(internalC

AN

)

DS

P

AD

C

DS

P_D

DA

C

EK

V,ILP

,VC

R,

DC

B_m

easKV

_cons

KV

_meas

EK

V

Ilr_threshold,Ilr_moy

Kv_unbalanced

Vgate_m

easInv_tem

pE

xternalC

AN

(Sys)

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2.4.7 JEDI Generator / HV Power Inverter

Figure 2-26 JEDI generator / HV power inverter

PO

WE

R B

RID

GE

DC

_BU

S_+

DC

_BU

S_-

DC

_BU

S_M

_PT

DC

Bus :

GATES

DR

IVESSU

PPLY

FILTER

SE

RIA

LR

ES

ON

AN

T CIR

CU

IT

IGBT AID

CIR

CU

IT

DC

_BU

S_+

DC

_BU

S_-

IGB

T_L_cmd

IGB

T_H_cm

d

+20V

-10V

GATES

DR

IVERS

isolation

isolation

GA

TE_P

S_cm

d

DC

_BU

S_m

easC

UR

REN

TM

EASUR

ESSH

UN

TS

I_meas

inverter_primary_2

inverter_primary_1

INVER

TERID

inverter_id

AC/D

C

AC/D

C

kVcontrol

HV Tank

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2.4.8 JEDI Generator / HV Tank

Figure 2-27 JEDI generator / HV Tank

HV

TRAN

SFOR

MER

3 phasesfrom

EM

C

LF FILAMEN

TTR

ANSFO

RM

ER

SF FILAMEN

TTR

ANSFO

RM

ER

OVER

VOLTAG

EPR

OTEC

TION

OVER

VOLTAG

EPR

OTEC

TION

Large focus current

Sm

all focus current

PRO

TECTIO

N

PRO

TECTIO

N

CATH

OD

EH

V

ANO

DE

HV

CATH

OD

ER

ECTIFIER

+ FILTER

ANO

DE

REC

TIFIER+ FILTER

MA M

EASUR

E

CATH

OD

E KVM

EASUR

E

ANO

DE KV

MEASU

RE

anode_kV_m

easure

cathode_kV_m

easure

mA

_measure

Inverter_primary_1

Inverter_primary_2

Bridge for signals betw

een inverter and kV control

HV TAN

KID

Tank_id

HV TAN

KTEM

PERATU

RE

Tank_temperature

heater

inverter LC

inverterkV

control

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2.4.9 JEDI Generator / AEC Functions

Figure 2-28 JEDI generator / AEC functions

CAN

chip

CAN

chip

DAC

Counter

paralleldecoder

CLR

CA

P

CLK

CA

P

CLR

CA

P

VA

EC

1

VA

EC

2V

AE

C3

VA

EC

4

AE

C sel 1,2,3,4

AE

C cells L,M

,R

230Vdc

sel AE

C

sel AE

C

CLK

CA

P

AE

C bright

Bright C

AN

CA

N ext

AE

C

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2.4.10 JEDI Generator / Inverter Heater

Figure 2-29 JEDI generator / 1 inverter heater

Current and voltage

measure

RM

S current +

safeties

Focus selection

Overvoltage

safety

Pow

er bridge

Pow

er bridgedrive (E

PLD

)

Heater D

rive(m

icrocontroller)

suppliesm

easure+5V

supplies

Controlbus

interface

overvoltage safety

focus selection andreadback

current

large focuscurrent

small focus

current

rms current

current safeties

PW

Mcontrol

safeties

Heater supply bus+5V

+15V

-15V

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2.4.11 JEDI Generator/ Rotation Function

Figure 2-30 JEDI generator / rotation function

TUB

E

INV

ER

TER

RO

TATIO

N(high speed)

EM

C+A

C/D

C

RE

CTIFIE

RA

ND

FILTER

EM

CFILTE

R

fuse

Power

Input line

CP

U

KV

CO

NTR

OL

J1 J3

J3

Rotation drive

Rotation

capacitors

currentsm

easure High

speedrelay

J3

40 / 70 degrees safeties

tubecoolingrelay

tube cooling voltage input

fan / pump / chiller com

mand

J2speed reference

frequency,m

odulation

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2.4.12 JEDI generator / high speed rotation

Figure 2-31 JEDI generator / high speed rotation

3 PHASES

REBU

ILD +

SAFETY

RO

TATION

LOW

VOLTAG

EPO

WER

SUPPLY

POW

ER BR

IDG

ED

RIVE (EPLD

)

PO

WE

R B

RID

GE

HIG

H S

PE

ED

RE

LAY

CU

RR

EN

TM

EA

SU

RE

EMC

FILTERD

C B

us

HIG

H S

PE

ED

CA

PS

.

TUBE

CO

OLIN

GR

OTATIO

ND

RIVE (M

ICR

O)

CO

NTR

OL

BUS

INTER

F.

Control B

uscooling com

mand

tube temperatures

1 phase tube cooling input

stator phases

HS

relay comm

and

cooling comm

and

tube temperatures

phases current

current signs

comm

on

p,ap,a

pwm

controls+15V

+5V

+15V gates

isolation

isolation

isolation

DC

Bus

-15Vsafeties

AC/D

C

kVcontrol

tube ortube m

gt

tube ortube m

gt

system

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2.4.13 JEDI generator / 3 phase EMC filter

Figure 2-32 JEDI generator / 3 phase EMC filter

CO

MM

ON

MO

DE

FILTER

1ST S

TAG

E3 phase

power input

CO

MM

ON

MO

DE

FILTER

2ND

STA

GE

DIFFE

RE

NTIA

LM

OD

E FILTE

R 1S

TS

TAG

E

DIFFE

RE

NTIA

LM

OD

E FILTE

R 1S

TS

TAG

E

OVER

VOLTAG

EC

LAMP

3 phase torectifierbridge

systemAC

/DC

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2.4.14 JEDI generator / 3 phase mid power AC/DC

Figure 2-33 JEDI generator / 3 phase mid power AC/DC

Rectified

input voltageD

IFFER

EN

TIAL

MO

DE

FILTER

DC

_BU

S_+

DC

_BU

S_-

DC

_BU

S_M

_PT

FUSE

DC

_BU

S_+

DC

_BU

S_+

DC

_BU

S_+

DC

_BU

S_-

DC

_BU

S_-

DC

_BU

S_-

RE

CTIFIE

RB

RID

GE

3 phasesfrom

EM

Cinverter LC

inverter

rotation

LVPS

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2.4.15 JEDI generator / kV function

Figure 2-34 JEDI generator / kV function

RE

CTIFIE

RA

ND

FILTER

KV

ME

AS

UR

E

CA

THO

DE

KV

AN

OD

EK

V

HV

TAN

K

TUB

E

FILTER

INV

ER

TER

GA

TES

DR

IVE

SU

PP

LY

GA

TES

DR

IVE

RS

INV

ER

TER

EM

C+A

C/D

C

RE

CTIFIE

RA

ND

FILTER

EM

CFILTE

R

fuse

Power

Input line

EX

PO

SU

RE

CO

NTR

OL

(FPG

A)

CP

UK

Vdem

and

KV

measure

+ safeties

KV

errorconversion

Measures

Current

measures

+ safeties

Gates

drivers

Gates

supplydrive

over_kV, no_kV

, spitsIlr_m

ax, Ilr_threshold

kV_ref, kV

_meas,

DC

B_m

eas,V

gate_meas, Tank_tem

p,m

A_m

eas, Ilr_moy

exposurecontrols

micro. bus

KV

CO

NTR

OL

J2J2

J1

J3

J6

SY

STE

M I/F

5 configurable linescan be :

exposure comm

andexposure enable

XR

ay onbrightness

reset

CA

N

RS

232

J1

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2.4.16 JEDI generator / mA function

Figure 2-35 JEDI generator / mA function

RE

CTIFIE

RA

ND

FILTER

mA

ME

AS

UR

E

CA

THO

DE

KV

AN

OD

EK

V

HV

TAN

K

TUB

E

HE

ATE

RD

RIV

E

HE

ATE

RIN

VE

RTE

Rpow

erm

odule

RM

S current

HE

ATE

RE

MC

+AC

/DC

RE

CTIFIE

RA

ND

FILTER

EM

CFILTE

R

fuse

DC

bus

EX

PO

SU

RE

CO

NTR

OL

CP

U :

mA

regulationeach 1m

s

mA

measure

Measures

mA

sm

easure

mA

s count

exposurecontrols

micro. bus

KV

CO

NTR

OL

J2J2

J3

J3

LVP

SJ1

J2

J2J3

J2

J1

filament drive ref. refreshed every 1m

s

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2.4.17 JEDI generator / power supplies distribution

Figure 2-36 JEDI generator / power supplies distribution

Low V

oltageP

ower S

upply

FILTER

INV

ER

TER

GA

TES

DR

IVE

SU

PP

LY

INV

ER

TER

J6

EM

C+A

C/D

C

RE

CTIFIE

RA

ND

FILTER

EM

CFILTE

R

fuse

Power

Input lineJ1,J2

J3

J3

5V+

gates power

supply

J2J1, J1A

RO

TATIO

N

5V pow

ersupply

J1

HE

ATE

R

Inverter

J2

Inverter

J3

J1

5V pow

ersupply

J3

kV C

ON

TRO

L

DC

_BU

S_+

J4

CT I/F

J1

J2, J3

+15V-15V

Heater supply bus

DC

Bus

DC

Bus

DC

Bus

5V+15V-15V

system netw

ork supply (12V)

DC

_BU

S_-

DC

_BU

S_M

_PT

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2.4.18 JEDI generator / LVPS400 function

Figure 2-37 JEDI generator / LVPS400 function

AC

DC

LVP

S M

AIN

INV

ER

TER

AU

XILIA

RY

FLYB

AC

KIN

VE

TER

CO

NTR

OL

+/-15VC

ANR

egulator

+15V EXTR

egulator

+24VG

ATER

egulator

PWM

fanR

egulator1

PWM

fanR

egulator2

PWM

fanR

egulator3

PWM

fanR

egulator4

160V H1

Regulator

160V H2

Regulator

160V EXTR

egulator

P15V

M15V

P7V

M10R

ef

P10Ref

P17V

M17V

P26V

MAIN

S

115V

CAN

bus

P160V

CM

D 15V

CA

N

CM

D 15V

EX

T

CM

D 24V

GA

TE

CM

D FA

N 1

CM

D FA

N 2

CM

D FA

N 3

CM

D FA

N 4

CM

D 160V

H1

CM

D 160V

H2

CM

D 160V

EX

T

P15V

CA

NM

15V C

AN

P15V

EX

T

24V G

ATE

24V FA

N1

24V FA

N2

24V FA

N3

24V FA

N4

160V H

1

160V H

2

160V E

XT

ME

AS

V 160V

EX

T

ME

AS

V 160V

H2

ME

AS

V 160V

H1

OV

ER

I FAN

4

OV

ER

I FAN

3

OV

ER

I FAN

2

OV

ER

I FAN

1

ME

AS

V 24V

GA

TE

ME

AS

VP

15V E

XT

ME

AS

VP

15V C

AN

ME

AS

VN

15V C

AN

Mains-drop

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2.4.19 JEDI generator / Switch Tube function

Figure 2-38 JEDI generator / Switch Tube function

HV

switch section

Tube Sw

itch Bd

2 Tubes HV

Tank

High voltage

MT1 H

V +

T2 HV

+

T2 HV

-

T1 HV

-

Tube 1 position switch

Tube 2 position switch

Main

Inverter

Motor

control

Tube select

Rotation sectionTube S

witch bd

Rotation bd

capa1 cmd

Tube 1 Main

Tube 2 Main

Tube 2 Com

mon

Tube 1 Com

mon

Tube 1 Aux

Tube 2 Aux

Tube select

capa2 cmd

Rotation

Inverter

Main

Aux

comm

on

Filaments section

Tube Sw

itch Bd

2 tubes HV

TAN

K

LFTube 1

SF

Tube 1

SF

Tube 2

LFTube 2

LFSF

comm

on

Tube select

Heaters B

d

+15V/-15V

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2.4.20 JEDI generator / Interface function: Generic I/F

Figure 2-39 JEDI generator / Interface function: Generic I/F

Optocoupled

RS

485

RTL1

reset from syst

RTL2

exp cmd from

syst

Xray O

N to syst

RTL3

RTL4

exp enable from syst

RTL6

AE

C brightness pulse

RTL5

for Grid

Real Tim

eLines

from/to system

Optocoupled

CA

N

+5V supply

External+12V

CAN

fromsystem

AE

C board link

CAN

+5VA

EC

brightness pulse

IO lines

+15V-15V

PP

C K

VC

TL

RS

232

-15V

+15V

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2.5 Switches, Jumpers and LEDS

2.5.1 GEN IF board

Figure 2-40 GEN IF board

J1 Supplies for Ingrid (Not used onPrecision 500D)

J2

J3 J4

J5 J6 J7 J8 J9 J10

Connectors Definitions

Not used on Precision 500DNot used on Precision 500DNot used on Precision 500D

Not used on Precision 500D

Not used on Precision 500DTo AEC board (control)

External CAN to and fromsystem

Control for Ingrid (Not used onPrecision 500D)

Digital signals from and toKVCTL bd

DS1 - Green�External CANreception

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2.5.2 PPC KV CONTROL board

Figure 2-41 PPC KV CONTROL board

Connectors used on Precision 500D J1 From HV tank (digital&analog signals) J2 Internal CAN (to auxiliaries units) J4 To Gen IF board (digital signals)

DS19 to 26 (yellow): Error indication. See diagnosis document. Blinking successively if no

DS1: Gate cmd OK (yellow)

DS2: 3.3V

DS3: 5V

DS4: -15V input

Voltage LEDs are green

DS10 (red): Reset DS11 (red): BDM (active only in manufacturing) DS12 (yellow): R_CAN_X DS13 (yellow): T_CAN_X DS14 (yellow): TX_TAV DS15 (yellow): RX_TAV DS16 (yellow): TX_CONS DS17 (yellow): RX_CONS

DS8 (yellow): DSP OK

Power supplies test points: TP3: 3.3V GND: TP1, 2, 5, 9 TP4: int �15V TP6: +5V TP7: int +15V TP8: +1.8V

DS18: future use

DS5: -15Vinternal

DS7: +15V internal

DS6: +15V input

� Switches and Jumpers

SWITCH OR JUMPER

FUNCTION

RST RESET PUSH BUTTON

� Indicators

INDICATOR COLOR INDICATES: CONF Re d FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY

(FPGA) CONFIGURATION NOT ACCOMPLISHED

OK Yellow INVERTER GATE POWER SUPPLY OK TX_TAV Yellow TRANSMIT TO SERVICE LAPTOP RX_TAV Yellow RECEIVE FROM SERVICE LAPTOP

TX_CONS Yellow TRANSMIT TO CONSOLE (IF EXISTING) RX_CONS Yellow RECEIVE FROM CONSOLE (IF EXISTING) T_CAN_X Yellow SYSTEM CAN BUS TRANSMIT R_CAN_X Yellow SYSTEM CAN BUS RECEIVE

HALT Re d MICROPROCESSOR HALTED RESET Re d BOARD BEING RESET

S0 TO S7 Yellow STATUS LED IN APPLICATION MODE THESE LEDS

FLASH IN SEQUENCE CONTINUOUSLY DS1 Gre en -15V SUPPLY DS2 Gree n +15V SUPPLY

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2.5.3 QUAD SNUB board

High Voltage Present: Do not go into Generator until DS1 and DS2 (Green LEDS) go out.

Figure 2-42 QUAD SNUB board

DS1 / DS2 : Presence of DCBUS

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2.5.4 GATE CMD board

The following hazards may be present

• High Voltage: Do not touch board until DS300 on this board and DS1 on the Dual Snub Board are out

• Hot surface on transformer T300 and heat sink.

Figure 2-43 GATE_CMD board

DS100

DS102

DS200

DS101

DS100 -Yellow -Low IGBT*(Q100) Gate Com mand runn ing

DS101 - Green - Presence of+20 V Supply on low IGBT*Gate Comm and

DS200 - Yellow - HighIGBT* (Q200) GateCommand runnin g

DS102 - Green - Presenceof -10 V Supply o n lowIGBT* Gate Comm and

DS202 - Green - Presenceof -10 V Supply on highIGBT* Gate Command

DS300 - Neon (Orange) -Presence of voltage on DCbus for Flyback Converter tocreate power supplies forboth Gate Commands

* Insulat ed GateBipo lar Transi stor

DS300

DS201

DS202

DS201 - Green - Presenceof +20 V Supply on highIGBT* Gate Command

J4 : DC bu s

J1 :Inver tercur rentfeedback

ILP

ILR J5 : Paralle linductortemp eratu re

J3 : to KVmeas boardon HV tank

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2.5.5 KV MEASURE (Two Tubes board)

This board forms part of the oil seal of the High Voltage Tank. It can only be removed at the factory. The Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) is the complete HV Tank.

Figure 2-44 KV MEASURE (Two Tubes board)

Connectors definition J1 To Gate Cmd board

(Inverter control) J2 From KVCTL board J3 Filament currents

from Auxiliaries J7 Future use J9 Switch motor

control

mot_nmot p

ref_mot pos_mot_2 pos_mot_1 mot_p mot_n mot_n mot p

To Motor Supply

LF I SF I

CLF II SF II

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2.5.6 HEATER board

Non insulatedvoltagespresent

HIGH VOLTAGE: DO NOT GO INTO GENERATOR UNTIL INDICATOR DS3 GOES OUT

Figure 2-45 HEATER board

160V DC

0V DC

DS4 � Yellow Inverter O utput Running

ON � Yellow Inverter Command ON

CommonSFLF

DS3 � Green +160Vdc present

DS2 � Yellow - Status DS1 � Yellow - Status

RST � Red � Board being reset or powered up

SF-LF � Yellow � Small Focus/Large Focus relay feedback

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2.5.7 Rotation Board

Non insulatedvoltagespresent

HIGH VOLTAGE: DO NOT GO INTO GENERATOR UNTIL INDICATOR DS6 AND DS7 (NEON-ORANGE) GO OUT.

Figure 2-46 ROTATION board

DS6

Comm onDC bus

Auxil iary

DC busMain

DC bus Indicators

INDICATOR COLOR INDICATES: RESET Red BOARD BEING RESET OR POWERED UP INV_ON Yellow THE INVERTER IS RUNNING

DS1 Green PRESENCE OF +15 V SUPPLY DS2 Green PRESENCE OF -15 V SUPPLY DS3 Green PRESENCE OF +5 V SUPPLY

DS4-DS5 Yellow BOARD STATUS DS6 Neon (orange) FAN VAC POWER SUPPLY PRESENT DS7 Neon (orange) DC BUS PRESENT

J2 Wiring

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

X-ray tubeThermal safety

Fan, 115V ACLine input * *

Fan*, 115V ACLine

115VSense **

* used i n appl ication wi th fa n cooli ng tube** used i n appl ication wi th tube pumpcontr ol.

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2.5.8 TWO SWITCHING TUBES Board

Figure 2-47 TWO SWITCHING TUBES Board

DS5 - Red � Board reset

DS3/DS4 - Yellow Board alive if blinking

DS2 - Green +15V

DS1 - Green -15V

To Rotation Board

TP5 �Stator Main Phasecurrent

TP6 �Stator Auxil iary Phase curr ent

TP7 -Stator Common Phasecurrent

TP3 �DCBUS-N

TP4 �DCBUS-P

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2.5.9 LVPS400 Board

Be aware of the following:

• HIGH VOLTAGE: DO NOT GO INTO GENERATOR UNTIL DS8 (NEON - ORANGE) GOES OUT.

• THE RECTIFIER BRIDGE ON THIS BOARD CAN BECOME VERY HOT.

Figure 2-48 LVPS400 board

WARNING OF LOCAT ION

DS9 � Green 160V_ext (not used in Precision)

DS3/DS4 � Yellow Board alive if blinking

DS5 � Red Board reset

DS1 � Green 15Vext (Not used in Precision)

DS2 � Green 24Vgate (Not used in Precision)

DS8 - Orang e Neon indicates presence of Dcbus (A C voltage at LVPS400 input)

DS6 � Green -15V CAN

DS7 � Green +15V CAN

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2.5.10 AC/DC 3 Phase board

Be aware of the following

• DO NOT GO INTO GENERATOR UNTIL DS1 (NEON - ORANGE) GOES OUT.

• Some components on this board can become very hot.

Figure 2-49 AC/DC 3 Phase board

F1 � Fuse � Protects (on DCBUS) : Rotation Board, Gate Command Board Type : 15A , 600VDC

DS1 � Neon � Orange Indicates presence of voltage (>70Vdc) on DCBUS

Rectifier Bridge

DCBUS to Main Inverter

J1 : DCBUS to Rotation moduleJ2 : DCBUS to Gate Command

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Section 3.0 - Imaging System

2.5.11 AEC Board V2

Figure 2-50 AEC Board V2

Section 3.0Imaging System

3.1 Overview

Several hardware components work together to produce diagnostic images. See Figure 2-51.

N1 - Orange (neon) -Presence of 230 VDC

AEC3AEC4 AEC2AEC1

TESTPOINT MEASUREMENT SIGNAL RA NGE

TP1 230 VDC 230 VDC _5% TP2 230 VDC 230 VDC _5% TP3 230 VDC 230 VDC _5% TP4 230 VDC 230 VDC _5% TP5 AEC assignment reference 0 to 10 V TP6 10 VDC (reference) 10 VDC _1% TP7 AEC return voltage TP8 AEC1 return voltage TP9 AEC2 return voltage TP10 AEC3 return voltage TP11 AEC4 return voltage

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Figure 2-51 Imaging System

The Optics Control Board sends and receives signals, to and from the Gitane board over the CAN RT lines. The OCB provides +/- 12v power to the Photodiode Board (PDB), controls the amplifier circuits on the PDB, sets PDB gain, and counts the pulses of the frequency signal from the PDB. Results are sent to the Gitane through the RT line.

The OCB also controls the Image Intensifier power supply, ADCS, NDF filter position and Iris position. Motor “over-current” detection circuits on the OCB protect the motor, and not the OCB.

The Fan operates on +24VDC and is used to cool the CCD

The ADCS measures the actual earth’s magnetic field by running current through a coil around the II to collapse the earth’s field. A new feature, includes an integrated EFC (Earth Field Compensation) tool. No calibration is required but the ADCS must be set to the correct II size.

Note:Configure

ADCS to correctII size

The ADCS has a serial link connection to the OCB. The ADCS is configured by s/w (through OCB/ RS232 messaging) to be operative with 32 cm or 40 cm Image Intensifiers. This is set during manufacture or can be set by Service personnel. Service: when an ADCS is replaced this parameter must be configured to match the your Image Intensifier’s size. Please Take care about that: if the ADCS is mis-configured, the earth field compensation does not work properly!

II High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS) supplies power to the focusing and size grids for each field of view. It also supplies high voltage for the anode. The HVPS is specific to II type.

CCD Camera contains photo sensitive semiconductor and control electronics. The CCD converts II light output to a 12 bit digital video signal. CCD technology offers many benefits:

• Low dark current

• Little lag

• 30 frames/second at 1024 x 1024 pixels

• Progressive scanning

• High resolution and brightness uniformity

• Good quantum efficiency

The optics assembly provides an optical interface between the image intensifier and the CD camera.

Photdiode BoardOptics Control Board

Fan

Active Distortion�Correction Module�(ADCM)

II Power�Supply

CCD Camera

Optics Assembly

Image�Intensifier (II)

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The Photodiode Board Assembly contains Photodiodes, which convert light to a voltage. The assembly is composed of the Photodiode board, a mask, and a neutral density filter. See Figure 2-52. A voltage to frequency (V/F) converter is used to change the voltage to a pulsed signal.

Figure 2-52 Photodiode Assembly

3.2 CCD Camera

Charge Coupled Devices (CCD) are not vacuum pickup tubes but integrated circuits that have a large number of microscopic “photosites” or pixels arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns. The photo sites act as “wells” and are filled by light energy.

The CCD Camera uses a high dynamic range 1024x1024 CCD chip. Each pixel photosite is able to handle up to 150 000 electrons. Together with very low noise floor, this provides a very high dynamic range sensor for Record acquisitions.

The image information is integrated during the whole x--ray exposure time. At the end of the exposure period, the charges are transferred into a memory area of the chip, in order to be read-out. The transfer time is very short (less than 0.5ms). This allows starting the next image integration right after the previous one, while the readout takes place.

The image is read off the CCD target by both analog and digital techniques. The amount of charge at each site is an analog function of the light intensity. Digital transfer techniques are used to transfer the well charge levels to an output terminal.

Lag is virtually nonexistent because the charge transfer is almost instantaneous. The Pick- up tube mechanisms for lag, carrier mobility, and insufficient beam current to effect target discharge are absent.

CCD's have very little geometric distortion (pincushion etc.) because they are not scanned by a moving electron beam. Like “Saticon” PUT's the CCD also has very low dark current which makes it ideal for digital record applications. During digital record exposures the image is formed on the CCD target. The image is read off the target once the exposure has ended.

Optic output for photodiode Linos/Rodenstock Optics assembly part

Photodiode mask (default is 64% square) Linos/Rodenstock Optics assembly part

Optical densities : Part numbers: density 1 #2329489

density 0.1 #2329489- 2Total density = 1.3 for II 40cm Total density = 1.6 for II 32cm

Photo-Diode Board (PDB)

Foam gasket Part number: #2329050

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Figure 2-53 CCD Camera

The analog signal of the CCD chip goes through a correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit and is amplified by a programmable gain amplifier (camera gain). It is then converted to a 12 bit digital signal via an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

The camera readout has 2 modes of operation:

• Dual channel mode: the CCD chip outputs the pixel data on 2 separate outputs, at 20MHz each. The 2 outputs are merged after ADC to provide a combined pixel rate of 40MHz. This mode is used for fluoro where frame rate can be up to 30fps.

• Single channel mode: the CCD chip outputs the pixel data on a single output, at 20 MHz. This mode is used in digital Record, where frame rate doesn’t exceed 7.5fps (compatible with a pixel frequency of 20MHz). This mode provides better brightness uniformity between left and right half of the image, which is better for digital record.

Note:Brightness

Differences canOccur.

In fluoro, in some occasions (first fluoro after boot or large camera gain changes), the image can display momentarily a “split image” artifact. The left half of the image has a slight brightness offset vs. the right half. The artifact vanishes after a few seconds of fluoro. This is due to a dynamic gain balancing algorithm in the CCD which takes some time to converge. This is the normal behavior of the camera, not a failure.

The digital video data is transmitted over the CCD cable in LVDS electrical format over 12 twisted pairs (1 per bit). Pixel clock, external sync, serial link and 24V power supply are also transmitted within the CCD cable. The total length of the CCD cable can be up to 30m.

The CCD head has no internal cooler. Heat is mostly conducted through the optics to the II structure. In addition, a fan flows air though the camera side vents. This fan is powered by the camera head (24V. The fan rotates whenever the camera is powered.

CCD DriversBoardController

Power Supply

CDS andAnalogVideoGain

12 bit ADC forCCD SensorRight Side

1024 x 1024Pixel CCD

Lightfrom

ImageIntensifier

12 BitImage Data

CCD Camera

ImageCorrectionBoard

12 bit ADC forCCD Sensor LeftSide

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3.3 Imaging Chain

3.3.1 Components

Figure 2-54 Imaging Chain

Please refer to Figure 2-54 as needed, during the following discussion.

3.3.1.1 Spectral FiltersThe X-ray radiation is hardened (low energy x-ray is attenuated) by one of three spectral filters or no spectral filter can be selected. The spectral filters have a thickness of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mm of copper. The filter mechanism is motorized and the desired filter is automatically selected depending on calculated patient thickness and procedure being performed.

3.3.1.2 Anti-Scatter GridThe anti-scatter Grid is motorized and can be removed from the field by the operator to lower patient dose. The anti-scatter Grid ratio is 10:1 and the focal distance is 80cm (useful range 69 to 96cm).

3.3.1.3 Image Intensifier (II)

3.3.1.4 Image Intensifier TubeThe Image Intensifier has 4 Fields of View (FOV) and converts x-ray radiation at the input to light at the output. It’s available in 2 sizes: 40cm and 32cm. It uses new technology, which provides improvements in contrast, MTF and conversion factor.

12 Bit

10 Bit

10 Bit

10 Bit Record�8 Bit Fluoro

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3.3.1.5 High Voltage Power Supply (HVPS)The HVPS supplies the image intensifier grids G1, G2 and G3 with high voltage. Each grid voltage is programmable and is individually adjusted for each II/HVPS couple in order to optimize the image size, focus and focus uniformity. Each II type (40 or 32cm) uses a different type of power supply.

The HVPS is controlled by the OCB through an RS232 serial link, which provides control over magnification and grid voltage settings. The primary power of the HVPS is 24V (up to 600mA). It is provided by the OCB.

3.3.1.6 Active Distortion Correction System (ADCS)The Active Distortion Correction System corrects the distortion caused by the Earth magnetic field. This distortion is known as the “S--distortion” because of the shape it will impose on straight line objects.

The ADCS uses a field sensor that measures the axial component of the Earth magnetic field. It uses the sensor output to drive current into a coil placed around the entrance of the II tube, which in effect will generate a counter magnetic field compensating the axial portion of the Earth field.

The ADCS doesn’t correct II pin--cushion distortion, which is caused by the spheric shape of the II input.

The ADCS is fully automatic, it doesn’t require any site specific calibration.

The ADCS module uses a different set of internal parameters for each II type. The II type is configured via a software command. The ADCS is commanded through an RS232 serial link by OCB. This link is used to setup and read back the II type setting.

The primary power of the ADCS is 24V. It is provided by the OCB.

In terms of cabling, the ADCS provides a link between the OCB and the HVPS. It is connected to both OCB and HVPS. The ADCS passes along 24V power and RS232 communications from OCB to HVPS.

3.3.1.7 OpticsThe Optics Assembly provides an optical interface between the II and the CCD Camera. The collimation lens focuses the light to infinity (parallel light). Then a mirror deflects the light 90 degrees, towards the NDF filter.

3.3.1.8 Real time light measurementSamples the light in a central region of interest of the II output screen to feed a photodiode. The photodiode signal is amplified by the photo-diode board and sent to the generator to cut--off the exposure in AEC mode. The region of interest is defined by a mask. This mask is setup by default to sample a square region covering 64% of the image area. Other masks are supplied, with circular or smaller ROIs. Smaller ROI is 32%.

3.3.1.9 NDFThe NDF (Neutral Density Filter) is motorized and has a typical optical density of 1.5 +/- 10%. It is used to attenuate the light in Record Mode. This allows the camera iris to open up more (lower f-stop setting) and thus decreased the depth of field. In Fluoro Mode the filter is driven out of the field.

3.3.1.10 IRISThe Iris is motorized and is used to control the amount of light entering the CCD Camera. It is set to a fixed position for Record Mode but is variable for Fluoro Mode.

3.3.1.11 TV LensThe TV lens focuses the parallel light onto the target of the CCD Camera.

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3.3.1.12 CCD CameraThe CCD Camera target is an array (1024 x 1024) of pixel photo sensitive wells. Each site or well is filled with an amount of light energy depending on the intensity of the light hitting that point. The image information is read off the target array sequentially, line by line, as an analog video voltage signal. The analog signal is then converted to a 12 bit digital signal via an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC).

3.3.1.13 Image Correction Board (ICB)The 12 bit digital image data goes to the Image Correction Board in the Saturn. This board applies offset, gain and bad pixel corrections to the image data. The CCU Board applies ABD Calculations, Image Re-scaling and Gamma LUT’s.

The pixel offset and bad pixel correction data are factory calibrated using a temperature cycling and burn-in process. Normally, they do not need to be updated throughout the life of the equipment. If you experience bad pixels.

The calibration data is stored within the camera head and downloaded at boot into the ICB. This suppresses any dependency between the camera head and the ICB. Any camera head can be coupled with any ICB without the need for calibration or setting.

The channel gain balance and global offset are adjusted dynamically by the ICB through a closed loop mechanism. These loops optimize left--right gain balancing and keep constant black level.

Saturn power supply provides +12VDC which is converted (DC//DC) in the ICB to generate the +24VDC needed to power the CCD camera head.

The ICB provides a serial communication link with the camera head. All features of the camera head can be controlled by the host PC software through the ICB PCI interface.

The ICB provides a synchronization signal to the CCD head in order to synchronize the integration, transfer and readout phases of the CCD with the x--ray exposures and the Saturn internal timing reference. The synchronization signal is provided to ICB by the Gitane board.

3.3.1.14 ABD (Automatic Brightness Detection)The ABD function provides a signal representing the brightness of the image in the ROI (Region Of Interest). There are three ROl’s selectable for both normal and pediatric studies (see page 7). The ABD calculation incorporates a Black Level threshold manipulation, which is intended to provide a means of shutter compensation. The threshold value is set to a level just above the shutter amplitude on a flat field image. In this way, the effect of collimating within the ROI will not result in an increase of average brightness. The ABD signal is used by the Exposure Management function to calculate the Dose Feedback which is then used to calculate the Patient Size. The ABD signal is also used for actual image brightness feedback to control camera gain.

3.3.1.15 LUT A Gamma LUT is used to compress the white regions of the image. The purpose of this is to produce an overall image chain gamma response of unity, thus producing the best input to output image reproduction.

3.3.1.16 Image Acquisition Board / Digital Acquisition BoardThe Image Acquisition Board (Saturn V1) or Digital Acquisition Board (Saturn V2) applies the Fluoro Noise Reduction (FNR) filters. This reduces the amount of “noise” in the image but increases the lag. Left to Right image reversal is also performed on this board. The image can be stored on the hard disk or sent to the Image Display Board (Saturn V1) or Digital Display Board (Saturn V2) for eventual display on the monitor.

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3.3.1.17 Image Display Board / Digital Display BoardThe Image Display Board (Saturn V1) or Digital Display Board (Saturn V2) applies the Edge Enhancement filters and also the monitor display LUT’s. The digital video is reduced to 8 bit and then converted to an analog signal by a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC). It is then sent out as a composite video signal to the monitor on a co-axial cable.

3.3.1.18 Optics Control Board (OCB)The Optics Control Board provides control of all the optics motorized elements, all the ADCS, HVPS functions and Photo-diode board. The Optics Control Board receives information from the Gitane Board over the CAN Bus. The Optics Control Board controls the II Power Supply, ADCS, NDF Filter position and Iris positions.

The iris aperture is controlled through a software (in OCB micro controller) PID loop using the iris potentiometer feed-back. The iris is commanded in percentage of its maximum transmission (fully open). The maximum and minimum transmission must be calibrated for each OCB/optics couple. OCB calibrates them by moving the IRIS to max. and min. mechanical limitations. This is done through the iris LUT calibration. This calibration also refines the precision of the law linking the commanded aperture and the actual light transmission. The OCB embeds a first order model for this law, which ensures coarse precision. The calibration further improves the precision.

The NDF position (in or out) is controlled through a software (in OCB micro controller) PID loop using the NDF DC motor and feedback potentiometer.

Both iris and NDF control circuits feature an over current detection circuit in order to protect the motors and OCB in case of failure of one of the elements. This circuit allows 3 over current events before sending an error message to the system (iris_overcurrent, ndf_overcurrent) and blocking the motor operation. To reset the circuit and resume operation, the OCB board must be reset. This can be done by powering off the OCB, pressing the on--board reset button or real time reset coming from the Gitane Board.

Both iris and NDF control circuits feature a time out mechanism which will trigger an error message (iris_timeout or ndf_timeout) if the target position is not within tolerances after 600ms. Time out errors will not block the iris or NDF operation but indicate a potential failure on either the optics or the OCB.

The OCB communicates with the ADCS and HVPS through a single RS232 serial link. This link goes first to the ADCS, then to the HVPS. The ADCS will process the RS232 message first. If this message is for the HVPS, the will pass the message to the HVPS. If an error occurs in the communication between OCB and ADCS/HVPS, the OCB will send an error message (sci_communication_error).

The OCB receives 24V input power from the OCB cable connected to its J1 subD connector. It uses this input voltage to generate internal +12V, --12V, +5V, --5Vand provides 24V on the J4 connector to ADCS/HVPS.

The OCB communicates with the Gitane board in the Saturn PC through the OCB cable. Communication is done through a 250kbps CANbus, a reset line (from Gitane to OCB) and the brightness pulse line (from OCB to Gitane) coming from the PDB.

3.3.1.19 PhotoDiode Board (PDB)The photodiode board provides a real time light measurement signal used to control the duration of the exposure in digital Record AEC mode. The exposure cutoff is made by the generator after the target dose has been received by the image chain.

The PDB uses a photodiode to convert light from the optics pickup into a photo current. The photo current is converted into a voltage and amplified through a variable gain amplifier. The amplified voltage is converted into a frequency encoded pulse signal through a voltage--to--frequency converter. The greater the light intensity, the higher the output frequency. The brightness signal is frequency coded so as to insure noise immunity.

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The photodiode gain is set by the exposure manager for each dose setting and scaled with the II conversion factor to provide accurate dose rate vs. frequency feedback.

The generator counts the pulses and stops the exposure when the target pulse count is reached.

The output signal from PDB is fed into OCB in TTL level. OCB converts it to CAN electrical format and sends it to the Saturn Gitane through the OCB cable.

The ribbon cable between OCB and PDB holds the following signals:

• PDB power supply voltages from OCB to PDB.

• Gain control signals from OCB to PDB.

• Brightness pulse from PDB to OCB.

3.3.2 Digital Radiographic ModeFor the following discussion, please refer to Figure 2-54 as needed.

1.) The prism sends a light sample using the light pipe to a Photodiode located on the Photodiode board. A Photodiode mask (square) is used (64% is the default) as a ROI. A neutral density filter is also used for high II CF in order to reduce the light at Photodiode entrance.

2.) The Photodiode converts the light to a voltage. The voltage is converted to a frequency. The greater the light, the greater higher the frequency.

3.) The signal arrives at the generator through the Optics control board and Gitane Board. Signal pulses are counted and the exposure is terminated when a predefined count is reached.

4.) While counting is taking place, the Optics control board performs other functions:

- Channel exposure management signals the NDF motor and port, and Iris motor and pot.

- Channels controls signals to the II power supply for selection of a FOV.

- Supplies power to the ADCS

3.3.3 Digital ImageFor the following discussion, please refer to Figure 2-54 as needed.

1.) X-ray is produced at the tube and hardened using one of three spectral filters. The filter used is automatically selected. Selection depends on patient thickness and the procedure chosen.

2.) The objective lens focuses the light to infinity (parallel). The mirror then deflects it through the neutral density filter (NDF) to the CCD sensor.

3.) The optical density of the NDF filter attenuates the light some. This allows the camera iris to open wider and decrease the depth of field. During Flouro exposures, the NDF filter rotates out of the image field.

4.) The motorized Iris then controls the amount of light entering the CCD camera.

5.) The TV lens focuses the light onto target of the CCD camera.

6.) The 12 bit image data goes to the image correction board and CCU. The CCU applies ABD calculation, image re-scaling and Gamma lookups.

7.) The 10 bit image data now goes to the Image Acquisition board, which applies Flouro Noise Reduction (FNR) filters.

8.) At this point, the image can be sent to hard disk or to the image display board for display. The image display board reduces the image data to 8 bits and then to a composite video signal.

9.) Video signal goes to the monitor.

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Section 4.0Positioning System

4.1 Positioner Cabinet

4.1.1 Component Locations

Figure 2-55 Positioner Cabinet

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Section 4.0 - Positioning System

4.1.2 Positioner Cabinet Components

Figure 2-56 Table Angulation Panel, Pre-amp, SCR and Lateral Drive Board

Figure 2-57 Longitudinal Amp., CAN Bus Breakout and Relay Panel

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Figure 2-58 I/O Board, Speed Amplifier and RS422 CAN Bridge

Figure 2-59 Power Supplies, Bucky Bulkhead, Connector Bulkhead and Angulation Transformer

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Figure 2-60 120 Vout and Power Bulkhead

4.2 Application (Saber) Software

Saber, name for the application software, is the Positioner control software used in this Diagnostics X-ray imaging system. It supports the positioning of X-ray source(s) and receptor(s), control of collimators, patient positioning, and displays/controls for positioner and some system parameters. In addition, it provides the capability for positioner calibrations and positioner diagnostics. In a Precision 500D system, positioner devices under Saber software control are OTS, IDD, Table, Collimators, and some peripheral components such as room door and room light.

OTS positions the overhead X-ray tube, and can be moved in three axis - vertical, longitudinal, and lateral. IDD is part of the mechanical assembly with the Image Intensifier, which also can be moved in vertical, longitudinal, and lateral directions. Both OTS and IDD have locks to keep the devices in place. Additionally, IDD provides two console screens for locks status and fluoro/record displays. In fluoro/record operation mode, Saber software will display on IDD console selective system parameters, such as techniques, FOV, II_MAG, Contrast Media etc. It also gives user the control of some of these parameters and image acquisition functions such as fluoro store and fluoro loop store.

There are two collimators controlled by Saber software, which adjusts the field of view size based on user inputs or source-to-receptor distance. FOV change can be either manually or automatically depending on the user input and operating condition. Saber software controls the table motion based on the table side and IDD control inputs. This includes eight-way table top motions and table angulation. Safety limits are checked by the software before and during motion to avoid collision.

4.3 Movement Functions

The motion buttons are connected to the Positioner IO board located in the positioner cabinet. This board detects button presses and sends a message to the Magic computer. The Magic computer processes the request and sends a command to the CAN amps or the positioner IO board for a specific action.

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4.3.1 Power Assist Longitudinal

Figure 2-61 Longitudinal Power Assist

When the power assist handle is pressed in the longitudinal direction, a circuitry next to it in the IDD creates a voltage proportional to the force applied. This voltage goes to the Pos IO board located in the positioner cabinet which routes it to the analog input of the Longitudinal Power assist CAN amplifier in the positioner cabinet. This CAN amplifier digitizes the signal and sends a CAN message to tMagic PC through the CAN bus. The Magic PC processes the information and sends a torque command to the CAN amplifier through the CAN bus. The CAN amplifier sends a pulse width modulated current proportional to the torque demand to the longitudinal DC motor drive. This is a 24 V DC motor.

4.3.2 Power Assist Vertical

Figure 2-62 Vertical (SID) Power Assist

When the power assist handle is pressed in the vertical direction, a circuitry next to it in the IDD creates a voltage proportional to the force applied. This voltage goes to the Pos IO board located

3. The Magic PC sends

Magic PC

sent to Magic PC


information sent to the Magic PC

Magic PC

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in the positioner cabinet, which routes it to the analog input of the Vertical Power assist CAN amplifier located in the positioner cabinet. This CAN amplifier digitizes the signal and sends a CAN message to the Magic PC through the CAN bus. Magic PC processes the information and sends a torque command to the CAN amplifier through the CAN bus. The CAN amplifier sends a pulse width modulated current proportional to the torque demand to the Vertical DC motor drive. This is a 24 V DC motor. This motor has a resistor in series. This resistor is located next to the motor. This resistor limits the maximum current that can be driven by the CAN amp. During calibration of the system this resistor is set to the proper value such that the max power assist from the motor is just over the frictional force in the mechanism. This is done by setting the time the IDD takes to go from top to bottom to be 3+/-0.5 seconds when the power assist handle is pressed down to the maximum level but without the hand applying a net force pushing the IDD down. This is done by pushing the bar down with the fingers while supporting the IDD with the thump.

4.3.3 Positioner/Table Angulation

Figure 2-63 Positioner Angulation

When the table tilt button at the table side is pressed, the signal is send to the Pos IO board located in the positioner cabinet. It converts it into a CAN bus command and sends it to the Magic PC. It processes the information and sends a CAN message to the CAN amplifier. An analog output from this CAN amp is connected to the tilt drive panel located in the positioner cabinet. This panel drives the tilt drive in the Table. This is a 220V DC drive.

When the tilt knob on the IDD is used, an analog voltage proportional to the turn of the knob is send to the Pos IO board. This voltage is converted to a digital value and it is send as a CAN command to the Magic PC. The rest is similar to the table side button.

The table tilt angle is read by a potentiometer and it is send as an analog voltage to the Pos IO board. This board converts it to digital value and it is send to the Magic PC for processing.

Magic PC

5. Magic PCsends

6. Magic PCsends

to the Magic PC

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4.3.4 Table-Top Longitudinal/Lateral Drive

Figure 2-64 Table-Top Longitudinal

When the table top longitudinal or the lateral drive button is pressed on the table side or using the joystick, that switch closure is send to the Pos IO board located in the positioner cabinet. This board detects this signal and sends a CAN message to the Magic PC. It then sends an On or Off command to the Positioner IO board as a CAN message. This board turns On or Off relays in the Long/Lat drive board in the positioner cabinet. There is 120V AC connected to this relay. This relay drives this 120V AC to the AC motors which drive the table top located in the table.

Figure 2-65 Table-Top Lateral

4.3.5 Longitudinal and Lateral Power Assist locksDepending on the protocol and the selection on the IDD screen the Magic PC decides when the lock should be turned on and off. When the locks needs to be turned on or off the Magic PC i sends a CAN message to the Pos IO board in the Positioner cabinet. This board applies a 24 V or removes a 24 V to these locks as needed.

4. Magic PC sends

to Magic PC

Magic PC

Magic PC

to the Magic PC


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4.3.6 IDD Console ScreenWhen a button around the screen is pressed, the IDD console controller located in the IDD creates a command and using a RS422 protocol the command is send to the CAN bridge located in the Positioner cabinet. This CAN bridge converts the RS422 signal into a CAN message and sends it to the Magic PC. The Magic PC processes the information and passes the necessary information to the Saturn computer. Once the console display changes are determined, it’s sent as a CAN message from the Magic computer to the CAN bridge. The CAN bridge converts it into a RS422 level signal and it is send to the IDD console controller located in the IDD. The controller displays the information on the IDD console screen.

4.3.7 Prep/ Expose Buttons on the IDD/ Fluoro foot SwitchWhen these buttons are pressed a switch closure signal is sent from the table to the Corona2 board located in the positioner cabinet. This board drives two separate RT bus lines (one for Prep and another one for Expose). The RT bus is a differential bus and signals in this bus has a logic of active low. When the signal is in the low state, it is logically active and vice versa. This goes to the RCIM2. The RCIM2 passes the status to the Magic PC and the software executes the appropriate sequence. The RT bus is connected to the Corona2 Bd. The hardware on the Corna2 board along with software commands sent to the Jedi generator enables exposures.

4.3.8 Prep/Expose Buttons on the RCIM2.When these buttons are pressed, it drives the RT bus just like the IDD/Flouro foot switch. The rest of the operation is same as the sequence explained above.

4.3.9 Grid/Cone Motion

Figure 2-66 Cone

When the Grid or Cone button is pressed on the IDD console, the micro controller in the IDD converts it into a command and it is send as a RS422 signal to the CAN bridge in the Positioner cabinet. This CAN bridge converts it into a CAN message and sends it as a CAN message to the to the Magic computer. The Magic PC processes that information and sends it to the CAN bridge as a CAN message. The CAN bridge converts it into a RS422 signal and sends it as a RS422 signal to the DSC box in the IDD. The controller in this DSC box drives the Cone and the grid to the appropriate position.

Magic PC

3. The Magic PC sends a

sent to the Magic PC

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4.3.10 Digital Servo Controller 2 Circuit Board

4.3.10.1 Functional OperationThe DSC2 circuit board incorporate a dual-axis motion control driver and CAN bridge into its design. The power assist handles are amplified and converted to CAN on the DSC2 circuit board. Lastly, some analog and digital I/O signal conversion to CAN is performed by the DSC2.

Figure 2-67 shows the Precision 500D architecture with a DSC2 circuit board installed.

Figure 2-67 DSC2 Circuit Board Functions

The primary functions of the DSC2 board are:

• To control the Cone and Grid servo motors in the IDD.

• Transmit and receive commands to and from the Positioner subsystem via an internal CAN bridge.

• Provide a way to put discrete and analog console signals onto the CAN bus.

• Facilitate serial IDD console communication via an internal CAN bridge.

• Assume the functionality of the power assist handle pre-amp, and place the result on CAN.

• Move +24VDC from the Image Intensifier power supply into unused pins in the CAN trunk for the collimator to use.

The 2 servos controlled using a PID position loop. The output is a PWM signal, and the position is detected via a quadrature encoder on each servomotor. High-level motion commands come from the CAN serial link - they are not generated locally under normal operation. The exception to this is during boot calibration, which occurs after every reset or power-up. During this calibration, the board must locate the “home” position of the grid by checking for a stall in 2 cases - grid in and grid out. The cone calibration is similar, but occurs during normal operation, and only when the user requests movement.

The DSC2 is connected to the CAN bus, which the system controller uses to communicate with various Positioner subsystems. This bus utilizes the CAN standard pin-out and communicates at 250kb/s. The DSC2 has the I/O functionality of the CAN chip utilized on the Positioner I/O board

POS I/OA1 A20

PowerA1 A28

J550 PinSub-D

J650 PinSub-D

J150 PinSub-D

J237 PinSub-D

TABLE_TOP_IN - 24VTABLE_TOP_OUT - 24V

XRAY SW - 24VPREP/RECORD - 24V

IDD_RESET - 422SFD_ANG_SW_OFF - 24V

ANG_SPD - AnalogHANDLE_LONG - 24VHANDLE_VERT - 24V

TOP_RIGHT - 24VTOP_LEFT - 24V

ANG_TREND - 24VANG_VERT - 24V

24V Logic Power24V Motor Power

24V Logic Power24V Motor Power

CAN

POS Cabinet

IDD Console

Table Base

MIS11198A25 Pin

Rear of IDD

DSC2

25 Sub-D

Motors

Encoders

Switches37 Sub-D

J27

CAN + 24Vfor Coll imator

Motor Power/Logic Power

Signals

37 Sub-D

Serial/Signals/

Logic Power

J137 Sub-D

Precision 500D - DSC2 Architecture

CAN FromTable Base

IIPS

CAN Trunk+ 24V

9 Pin Sub-D

24V9 Sub-D

CAN Trunk In9 Sub-D

J10025 Sub-D

Motor Power

J10150 Sub-DSignals

CAN TrunkOut + 24V9 Sub-D

J8 J3

J6

J2

J1

J4

Collimator

Handle

Long3 Pin

Vert3 Pin

Power AssistInterface

9 Sub-D

J5

Y Adapter ORNew Harness

J30�Main Harness

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(2293142), allowing the DSC2 to convert discrete and analog signals to CAN locally in the IDD, instead of sending the signals back to the Positioner cabinet (as in the old DSC assembly). In addition, the DSC2 provides a CAN to serial bridge with at least two channels; one for on board communication and one to allow the IDD console to talk to the CAN bus.

The power assist handle contains two “Hall effect” sensors that indicate the amount of force being applied to the handle. The old pre-amp board was originally used to condition the output of the handle and pass the differential analog voltage all the way back to the Positioner I/O board. Now, the DSC2 circuit board conditions the handle outputs to the proper voltage level, and converts them to CAN.

The under table (u/t) collimator is the termination point for the CAN bus. In addition, the u/t collimator needs to be supplied with +24VDC and ground from the Image Intensifier (II) power supply. The CAN trunk from the table base comes into the DSC2, as well as the +24VDC from the II power supply. The +24VDC power is channeled into 4 unused CAN pins, and sent out along with the CAN trunk to the u/t collimator.

The board is powered by a dedicated +24VDC power supply from the Positioner Cabinet. This is in turn converted on board to other voltages.

4.3.10.2 High-level Architecture DescriptionThe DSC2 PWA resides in the IDD and performs the following major functions:

1.) Motion Control: Provide all motion control for the cone and grid servos

2.) CAN Communications: Interface to CAN in the form of a serial bridge

3.) Digital and Analog I/O: Provide a means to convert discrete and analog signals to CAN

4.) Power Assist Handle: Power the power assist handle and convert the analog return to CAN

5.) Under Table Collimator: Provide the u/t collimator with +24VDC and the CAN trunk

6.) Power Supplies: +1.5VDC, +3.3VDC, +5VDC, +12VDC

7.) Diagnostics: Visual indicators and software reporting of errors to the rest of the system

8.) Reset: Generate self-reset after fatal application errors

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4.3.10.3 Theory of OperationThe high-level architecture is described in more detail in the following sections.

Figure 2-68 DSC2 Circuit Board Interconnects

Motion ControlThe primary output of the DSC2 is the control for the cone and grid servo-motors. This control is in the form of variable duty cycle, pulse width modulation (PWM). The inputs to the motion controller of the DSC are the quadrature encoded position data from each channel, the current sense determined by A/D converters, the cone's optical home switch, and any commands from the positioner subsystem that arrive from the internal CAN bridge. The following are the high level specifications related to motion control:

• 3 Amps is considered “over current.”

• Current “ripple” must be < 10%

DSC2 Rev E 22-Jan-2004

J6 3

7 P

in S

ub-D

F

CHA_C34

VCC_C19

CHB_C35

GND_C15

CONE_ANOD28

CONE_CATH12

CONE_VCC29

CONE_GND13

GRID+1

GRID+2

GRID+20

CONE+4

CONE+5

CONE+23

IDD_SW_1211

IDD_PARK10

CONE_PARK30

CHA_G36

VCC_G18

CHB_G37

GND_G14

GRID-3

GRID-21

GRID-22

CONE-6

CONE-24

CONE-25

Cone Encoder

Grid Encoder

J8 2

5 P

in S

ub-D

MC24V 2

L24V 4

C24V 3

C24V 1

ANG_EN 5

ANG_TREND 7ANG_VERT 6

TABLE_TOP_LEFT 8

MGND 10

MGND 12MGND 11

(Shield2) 13

CGND 15CGND 14

CGND 16

X-RAY_SW 18

LGND 17

PREP_REC 19

IDD_TOP_IN 20

IDD_TOP_OUT 21

M24V 23

M24V 24

M24V 25

To POS CabinetJ27 - Table Base

J1 9

Pin

Sub

-D FCAN_L 2

+24V 4CAN_GND 3

+24V 1

CAN_H 7

CAN_V_POS 9GND 8

GND 6

CAN Trunk & Collimator Power

Table Base

J4 9

Pin

Sub

-D F

+24V 4

GND 8GND 6

+24V 1Collimator PowerII Power Supply

J2 9

Pin

Sub

-D M

CAN_GND 3

CAN_V_POS 9CAN_H 7

CAN_L 2CAN Trunk

Table Base

J3 3

7 P

in S

ub-D

F

RMT_SW_DAT_P1

ANG_TREND24

IDD_TOP_OUT7

TABLE_TOP_LEFT27

ANG_SPD_RTN30

C24V17

RMT_LMP_DAT_P2

CGND14

ANG_VERT5ANG_EN25

TABLE_TOP_RIGHT8

ANG_SPD11

X-RAY_SW31

CGND16

C24V33

C24V12

RMT_SW_DAT_N20

IDD_ANG_SW_OFF6

IDD_TOP_IN26

C24V34

RMT_LMP_DAT_N21

PREP_REC15

CGND35

CNSL_RESET_P3

CNSL_RESET_N22

-15 V

+15 V

+/-15V & Groundfrom IDD Console

J9 9

Pin

Sub

-D F

Rx 3Tx 2Debug

CANTrunk

CAN Core

ANG_EN (24V)ANG_VERT (24V)

ANG_TREND (24V)X-RAY_SW (24V)PREP_REC (24V)IDD_TOP_IN (24V)

IDD_TOP_OUT (24V)

CGND32

TABLE_TOP_RIGHT (24V)TABLE_TOP_LEFT (24V)

Console 24V

Console Ground

24V to 5V Conversion -To CAN Core Digital Inputs

+24 Motor Power

Motor Ground

24VGND

CANStub

Digital Inputsfrom Console ANG_SPD

(Analog)

Serial

RS-422Driver

J5 9

Pin

Sub

-D F

GND_L2

GND_V5+12V_V4

+12V_L1

HANDLE_LONG6

HANDLE_VERT9 HandleVert

HandleLong

+12V

GND

Vout+12V

GND

Vout

RS-422Driver

Reset

HANDLE_L(Analog)

HANDLE_V(Analog)

Servo Con tro ller

GridH-Bridge

ConeH-Bridge

Cone Park

IDD Park

Serial

PWM, Dir, Brake

PWM, Dir, Brake

Cone Encoder

Grid Encoder

RS-232Driver

Serial

To Console J1

PowerConversion

+12V+5V+3.3V

TABLE_TOP_RIGHT 9

CTSRTS

87

+1.5V

Note:1.) MGND, CGND, and LGND all refer to ground. They areconnected together in the POS cabinet and on the DSC2.They have different names to show power allocation.M=motor, C=console, L=logic. This is also true for 24V.2.) J2 is part of the DXR generic CAN Core and may have an"_n" atteched to the end of it in actual implementation.

Cone

Grid

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• Transfer time for the grid must be < 1500ms

• Accuracy of the cone and grid is +/- 1.5mm

The motion control functions are described below.

QUADRATURE DECODE

Quadrature pulses are two pulse trains that are 90 degrees out of phase. This method allows shaft direction to be determined along with shaft position. The DSC2 currently interfaces with encoders that generate 200 counts per encoder wheel revolution (CPR). In addition, the cone and grid have a 10:1 gear reduction. This ultimately equates to 2000 CPR for the cone and grid. If signal A leads signal B, then the direction is forward. If signal A lags behind signal B, then the direction is reverse. This data, in the form of a count of pulses, must be presented to the software to determine if the duty cycle must be increased or decreased. The data will be read by the motion control software at least every 10ms.

PWM CREATION

The hardware must create a variable duty cycle pulse train based on a 16 bit command. The PWM will run with a frequency of at least 10kHz, and it will be updated a minimum of every 10ms. These specifications attempt to keep the motion smooth and controlled.

POWER ELECTRONICS

The DSC2 is the final interface to the cone and grid motors. It must drive them at a maximum of 3A in either forward or reverse for a maximum of 1.5s. In practice, sustained 3A current draw for this length of time would not be seen. The implementation of choice is an H-Bridge, which allows them to be driven in both directions depending upon which transistors are turned on. It also allows for a braking function.

CURRENT SENSING

In addition to position sensing through the Quadrature encoders, the motion control function needs to determine the current flowing to each motor at any given time. This is mainly to keep the PWM in check and to protect the motors against an overload situation. The preferred implementation is a current sense resistor (somewhere in the power electronics) whose voltage drop is read by an A/D converter. The current reading must be available at least every 10ms.

CONTROL ALGORITHM

The motion control algorithm shall move the cone and grid as quickly and as smoothly as possible. Overshoot should be minimized while still meeting the specs listed in Motion Control on page 121.

CAN CommunicationsThe Positioner subsystem communicates with various peripherals via a CAN bus that uses the CANOpen protocol. The word “CAN” is used generically to mean “a CAN bus that uses the CANOpen protocol.”

The CAN Core has two bridge channels - one will be utilized for on board DSC2 communication, and the other used for the IDD console. The console channel of the bridge requires no discussion here and is simply a routing of existing signals.

Digital and Analog I/OA second function of the generic CAN Core mentioned above is to provide a method of putting digital and analog I/O onto the CAN bus. The DSC2 can utilize this functionality to convert many of the discrete and analog signals passing through on their way to the Positioner cabinet. As seen in Figure 2-68, the following discrete signals will pass through the DSC2 and on to the Positioner cabinet, but will be input into the CAN core for future use:

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• TABLE_TOP_LEFT - Indicates a user request to move the tabletop left.

• TABLE_TOP_RIGHT - Indicates a user request to move the tabletop right.

• IDD_TOP_IN - Indicates a user request to move the tabletop in.

• IDD_TOP_OUT - Indicates a user request to move the tabletop out.

• ANG_VERT - Indicates a user request to angulate the table in the vertical direction.

• ANG_TREND - Indicates a user request to angulate the table in the Trendelenburg direction.

• ANG_EN - Signifies that ANG_VERT or ANG_TREND is set.

• PREP_REC - Indicates that the user has pushed the Prec/Rec switch.

• X-RAY_SW - Indicates that the user has pushed the X-Ray switch.

The following signal is intercepted by the DSC2 and is NOT sent back to the Positioner cabinet: IDD_ANG_SW_OFF - Indicates that the angulation switch is off (no motion requested).

The CAN Core has an on-board 10-bit A/D converter with a 0-5VDC conversion range. It’s used to intercept and convert the following signal ANG_SPD (An analog potentiometer that indicates the desired table angulation speed. The angulation speed potentiometer is powered by the IDD console with +/-15VDC.)

• HANDLE_LONG - An analog signal from the power assist handle pre-amp function (see that section for details on the signal conditioning).

• HANDLE_VERT - An analog signal from the power assist handle pre-amp function (see that section for details on the signal conditioning).

4.6.4. Power Assist HandleThe power assist handle takes mechanical commands from the operator's hand and translates it into 2 voltages, one for the vertical direction, and one for the longitudinal direction.

The handle is powered with 0 -12 VDC. Some hardware signal conditioning will be necessary to get to the 0-5 VDC level, but the dead band and clipping will be done by the system software and the CAN Core. In summary, the requirements are to:

• Provide the power assist handle with 0 VDC and +12 VDC power on each handle axis.

• Condition the return signal to be linear and between 0 VDC and +5VDC. +2.5 VDC will indicate the 'null', or handle at rest position. The polarity of the signal (which direction corresponds to < 2.5VDC and which corresponds to > 2.5VDC) will be accounted for by the system software.

• System software does all other functions (dead band and clipping).

Under Table CollimatorThe DSC2 has 3 CAN/Collimator related inputs - +24VDC in from the II, CAN trunk in, and CAN trunk + 24VDC out. The routing on the DSC2 board puts the proper signals and powers into the proper pins on the CAN bus.

Power SuppliesThe DSC2 takes +24VDC and ground from the Positioner cabinet. It has been allocated 3 power and 3 ground pins for the motors, 1 power and 1 ground for DSC2 logic power, and 3 power and 3 ground pins for the IDD console. Each pin is a 20-gauge sub-D pin and each conductor in the cable is a 24-gauge conductor capable of carrying 1.5A continuous in the worst case. The motors (more specifically, the H-Bridge) will take the 24VDC directly, and will only draw 3A peak (each) for a very short time in the worst case. The PWM will take care of any voltage drops that may occur as a result of a high current draw. The DSC2 on board components will require +1.5VDC, +3.3VDC, +5VDC(CAN core) and +12VDC (for the handle).

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DiagnosticsThe DSC2 does not have any stand-alone service diagnostic routines. It reports errors in normal operating modes as they occur and responds to any system communications to verify that it is up and running. In addition, it has diagnostics to support the CAN Core.

The CAN core has access to the DSC2's +24VDC, +12VDC, +3.3VDC, and +1.5VDC power sources for monitoring purposes. LEDs also show the status of these voltages. The externally visible LED's are as follows: 12VDC(green), 5VDC(green), 3.3VDC(green), Heartbeat (green), Normal Mode (green), Safe Mode (Yellow), and 4 Error code bits (Red).

Other LEDs are present on various input signals, but will not necessarily be visible outside of the DSC2’s enclosure. The CAN core also has its own indicator LEDs for diagnostic purposes. There’s an on-board RS-232 debug port that supports engineering development, as well as a Mictor-style connector to support connection to a logic analyzer.

CalibrationThe DSC2 is be able to calibrate its motion functions every time it powers up. It moves the grid inward until it stalls, and zero out the position. This is the “in” position. It will then be moved towards the home (out) position. The home position will be recorded and compared against an expected count to verify the grid has a full range of motion. The cone will calibrate itself by moving towards the direction requested by the user. If it is not parked, it will drive outward at constant speed. If it is parked, it will assume that it has full range of motion and attempt a normal move inward. When an inward move has been completed with a full range of motion, the calibration is considered complete, and all further moves are made normally (not constant speed). For patient safety reasons, the cone will not move at all until requested by the user.

The software only will calibrate the pre-amp functionality - no hardware calibration will be required.

ResetThe DSC2 is responsible for generating a reset signal for itself as well as the IDD console. The console reset comes via a CAN message, and is separate from a DSC2 reset. The DSC2 internal reset has four conditions that are described in further detail below. A DSC2 reset will also reset the CAN Core module on board.

POWER-UP RESET

Upon power-up, reset circuitry will ensure the DSC2 is held in reset for a minimum of 100 ms.

CAN RESET MESSAGE

Upon receiving a CAN reset message, the CAN Core will use two digital output lines to latch a reset signal for either the DSC2, the IDD console, or both for a minimum of 100ms.

INTERNAL SOFTWARE RESET

The DSC2 software will have the ability to trigger a reset by setting an active high reset pin. The reset generated lasts for a minimum of 100ms.

WATCHDOG RESET

A watchdog circuit, that requires a write every 0.9 seconds, has the ability to generate a reset condition that must last for a minimum of 100ms.

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4.3.11 BuckyWhen it is time for the Bucky to be operated, the Magic PC sends a CAN message to the Pos IO board in the positioner cabinet. The Pos IO board sends a signal to the bucky in the table to start the oscillation. When the bucky is at speed, the bucky sends a signal to the Pos I/O board in the positioner cabinet. The Pos IO board converts its CAN message and sends it to the Magic PC. The Magic PC communicates this message to the rest of the system.

4.3.12 Cassette Sensing TrayThe cassette sensing tray switches and pots are connected to the Pos IO board in the positioner cabinet. The Pos IO boards converts these signals to CAN messages and sends it to the Magic PC. This processes the information and the appropriate actions are taken.

4.3.13 Ion ChamberThe Ion chamber is connected to the Jedi Generator in the system cabinet directly.

4.3.14 Collimator & Blade

Figure 2-69 Collimator

The collimator paddles are connected to a switches. These switches are connected to the Pos IO board in the positioner cabinet. The Pos IO board converts these switch closures into CAN messages and they are send to the Magic PC. The Magic PC processes it and sends the appropriate CAN messages to the Collimator in the table through the CAN bus. In addition the Magic PC sends the appropriate messages to the IDD console display through the CAN bridge to update the graphics on the screen.

Magic PC

information from the Magic PC (II FOV selected)

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Section 5.0 - System Communications

4.3.15 Spectral Filter

Figure 2-70 Spectral Filter

Section 5.0System Communications

5.1 CAN Bus

5.1.1 HistoryCAN was invented by the Robert Bosch (TM) company in Germany in the mid 1980's, as a solution to automotive communication needs.

5.1.2 Advantages of CAN NetworksCAN is a serial data communication bus for real time applications.

• Operate in harsh environments

• Easy to Configure

• Automatically Detect Data Transmission Errors

• Cost Effective

Magic PC

the Magic PC (dependent on study selected and calculated Patient thickness)

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5.1.3 Operation

Figure 2-71 CAN Bus

Data messages transmitted from any node do not contain addresses of either the transmitting node or of the receiving node(s).

The content of the message is labeled by an identifier that is unique throughout the network. All the other nodes on the network receive the message and each performs an acceptance test on the identifier to see if the message is relevant for that node. If the message is relevant it will be processed, otherwise it is ignored.

The identifier also determines the priority of the message. If two or more nodes compete for access to the bus at the same time, the highest priority message will gain access and the lower priority messages are automatically transmitted in the next available bus cycle, if no more higher priority messages are waiting to be sent.

5.1.4 OverviewThere is one system CAN bus connecting the Positioner Cabinet, Table, Magic PC and OTS. This is controlled through the Magic PC.

There are 2 local subsystem CAN buses, one for the Optics Control Board (OCB) and one for the Jedi Generator. The OCB bus is controlled through the Digital Gitane board’sJ14. The Jedi bus is controlled through the Magic PC.

The System CAN Bus diagnostics checks the system ability to communicate with all the configured CAN nodes. Individual CAN node test scan be found throughout the Positioner diagnostics.

Up to 1 Megabit/sec (1 Mb/s) Transmission Speed

120 Ohm 120 OhmCan_H

Can_L

Node 1 Node 2 ... Node n

CAN NetworkCAN is a two wire twisted pair bus, terminated at bothends with 120 Ohm Resistors

111 1 6 0 to 64 16 2 7 3Start ofField

Identifier

RemoteTransmissionRequest

Control

Data

CyclicRedundancyCheck

Acknowledge

End ofFrame

Intermission

CAN 2.0A Message Format111 Bit Message Frame

Numberof Bits

Data Field is 0 to 64bits or 0 to 8 bytes

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Figure 2-72 CAN Bus w/DSC Assembly RT Bus

5.1.5 Real Time (RT) Bus (System & Local)The system RT bus is used for safety and very fast transmission of signal from one part of the system to another part of the system. The electrical signals on these lines are differential RS485 drive. The two end of this bidirectional bus are Venus console and the Positioner IO board. These end boards have termination resistors across the differential bus lines and biasing resistors to bias the bus to the logically inactive state when none of the devices are driving the bus. In the RS485 driver sense this is the high state. The devices on this bus only drive the bus to the active state. It never drives to the inactive state. When a device stops driving, the output of the drivers goes to a high Z state. It is possible for two devices to drive at the same time to the active state and the function will be a logical OR function.

There is one system RT bus connecting the Systems Cabinet, Positioner Cabinet, and Magic PC. The system RT bus signals are “low” active. See Figure 2-73.

There are two (2) local subsystem RT buses; one for the Optics Control Board (OCB) and one for the Jedi Generator. The OCB bus is controlled through the Digital Gitane board’s J14. The Jedi bus is controlled through the Corna2 Board J3. Jedi bus signals are “high” active.

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Figure 2-73 Real Time (RT) Bus Block Diagram

5.1.6 System RT Bus SignalsThe signals which are on this Bus are:

EXPOSE ENABLE

This is driven by the Corona2 board or the RCIM2 when the expose buttons are pressed. The s/w has to give permission to the hardware board before this line can be driven. But s/w cannot by itself drive this line. This signal is received by the RCIM2 for starting the exposure. This signal is also used by the Corona2 board in the system cabinet to process the Jedi RT bus signals.

EXPOSE COMMAND

This signal is generated by the Saturn Gitane Board when ever an exposure needs to be made and these pulses are created in sync with the signal to the camera frame signals. This is received by the Corona2 and processed before being sent to Jedi as an RT signal.

X-RAY ON

This signal is created by the Jedi generator. It goes to the Corona2 Bd through the Jedi RT bus. This signal is passed to the system RT bus. It is used by the RCIM2 and the Saturn to determine when exactly the X-Rays are being turned on.

BRIGHTNESS SIGNAL

This is high frequency signal which is generated by the OCB and send to Saturn’s Gitane Bd. This in turn sends it to Corona2 Bd. This is then send to the Jedi Generator. The Jedi integrates on the pulse count and determines when to terminate the exposure.

System Cabinet

Wallbox

RFP3

A1A1 J2

Local Digital/OCB CAN/RT bus

- Generation of Brt Sig forDigital Record

System RT bus signals are active low.

Jedi RT bus signals are active high.

RTB

over

USB

Table

IDD

2305473

OCB

Coll/OCB+24VDCSource

J1J2

II

Positioner Cabinet

Positioner I/O A1A25

J110

J1Termination/

Biasing

Jedi CAN

Digital

50SC2 to

26HDB

converter

J2

J3

Slot 18

Gitane

Slot 8J11

J14

Slot 17

J1

A25 J13

A25 J1Serial

RTB

(E-Stop)

Local Jedi CAN/RT bus

- Generation of Xray ON

A25

J82

A25

J31

Corona2 Board

J9J2

J3

Lime Board

J1

J2

J3

J4

RCIM2

Termination/Biasing

J4 J1 Magic PC

J2

Jedi

CAN

RT

Bus

Jedi

J6

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MOTION ENABLE

This line is driven active when the table motions are enabled. The signal is driven by the Pos IO board. At this point no other devices uses it. All the motion enables are handled by the Pos IO board. In the future designs when remote consoles are present this line will be used.

PREP

This is driven by the Pos IO board and the RCIM2 when the prep button is pressed. This is used by the RCIM2 to start the sequence and the Corona2 Bd to gate the signals to the Jedi.

SYSTEM RESET

This is driven by the reset button on the RCIM2. This signal goes to Magic PC, Saturn Gitane Bd, Positioner IO board and the PDU IO board. All these are reset when the reset button is pressed.

The system reset RT line is analog “differential” RT line. Two positions (+/-12V or NC). The active (i.e. reset enabled position) is +/-12V.

RT SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS (RS485 SIGNALS)

“+5V Drivers are used and there’s 120 Ohm termination between the “-P” and “-N” leads. Biasing in the form of 470 Ohm resistors from the “-P” to +5V and the “-N” to 5V_RTN is provided at each end of the bus. Termination and biasing is selectable via a bus switching device (i.e. 3383).

“Transient Protection is provided for each “-P” and “-N” line. The device clamps the lines to +5V and 5V_RTN.

5.2 Ethernet

The system has a simple network route structure. The Digital system connects directly to the Magic PC (LAN). The Magic PC connects to the external network (WAN).

• The LAN is used for internal communication protocols and for Image transfer from the Digital System to the Magic PC.

• The LAN also contains two virtual routes for sub-system hardware control and Customer IUI and Service User interface.

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• The Magic PC is the WAN interface for Image transfer and InSite broadband connectivity.

• All addresses are fixed and must not be changed except for the Magic PC External Route. This routes IP address is generally assigned by the Customers Network Administrator.

Section 6.0System Interconnects

Please see the MIS map for specific cable information.

6.1 System Communications

Figure 2-74 Communication Routes

IUI

Magic PC

RCIM2

DVD

Corona2

Lime

Acc. Box

Power Panel

System Communication Routes

USB

USB

Video

Video/Control

HRes Video

HRes Video

LRes Video

LRes Video

Ethernet

CANbus/RT Bus

CA

Nbu

s/RT

Bus

CANbus

CA

Nbu

s

RT B

us

Jedi CAN

Camera Video/Control

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Section 6.0 - System Interconnects

6.2 Power Distribution

6.2.1 High Voltage Distribution

Figure 2-75 High Voltage Distribution

6.2.2 UPS Power Distribution

Figure 2-76 UPS

IUI

Magic PC

RCIM2

DVD

Corona2

Lime

Acc. Box

Power Panel

HV Distribution

IUI

Magic PC

RCIM2

DVD

Corona2

Lime

Acc. Box

Power Panel

UPS

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6.2.3 Power Distribution (3 Phase/120/230V)

Figure 2-77 Power Distribution (3 Phase/120/230V)

Section 7.0Overhead Tube Suspension (OTS)

7.1 Introduction

The overhead tube suspension is the positioning device that supports the x-ray tube and the remote console. It includes the:

•Overhead rail system

•Carriage assembly

•Telescopic column - vertical travel of 1500 mm (59 in)

•Tube support - Precision 500D OTS includes a MX100 x-ray tube

•Collimator

IUI

Magic PC

RCIM2

DVD

Corona2

Lime

Acc. Box

Power Panel

3 Phase (Hospital Supply)

2

3

Power Dstribution

OTSConsole

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Section 7.0 - Overhead Tube Suspension (OTS)

7.2 Console

The OTS console allows the operator to select receptor, kV and mAs. Positioning of the tube can be performed with one or two hands on the OTS Console. Notice the three indicators below the tube rotation angle display: Manual Collimation

•Exposure Hold

•Ready

Exposure Hold indicates an exposure is not allowed. This could be due to:

•Lateral or longitudinal detent error

•Incorrect vertical SID

•Tube angle

•No film cassette

•Room door interlock

The Collimator Display includes:

• SID

• Collimator size

• Spectral filter (0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mm Copper)

7.3 Carriage

Figure 2-78 OTS Carriage

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7.4 Collimator

7.4.1 Block Diagram

Figure 2-79 Collimator Block Diagram

7.4.2 Collimator BulbThe collimator is produced by Siemens Corporation and can be replaced as a complete assembly. The collimator light is a halogen lamp bulb that is user replaceable. Bulb must be replaced with the manufacturer's part number as specified in the parts manual

Figure 2-80 Collimator Bulb

7.4.3 Collimator LaserThe Laser Alignment Light is adjusted in the factory and should not need adjustment. If the laser is received out of alignment, please notify your GE sales or Service representative.

Laser FragileHardware damage may occur if you attempt to adjust the laser.

1.) Adjusting the laser while power is on could result in electrical damage to the power supply requiring the whole collimator to be replaced.

2.) Use of conductive tools within the collimator may cause the ungrounded laser base to short the laser power supply.

Step motors: SM1 ... SM10

Electronic boards: D1, D2, D3, D4

e

D3Light Barriers�

DSA Filter

D4

e

Collimator

SM5

SM10

SM1

SM4

System

Voltage DC

Voltage DC

Voltage DC

RS232

CAN Bus

AC VoltageD2

User Interface

DSA Module

D1

Basis Modul

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3.) Tightening of the adjustment screws too much may pierce the laser case and make the laser not function.

Figure 2-81 Collimator Laser

7.4.4 Collimator FusesFuses used in the collimator help prevent electrical damage. To inspect them:

1.) Open the collimator side panel.

2.) Locate the fuses on the circuit boards.

3.) Measure to detect an open fuse

Figure 2-82 Collimator Fuses

7.5 OTS Counterpoise Theory of Operation

The x-ray tube vertical motion is counterpoised over a 59 inch (150 cm) range.

The counterpoise assembly uses two torsion springs attached to a tapered cam. A steel counterpoise cable is attached to the large diameter of the cam and wound in the cam grooves then over an idler pulley and down through the telescoping columns where the cable fitting is anchored in the pivot shaft (gooseneck) of the tube support.

The torsion springs are fastened, on the inside coil, to a shaft fitted with a worm wheel that meshes with a worm. The springs are pre-wound by turning the worm. See Figure 2-83 and Figure 2-84.

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Figure 2-83 SCHEMATIC OF COUNTERPOISE SYSTEM

Figure 2-84 COUNTERPOISE ASSEMBLY

NOTE:THE OUTER END OF 2 SPRINGSAND OUTER END OF COUNTERPOISECABLE ARE FASTENED TO A COMMONMACHINERY GROUND

MAIN REEL

COUNTERPOISECABLE

BALL FITTING SEATED INTUBE SUPPORT FITTING

MX 100TUBE

WORMWHEEL

TURN TO ADJUSTCOUNTERPOISESPRING TENSION

WORM

COUNTERPOISESPRING

COUNTERPOISECABLE WOUND

ON CAM

COUNTERPOISESPRING

FIELDLIGHTLAMPTRANS.

COUNTERPOISESPRING HOUSING

COUNTERPOISECABLE

MAIN REEL

TAPEREDCOUNTERPOISE CAM WORM

WHEEL

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The following graph (Figure 2-85) shows the forces involved.

Figure 2-85 COUNTERPOISE FORCE GRAPH

From the curves it can be seen that the torque provided by the two springs is exactly opposite the torque of the “load” times the radius of the tapered counterpoise cam, so that the net effect is zero torque and a counterpoised condition. As the load is changed, the cable must be relocated on the cam to use a different radius so that the new load times the new radius is equal (but opposite) to the torque output of the two springs.

There are two fittings swagged onto the main cable: one at the cable end, and another located 22.64 (57.51 cm) from the end. Since the system uses a MX 100 tube, the end cable fitting is anchored in the tube support. The second swagged cable fitting is used when a MX 75 tube is mounted on the XT hanger.

Since the MX 100 is heavier than the MX 75, there will be more cable on the tapered cam and it will be using the cam on the smaller radii. The cable location on the cam is determined by the load to be applied to the counterpoise system. The various components loads as part of the system load, are as in Table 2-6.

COMPONENT Counterpoise Cable Loads for SIEMENS COLLIMATOR

TELESCOPING COLUMN 47 LB. (21.3 KG)1

TUBE SUPPORT 27 LB. (12.2 KG)

COLLIMATOR 22 LB. (10.0 KG)

ELECTRICAL CABLES 5 LB. (2.3 KG)

SUBTOTAL COUNTERPOISE LOAD 109 LB. (49.4 KG)

MX 100 TUBE UNIT 65 LB. (29.5 KG)

GRAND TOTAL COUNTERPOISE LOAD 174 LB. (78.9 KG)

1 This is not the weight of the telescoping column assembly, but the sum of the loads that each of the individual column loads contribute to the counterpoise cable.

Table 2-6 COUNTERPOISE CABLE LOADS

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On the face of the cam, there is a series of numbers stamped from 1 through 7. These numbers indicate the number of the cam groove. See Figure 2-86.

The cam, which starts at the zero turn and extends to the eighth turn, has eight full turns during which the radius of the groove is changing continuously. See Figure 2-86. After the eighth turn, the radius remains constant and the cable groove widens out on the outside diameter to form a wide groove in which excess cable may be stored.

Figure 2-86 46-177061P1 FACE OF COUNTERPOISE CAM

The start of the cam is back on turn form No. 1, but it was not stamped “0” since this face would not be visible when the cam is in the counterpoise assembly.

Figure 2-87 COUNTERPOISE

ZERO POINT OR“START” OF THE

CAM

MAINREEL

CABLE IS TANGENTTO THE 3.8 TURN

ON CAM WHEN TUBEIS “UP”

ONE TURNON STORAGE

DIAMETER

POSITION OF MAIN CABLE ONCAM WITH MX 100 TUBE

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Chapter 3 - MX100 Tube Specifications “Jedi 80RF2T”

Chapter 3 MX100 Tube Specifications “Jedi 80RF2T”

Section 1.0Introduction

The following specifications are applicable only to MX100 tubes used with a Jedi 80RF2T generator (Precision 500D R&F System).

Section 2.0Parameters

Section 3.0kW Rating - Track protection

These charts are computed for 75% HU remaining (target temperature equivalent to 25% of storage) and 100% of HU. They are applicable to single exposures and series of exposure. For series of exposures, the time is the sum of pulse duration.

Tube P/N Catalog Number Insert Description Focal Spot

MX100 Fluoro 46-155500G228 D2281F 4"/12.5 degree/Metal 0.6 - 1.0

MX100 Rad 46-155400G281 D2301R 4"/12.5 degree/Metal 0.6 - 1.25

Table 3-1 Tube Identifiers

Description Fluoro Tube Rad Tube

Anode heat capacity 260 kJ (350 kHU) 260 kJ (350 kHU)

Anode continuous dissipation 925 W (75 kHU/mn) 925 W (75 kHU/mn)

Casing heat capacity 1,100 kJ (1,500 kHU) 1,100 kJ (1,500 kHU)

Casing continuous dissipation 925 W (75 kHU/mn) 740 W (60 kHU/mn)

Nominal high voltage 150 kV 150 kV

Maximum Power for fluoro exposures 825 W NA

Table 3-2 Tube Specifications

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Section 3.0 - kW Rating - Track protection

3.1 Small Focus (0.6), High Speed (10000rpm)

Figure 3-1 Small Focus (0.6), High Speed (10000rpm)

Small Focus (0,6), High Spee d (10000rpm)100%HU

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

45,00

0,01 0,1 1 10

Maximum Exposure Time in seconds

kW R

atin

g

Small Focus ( 0,6), High Speed ( 10000rpm )75%HU

0,00

5,00

10,00

15,00

20,00

25,00

30,00

35,00

40,00

0,01 0,1 1 10

Maximum Exposur e Time in secon ds

kW R

atin

g

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3.2 Large Focus (1.0), High Speed (10000rpm)

Figure 3-2 Large Focus (1.0), High Speed (10000rpm)

Large Focus (1.0), High Speed (10000rpm)100%HU

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

100,00

0,01 0,1 1 10

Maximum Expos ure Time in seconds

kW R

atin

g

Large Focus (1.0), High Speed (10000rpm)75%HU

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

70,00

80,00

90,00

0,01 0,1 1 10

Maximum Exposure Time in seconds

kW R

atin

g

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Section 4.0 - Casing Protection

Section 4.0Casing Protection

See service manual 46-014427, Tube rating for Maxiray 100, for Casing Heat Capacity.

Section 5.0Anode Protection

5.1 Heat Capacity

See service manual 46-014427, Tube Rating for Maxiray 100, for Anode Heat Capacity.

5.2 Anode cooling Curve

Figure 3-3 Anode cooling Curve

Anode cooling curve

0,0

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

250,0

300,0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Time (min)

Cb

(kJ)

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Section 6.0Filament protection

6.1 mA limitation at low kV

mA is limited at low kV in order to protect the filament.

Figure 3-4 mA max versus kV (for t=10 ms)

KV MA MAX

FIL 0.6 FIL 1.0 FIL 1.2540 100 397 500

45 150 466 583

50 200 533 666

55 250 599 750

60 300 666 833

65 350 733 917

70 400 799 1000

75 400 800 1000

higher kV 400 800 1000

Table 3-3 mA Limits at Low kV

mA max ver sus kV (for t=10ms)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

mA

kV

Fil 0.6Fil 1.0Fil 1.25

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Section 6.0 - Filament protection

6.2 Max mA

For each Filament, there is a mA limitation, regardless the kV.

6.3 Filament Drive Level

Comment: The spec of 3.2A, used for Jedi is a conservative rating. Hence it does not impact negatively tube life.

Fil 0.6 400 mA

Fil 1.0 800 mA

Fil 1.25 1000 mA

Table 3-4 Filament “mA” limitations

State Tube Fluoro Tube Rad Duration max.

SF 0.6 LF 1.0 SF 0.6 LF 1.25

Preheat 1.9 A 1.9 A 2.5 A 2.5 A NA

Stand-By(see comment)

3.2 A 3.2 A 3.2 A 3.2 A 5mn

Exposure (max) 5.7 A 7.1 A 5.7 A 7.1 A NA

Boost (max) 9 A 9 A 9 A 9 A 400msTable 3-5 Filament Drive Level

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Glossary

Glossary of Acroymns & Their Meaning

ACROYMN DEFINITIONABC / (ABS) Automatic brightness control/system. Regulates brightness

ABD Automatic Brightness Detection

ACTOR A Software Module that performs some function or action

ADC or A/D Analog to Digital Converter

ADCM Active Distortion Correction Module

ADCS Active Distortion Correction System

AEC Automatic exposure control. Technique used to control brightness signal to cut exposure.

ARETHA Aretha refers to the product development name for Precision 500D. The two are synonymous

ATHENA Digital System SW, which runs on the Windows 95 OS and on the Saturn Hardware

ATLAS CORE Operating system of the X-Ray products

CALYPSO GEMS’ engine ring name for the System control Software application

CAN Controller Area Network - A serial communication method in use on Precision 500D.

CANopen A protocol for a CAN network. Used interchangeably with CAN

CAT Collimator Alignment Tool

CCD Charge Coupled Devices

CCU Camera Control Unit

CDS Correlated Double Sampling

CIB Custom Interface Board

COTS Commercial Off The Shelf Tool

CPU Central Processing Unit

CPU Control processor unit. Microprocessor and peripherals which run the software/firmware

DAC Digital to Analog Converter

DHC Digital Host Control Board

DSA Digital Subtraction Angiography

DSC2 Digital Servo Controller, Version 2

EFC Earth Field Compensation

FNR Fluoro Noise Reduction

FOV Field of View

FPGA Field programmable gate array. It is programmed by the CPU core after the reset and handles all the exposure control logic including the system interface real-time lines

FPS Frames Per Second

FRU Field Replaceable Unit (Spare Part)

G1, G2, G3 Grids 1, 2 and 3

GHOST ® Software Image of the Saturn OS on CDROM. Ghost is a trademark of Symantec Inc.

GUI Graphical User Interface

HV RIPPLE High voltage variations due to inverter current pulses. Typically measured in percent.

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Glossary

HVPS High Voltage Power Supply

IAB Image Acqusition Board

ICB Image Correction Board

IDB Image Display Board

IDD Intelligent Digital Device- Equivalent to the SFD with no film functionality. Introduced withthe release of Precision 500D.

IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor power switch.

II Image Intensifier

Ilp HV power inverter parallel resonant current. Current in the parallel inductor

Ilr HV power inverter serial resonant current. Current in the serial inductor

IMB Image Display Board

IO or I/O Input/Output

IUI Integrated User Interface

JEDI GEHC High Voltage Generator used for X-Ray generation

LAT Lateral

LEELO Engineering name for the Image Chain hardware; CCD, Image Intensifier,...

LFC Load from Cold

LONG Longitudinal

LOTO LockOut/Tag Out

LP Line Pair

LSL Lower Specification Limit

LUT Look Up Table

MAINS Hospital Supplied AC Power

Magic Pc IUI Hardware; where the Linux operating system executes and resides.

MITRA Software supplier for DICOM application SW

MOS Metal oxyde semiconductor. Power switch

NDF Neutral Density Filter

NVRAM Non Volatile Random Access Memory

OCB Optics Control Board

OLC On-Line Center

OS Operating System

OTS Overhead Tube Suspension

PA Power Assist

PCI Pherperial Control Interface

PDB PhotoDiode Board

PDU Power Distribution Unit

POS Positioner

PPC Power PC. Main computer for the HV (Jedi) generator)

PUT Pick Up Tube

RAD Radiography

R&F Radiography & Fluoroscopy

ACROYMN DEFINITION

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Glossary

RED HAT ® SW version of Linux. Red Hat is an integrator and supplier of the Linux operating system.

ROI Region of Interest

POT Potentiometer

RPM RedHat (Linux) Package Manager software

RS422 A Serial Communications Hardware Connection Type

RT Real Time

RTB Real Time Bus

PWA Printed Wire Board is synonymous with printed circuit board (PCB).

SABER Applications SW for positioning.

SAE Society of Automotive Engneers - International organization that sets standards for materials and fasteners in both English and Metric units, See www.sae.org

SATURN Digital System Hardware; where the windows 95 operating system runs

SBC Single Board Computer

SCAT System Compatibility Assurance Testing performed by GE prior to deliverly.

SCB Scan Converter Board

SFD Spot Film Device - An analog filming device.

STATE MACHINE Software or hardware functions that handle the state of a computer and authorizes it to go to the next state upon reception of specific events.

SUIF Service User Interface

SW Abbreviation for the word Software

SYSTEM RESET A system reset is accomplished by pressing the green button located on the IUI. Pressing it causes all of the computer to shutdown and restart. Thus re-booting the operating systems and system applications.

TTL Transistor to Transistor Logic

UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply

U/T Abbreviation for Under Table

USL Upper Specification Limit

ACROYMN DEFINITION

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