Section 19.1 Forces Within Earth 8 th Grade Earth and Space Science Class Notes.
5 th Grade Earth Science
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Transcript of 5 th Grade Earth Science
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5th Grade Earth Science
Chapter 9Earth’s Changing Surface
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What is the Earth made of?
• Landforms on Earth include:– __________– __________ - flat land– ________ - a deep crack– ______ - flatlands with few trees– _______ - on land where mountains are close together– ______ - beneath the ocean, long row of towering
mountains– ________ - long narrow canyons in the ocean floor
MountainsPlateausGorgesPlainsvalleys
Ridges
Trenches
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Earth’s Layers
• The Earth is composed of three distinct layers:1. ______ - outermost solid layer of the Earth.
- The part of the Earth where life is sustained- This layer includes _____and _____ that covers the
surface- The crust is covered by _______ and dry _______- The thickness of the Earth’s crust varies
Crust
soil rock
ocean land
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Earth’s Crust
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The Mantle
• 2. The _______ - is the layer of Earth just below the Earth’s crust.– This layer contains most of the Earth’s _______ -
the amount of matter in an object– The outer part of the mantle closes to the crust is
_____– The inner part of the mantle furthest from the
crust is made of rock that is so hot that it can _____ very slowly.
Mantle
mass
solid
flow
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Structure of the Earth
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The Core
• 3. The ____ - the innermost layer of the Earth. The core is made primarily of ______.– This layer is most compact because of all of the
weight above it– The core is divided into two distinct parts:• ___________ - located closest to the mantle. This layer
is so hot that it is liquid• ___________ - located furthest from the mantle and
crust – this layer is solid
core
Outer core
Inner Core
iron
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Layers of the Earth
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Section Assessment
• Page 265 questions 1-3
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Earth’s Plates
• _________ - the Earth’s crust and the upper part of the mantle.– The lithosphere is not a continuous layer it is
made up of pieces called ______________.– The tectonic plates are of varying shapes and sizes
but they all fit together like a puzzle.– Much of the Earth’s lithosphere is under ________
and other bodies of water.– There are ____ major tectonic plates
lithosphere
Tectonic plates
oceans
10
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Tectonic Plates
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Spreading Ocean Floor
• ____________ - chain of mountains running along the floor of the Atlantic ocean.
• ____________ - A scientist in 1960 claimed that new crust forms at ocean ridges – this explains the existence of trenches and ridges.
• ________ - molten rock, pushes upward from the Earth’s crust. As the magma cools it forms new crust.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Henry Hess
magma
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What causes Magma to rise?
• As Earth plates move away from each other, the ocean floor spreads apart and new crust rises to fill the gaps.
• What causes the plates to move apart?• __________ - 1930’s when a liquid is heated,
particles speed up and move apart.– ___________ weigh less and float above
____________.
Arthur Holmes
Hot liquidsCooler liquids
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Convection
• _________ - as the hot liquid rises and cools it becomes heavier again and sinks, more hot liquid can rise above again – transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a liquid or gas.
• Currents in the ________ constantly rise from the slow flow of the molten rock, circle around and then fall.
• Convection is the _______ that moves the Earth’s plates.
convection
mantle
force
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Theory of Plate Tectonics
• ________________ - the _________ is broken into 20 moving plates. – Plates in constant motion and in different
directions.– ____________________ - (GPS) satellites in space
- determine the distance between plates and their change over time.
– This theory explains many of Earth’s features
Theory of Plate Tectonics lithosphere
Global Positioning System
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Moving Continents
• Continents move apart• Mountains form where plates move together• As plates move apart, magma may rise to the
surface forming a ________• Oceans may become larger or smaller• Positions of land and oceans has changed and
continues to change from the time of _________ to the __________.
volcano
Pangea Continents
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Plate Boundaries
• _____________ - areas where two plates meet.– _________________ - plates move away from
each other • gaps form between the plates• __________________ cause magma to rise between
the gaps• Huge ________ form• Sea floor spreading – ex. _____________________
Plate Boundaries
Spreading boundaries
Convection currents
valleysMid-Atlantic Ridge
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Plate boundaries continued
• ______________ - plates slide past each other• _____- break in the Earth’s crust as a result of
fracture boundaries – this can cause _________.
• ______________ - two plates push against each other – one plate might slide underneath the other – towering mountains, deep ocean trenches, earthquakes, and volcanoes can result.
Fracture boundaries
fault
earthquakes
Colliding Boundaries
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Boundaries and GPS
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Earthquakes
• _________ are caused by the sudden shifting of rock as tectonic plates shift positions– Pressure builds up, rocks lurch forward, and the
Earth’s crust shakes.– ______ - the underground point where the
earthquake occurs– ________ - point on the Earth’s surface directly
above the focus.
Earthquakes
focus
epicenter
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Waves
• Energy from the earthquake is carried by _______.
• Waves spread out from the _____ and ________.
• Waves can cause the Earth to move ________, ___________, or in a ___________
• As the waves spread out from the epicenter, they __________.
waves
focus
Lose energy
Up and downBack and forth Circular motion
Volcanoes
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Earthquakes and Plate boundaries
• ____________ and _________ have had the most earthquakes because they are located on a ____________ between the Pacific plate and the North American Plate.
• The strength of an earthquake can be measured on a ____________ - a series of numbers that is based on the amount of energy that is released.
California Alaska
Plate Boundary
Magnitude scale
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S and P waves
• http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/quakes/waves/p&s_waves.htmlDraw a diagram of each
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Volcanoes
• __________ occur when magma from the mantle either flows or explodes through the crust.– Opening in the surface of the Earth through which
magma rises– Occur near ______________– Theory of plate tectonics – one plate sinks beneath
another at a plate boundary – sinking crust melts into _______.
– _____ - Magma that reaches the surface
Volcanoes
Plate boundaries
magmalava
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Draw and Label Volcanoe page 270-271
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Earth’s Features
• Earth’s surface is made up of many different __________.
• Earth’s surface is constantly ________ and so are the landforms
• ___________ - the process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces
• Forces of __________ include ________ and _____
Landforms
changing
weathering
weathering waterice
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Mechanical / Chemical Weathering
• _________________ - process of breaking down rock into smaller pieces as a result of ice or water – MINERALS THAT MAKE UP THE ROCK DO NOT CHANGE!
• ________________ - minerals that make up the rock change.
• The cause of chemical weathering is a _________ with something in the environment such as ____ or ________
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
reactionwater oxygen
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Erosion
• ________ - the process by which soil and sediments are transferred from one location to another
• The movement of soil and sediments can be caused by:– _________– ________– ______– ________
erosion
windwaterice
gravity
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Soil Erosion
• Areas of land with no plant covering are susceptible to __________
• __________ - help prevent soil erosion by holding the soil in place
• ___________ - planted by farmers in between harvests to prevent soil erosion and add nutrients to the soil
• ______________ - years of drought and poor farming practices left bare areas of soil
Soil erosion
Plant roots
Cover crops
Dust Bowl of 1930’s
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Soil
• ____ - made of weathered rock, air, water, and the remains of living things.
• __________ - process of breaking down rocks through physical factors such as _____, _________, _______ or__________________.
• ________ = non-living parts of the soil• As rock breaks down small pieces collect on
the surface
soil
weathering
frostdrought Changes in temperaturerainwater
inorganic
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Soil Formation
• _______ and _______ are plants that help break down rock.
• When rocks are broken down _______are released
• ___________ - dead or decaying matter such as bacteria, fungi, animals and plants.
• ______ - dark colored organic matter formed from decayed plant and animal remains- _______________________
mosses lichens
minerals
Organic matter
humus
Rich in nutrients needed by plants
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Layers of Soil
• Soils form in _____ layers• _________- a vertical cross section of the soil
and rock underneath• ________ - first layer of soil, mixture of small
rock pieces, humus, and other organic matter– Most living things are found in the _______– Loose _____________ often covers the topsoil– Rainwater carries minerals from the topsoil to the
2nd layer of soil.
three
Soil profile
topsoil
topsoilOrganic matter
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Subsoil / Parent Rock Layers
• _______ - less organic matter than topsoil, lighter in color.
• _________ penetrate the subsoil through rainwater and accumulate
• _________ - third layer, very little organic matter found in this layer
subsoil
mineral
Parent rock
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Water
• _________ - solid particles that are moved from one place to another__________ - sediments that form during weathering and erosion are deposited in another location
During the process of deposition, the _______ and ________ of a river’s flow changes
As rivers flow to the oceans they carry ________ and ______________ which are useful to plants and animals to carry out their __________
deposition
sediments
shapedirection
sedimentsDissolved minerals
Life processes
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River Systems
• Rivers and streams are _____________ - always moving and changing
• _______ - begins on land that is higher than sea level – ______ pulls the water downward to a lower area
• _____ - streams join until a river is formed• River water wears down soil and rock and
carries their ________ away in different places
Dynamic systems
Streamgravity
river
sediments
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Wave Energy
• Ocean waves ________ and __________ a great deal of _________
• Water _______ and _______ in a circular motion
• __________ contained in the waves moves forward
• _________________ interferes with the waves movements – causes waves to slow
carry Pass along
energy
rises falls
energy
Shallower ocean bottom
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Waves continued
• Wind Waves are formed when energy is transferred from the ________ to the _______
• ____________ depends on the _________ and how __________ and _____________
• Waves can also be caused by:– ______________– _______________– ______________________
wind water
Size of waves Wind speedLong it blows Distance it covers
tectonic activityVolcanic eruptions
Earthquakes and landslides
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Dynamic Systems
• __________ are dynamic systems because the energy from waves has the power to
• _________ also build up beaches by moving sand along the shore
• _________ created when waves move materials from the shoreline to an area away from the shore
• __________ - places where water bodies are separated from the open ocean
beaches
waves
sandbar
lagoons
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Beaches
• ________ formed when wind carries sand along the shore - sand builds up into small hills
• ______________are constantly changing as a result of ________ and ______
• _____ and ________ of any beach is determined by the sources of its ______ and _____ - no two beaches are the same!
dunes
Coastal Landforms
wind water
Color texturesand
rock
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Section Assessment
• Question 1 on page 278
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Section Assessment
• Questions 1-3 page 281
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Minerals
• ___________ - a natural, non-living solid with a definite chemical structure.
• Earth’s crust contains more than _________ minerals – only two dozen are common.
• Examples: diamond, quartz, emerald copper• Minerals are made up of ______.• Particles of _______ are arranged in a
particular repeating pattern.
Mineral
4,000 kinds
crystals
crystals
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Crystals
• _______ form when minerals are made in nature
• Each type of mineral has its own unique chemical __________.
• Differences in minerals result from the way that particles are arranged.
• Brass – Copper + Zinc –____________because it does not occur naturally
Not a mineral
structure
Mineral
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Identifying Minerals
• Minerals are identified by their ____________• _______________ - a scale to measure
hardness of a mineral • The range of the harness scale is from 1
(_______) to 10 (______)• Talc has a harness of __ / diamond is a _____• ________ - refers to how difficult it is to
scratch its surface
characteristics
Moh’s hardness scale
hardness
Softest Hardest
1 10
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Other Mineral Characteristics
• _______ - a mineral may have different crystals depending on the kinds of materials that make up its ______.
• The color of a mineral can be seen in its ______.• A mineral can also be identified by the ______
of its crystals.• _______ - minerals show particular patterns
when they are broken along flat planes.
Color
crystals
streak
shape
Cleavage
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Luster
• ______ - the appearance of a mineral in reflected light.
• A mineral may appear:– __________– __________– __________– __________– __________
Luster
Metallic
NonmetallicGreasy
Glassy
Waxy
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Rocks
• _____ - a solid, natural material made up of one or more minerals
• ___________ - as time passes, rock break down, and the minerals in them are recycled – pattern of change
• The rock cycle takes place over ________ of years.
• There are three types of rocks: __________, __________, and __________
rock
Rock cycle
millions
sedimentaryigneous metamorphic
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Sedimentary Rock
• ______________ - made from pieces of rocks and minerals
• Sedimentary rock forms in ________ - the oldest rock at the bottom and the newest rock on top.
• Sedimentary rock is like a “_________” - past events captured in each layer.
• _____ - remains of once living animals or plants
Sedimentary rock
layers
History book
fossils
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Sedimentary Rock Continued
• Fossils are ONLY found in _____________• Example of sedimentary rock = ________• Limestone is made from _________________
or from dissolved __________ that settle out of seawater.
Sedimentary rock
limestone
Shells of tiny sea animals
minerals
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Igneous Rock
• __________ - forms from magma – molten rock inside of the earth that cools and hardens
• Some igneous rock forms ______________ and is only exposed after rocks above have worn away
• Other igneous rocks form when _____ cools at the Earth’s surface
• When lava cools fast - _______________• When lava cools slowly - _______________
Igneous rock
Below Earth’s surface
lava
Fine-ground rocks form
Coarse-grained rock
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Metamorphic Rock
• _____________ - forms when heat, pressure, or chemical reactions change one type of rock into another type of rock.
• Metamorphic rock is made from ___________ or _________.
• Example: ______ is a metamorphic rock made from________ (sedimentary rock)
Metamorphic rock
Sedimentary rockIgneous rock
marblelimestone
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Compare and Contrast
• How are the three types of rocks similar and different?
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Clues to the Past
• Scientists can tell a great deal about Earth’s history by looking at _____.
• ______________ - scientists look at the layers of sedimentary rock and learn about the relative age of each layer and the minerals found in it.
• Relative dating allows scientists to place past events in ____________
rocks
Relative dating
Sequential order
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Rock Cycle