Aftermath of the Rebellion

New Frontiers

Scotland I

Rebuilding

Colchester

Roman Foundations

Glassware - Colchester

Jar depicting

circus scene

Colchester area

Circus Maximus

Circus Nero

Colchester Circus

Rebuilding London

c. 100 CE Basilica

Questions

• Withdraw from Britain?

• Adopt defensive measures?

• Ireland or Scotland?

Sussex - A Gift to the King

Import

Fishbourne-Proto-Palace

Roman Squabbles and British Legions

• Otho incorporates XIV Gemina

• New governor under Vitelliue, Vettius Bolano

– Resists committing auxiliaries to Vettius

• Vespasian seeks support of XIV and II (where he

had served earlier)

68-69 CEDate Emperors Fate

8 June 68 Galba Declared Emperor by Praetorian Guard in Hispania

9 June 68 NeroGalba

Suicide

15 January 69

GalbaOtho

Killed by supporters of Otho

16 April OthoVitellus

Suicide after a battle loss

1 July Vespasian Declared Emperor by troops in the East

22 December VitellusVespasian

Executed by Vespasian’s soldiers

Mining in Roman Britain

Earliest ingot found dated to 49 CE at Charterhouse in the Mendip Hills region

Roman Cornwall

Dolaucothi gold mine, Tank used in ‘hushing’

Mining Tools, Llanymynech, WalesCopper, lead, silver

Trivia: This mine was reopened in 1194 but was not productive.

Why was it reopened?

Millstones, Dolaucothi Gold Mine

Georgius Agricola, Stamp Mill 1556

Exploiting the resources of Wales

[Cast] while the Emperor

Vespasian was consul for the

seventh time, and Titus,

imperator, consul for the fifth

time (76 CE)

[territory of the) Deceangeli

Isca (Caerleon) reconstruction from east

Cartimandua and the Brigantes

Yorkshire

• 69 Roman squabbles: New uprising by Venutius

• Cartimandua evacuated by Romans and Venutius

took the kingdom

• 71 Romans begin conquest of the north (Cerialis)

Petillius Cerialis –

How to Become Governor

• Leader of IX routed by Boudica

• Commander of special force against Vitellius –

fails to prevent his forces from burning the capitol

and mishandling Senators

• Perhaps successful in negotiating with rebellious

forces in Lower Germany - Escapes capture

• Married to Vespasian's daughter

• Governor 71 CE

Petillius Cerialis

• Governor 71-73

• Involved with defeat of Venutius and

incorporation of Brigantian territory

• New bases in north

• Did he invade Scotland?

Carlisle Fort

• Timbers date to 72/3

• Reoccupied 78/9 based on coins

• Rebuilt 83-84 based on dendrochronology

• Demolished 103

Carlisle Castle

Frontinus

• Governor 73/74 -77

• Pacification of Silures in S. Wales

• Foundation of Caerwent

• Probably no focus on Scotland

New Bases

• Eburacum (York) IX Hispania, forward post

at Luguvalium (Carlisle

• Lindum (Lincoln) IX replaced by II

Adiutrix

• Viroconium (Wroxter) or Deva (Chester)

XIV Gemina moved to Germany, XX Victrix

• Isca (Caerleon) II Augusta

Status of Roman Britain ~77 CE

Gnaeus Julius Agricola,

• Governor 78-84

• Established roads and bases in Scotland

• Attempted conquest

Agricola’s Campaigns

IrelandI have often heard him say that a single legion with a

few auxiliaries could conquer and occupy Ireland,

and that it would have a salutary effect on Britain for

the Roman arms to be seen everywhere, and for

freedom, so to speak, to be banished from its sight.

Tacitus Agricola 24.

Moray Firth

ForthClyde

Solway Tyne

“Scotland”

Tribal Areas

• Northwest

– Brochs

• Tyne-Solway to Moray

– Hillforts

• Selgovae

– Hillforts, Palisades

• Southwest

– Crannogs

Settlement

Types

Brochs

Uist, Western Isles

Crannogs

Roads

Construction

Construction - Layers

A Road Near Manchester

Other Roads

Milestone

(milliarium)

1 Roman mile = 1000 passi

(double paces)

1 passi = 5 pedes (Roman feet)

1 pes = 11.65 inches

Chester Area Buildup

Wilderspool Industrial AreaCheshire ~ 22 miles SW of Chester

pottery glass iron bronze

Novantae ~81 CE

• Dalwinston/Dumfries

– ~80 CE

• Glenlochar

– 81 Marching camps and large fort

– 90 rebuilt following retreat

• Gatehouse of Fleet

– 81 Fortlet

Bases in

Scotland

Gask Ridge Fortifications

Military Installations

• Legionary Forts

• Forts 1-7 acres

• Fortlets ~0.5 acres; No HQ

• Watch tower - round

Gask RidgeDetailed map

South and central

Gask Ridge signal tower -

model

Signaling

Ardoch

Ardoch

Inchtuthil

Legionary fortress

Inscriptions – Medical

Apalocrocodes (Mild) (Salve from saffron – crocus)

Nails

Possible Roman Presence further North

Mons Graupius-Site?

Mons Graupius

• The Romans

– ? Legionaries

– 8000 auxiliaries

– 3000 cavalry

– Losses 360 among auxiliaries only

• Caledonians

– 30,000

– Losses 10,000

Calgacus

Robbers of the world, having by their universal

plunder exhausted the land, they rifle the deep. If the

enemy be rich, they are rapacious; if he be poor, they

lust for dominion; neither the east nor the west has

been able to satisfy them. Alone among men they

covet with equal eagerness poverty and riches. To

robbery, slaughter, plunder, they give the lying name

of empire; they make a solitude and call it peace.

Trumpeters

Trumpet

Deskford

Battle-Mons Graupius

Testudo

Abandonment

of Scotland-

Inchtuthil

Abandonment

of Scotland

Reasons for Abandonment

• Withdrawal of troops to Germany

• Lack of local administrators

• Devastated area

Stanegate Frontier

Vindolanda