5 (b) Which of the following units is used for the amount of work done? Underline the correct one....

Physics P2 Foundation and Higher Questions

Q1. A child goes out to visit a friend. The graph shows the child’s journey.

(a) Calculate the child’s average speed for the whole journey. [Show your working and give the units in your answer.]

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(b) How many times faster is the child travelling in part A of the graph than in part C? [You should show how you obtained your answer.]

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(Total 5 marks)

Q2. A small torch uses a single cell to make the bulb light up.

(a) Label the symbol for a cell and the symbol for a bulb (lamp)

(2)

(b) The graphs show the voltage across two different types of cell as they transfer the last bit of their stored energy through the torch bulb.

Describe the differences that the graphs show between the two types of cell.

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(c) The diagram shows how bright the torch bulb is for different voltages.

From the point when the voltage of each cell starts to fall, how long will the bulb stay lit:

(i) with the ordinary cell?

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(ii) with the nicad cell?

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(Total 9 marks)

Q3. The diagram shows a shuttlecock that is used for playing badminton.

The shuttlecock weighs very little. When you drop it from a height of a few metres, it accelerates at first but soon reaches a steady speed.

Explain, as fully as you can:

(a) why the shuttlecock accelerates at first,

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(b) why the shuttlecock reaches a steady speed.

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(Total 5 marks)

Q4. To get a bobsleigh moving quickly, the crew push it hard for a few metres and then jump in.

(a) Choose from the following words to complete the sentences below.

distance energy force speed time

You can calculate the work done by the bobsleigh crew like this:

work done = ............................ × .................................

The work done by the crew is transferred to the bobsleigh as kinetic ...................... (3)

(b) Which of the following units is used for the amount of work done? Underline the correct one.

joules newtons metres metres per second (1)

(Total 4 marks)

Q5. The diagram shows what happens to the radiation from three radioactive substances when different materials are put in the way.

Choose types of radiation from this list to complete the table below.

α (alpha) β (beta) γ (gamma) UV (ultraviolet)

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE TYPE OF RADIATION IT EMITS

A

B

C

(Total 3 marks)

Q6. A cyclist accelerates from a set of traffic lights.

The driving force of the back tyre on the ground is 250 N.

(a) How much work is done by this force when the cyclist travels 5 metres? (Show your working.)

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Answer ............................ joules (J) (2)

(b) What happens to the energy transferred by this force?

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(Total 4 marks)

Q7. (a) Sam and Kris are arguing about alpha and gamma radiation.

Sam says that alpha radiation is more dangerous.

Kris disagrees. He thinks that gamma radiation is more dangerous. What do you think? Explain your answer as fully as you can.

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(b) Cancer cells in a particular organ of the body can be killed by injecting a radioactive substance which is absorbed by that organ.

What other features must the radioactive substance have to make it suitable for this job?

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(c) Radon is a radioactive gas with a half-life of 3.6 days. It often seeps into buildings from the ground.

Estimate how long it takes for 99% of a sample of radon gas to decay. (Show your working.)

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(Total 8 marks)

Q8. The graph shows the speed of a runner during an indoor 60 metres race.

(a) Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.

moving at a steady speed slowing down

speeding up stopped

Part A of the graph shows that the runner is .............................................................

Part B of the graph shows that the runner is .............................................................

Part C of the graph shows that the runner is ............................................................. (3)

(b) Calculate the acceleration of the runner during the first four seconds. (Show your working.)

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(Total 6 marks)

Q9. A cyclist accelerates from a set of traffic lights.

The driving force of the back tyre on the ground is 250 N.

(a) How much work is done by this force when the cyclist travels 5 metres? (Show your working.)

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Answer ............................... joules (J) (2)

(b) What happens to the energy transferred by this force?

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(Total 4 marks)

Q10. Some students want to find out how the current through component X changes with the voltage they use.

The diagram shows their circuit. The graph shows their results.

(a) Describe, as fully as you can, what happens to the current through component X as the students increase the voltage.

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(b) The students want to find out whether component X allows the same current to flow through it in the opposite direction.

(i) How should they change the circuit to test this?

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(ii) The graph shows the students’ extra results.

What do the extra results tell you?

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(Total 6 marks)

Q11. A man’s car will not start, so two friends help him by pushing it.

By pushing as hard as they can for 12 seconds they make the car reach a speed of 3 metres per second.

(a) Calculate the acceleration they give to the car.

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.............................................................................................. Answer ................ m/s2

(2)

(b) Whilst pushing the car the two friends together do a total of 2400 joules of work. Calculate their total power.

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............................................................................................ Answer ................ watts (2)

(c) Another motorist has the same problem. The two friends push his car along the same stretch of road with the same force as before.

It takes them 18 seconds to get the second car up to a speed of 3 metres per second.

What does this tell you about the mass of the second car? (You can ignore forces of friction.)

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(d) On a flat stretch of a motorway a lorry driver changes into top gear. He then makes the lorry go as fast as he can.

The graph shows what happens to the speed of the lorry.

Explain why the speed of the lorry increases at first but then levels out.

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(Total 9 marks)

Q12. (a) Add the missing labels to the diagram.

(3)

(b) Some students use the circuit shown above.

They want to find out how the current through component X changes as they change the voltage.

The graph shows their results.

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens to the current through component X as the students increase the voltage.

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(Total 7 marks)

Q13. When you slide a book across a table, there is a force of friction between the book and the table.

(a) Which arrow shows the force of friction that acts on the book? ............................... (1)

(b) The force of friction will slow the book down. Write down one other effect that the force of friction will have on the book.

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(Total 2 marks)

Q14. A sky-diver steps out of an aeroplane.

After 10 seconds she is falling at a steady speed of 50m/s.

She then opens her parachute.

After another 5 seconds she is once again falling at a steady speed.

This speed is now only 10m/s.

(a) Calculate the sky-diver’s average acceleration during the time from when she opens her parachute until she reaches her slower steady speed. (Show your working.)

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(b) Explain, as fully as you can:

(i) why the sky-diver eventually reaches a steady speed (with or without her parachute).

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(ii) why the sky-diver’s steady speed is lower when her parachute is open.

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(c) The sky‑ diver and her equipment have a total mass of 75kg. Calculate the

gravitational force acting on this mass. (Show your working.)

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Answer ........................................ N (1)

(Total 8 marks)

Q15. Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.

balanced electricity gravity

joules magnetism newtons

When you drop something it falls.

This is because it is pulled to the Earth by ............................................................................

We measure forces in units called

.........................................................................................

When a falling object reaches the ground, it stops moving.

This means that the forces acting on it are now ....................................................................

(Total 3 marks)

Q16. A computer is set up to produce a graph of the current through an electric lamp during the first few milliseconds after it is switched on.

The lamp is modified then tested in the same way.

(a) Describe three differences in the way the lamp behaves after it has been modified.

1. ..........................................................................................................................

2. ..........................................................................................................................

3. .......................................................................................................................... (3)

(b) The current through the modified lamp depends on the total resistance of the filament and component X.

The smaller this total resistance is, the greater the current.

The following graphs show how the resistance of the lamp filament and component X change as the lamp heats up to its operating temperature.

Use the information shown on the graphs to explain the behaviour of the modified lamp.

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(Total 7 marks)

Q17. A crane is used to lift a steel girder to the top of a high building.

When it is lifted by the crane:

• the girder accelerates from rest to a speed of 0.6 m/s in the first 3 seconds;

• it then rises at a steady speed.

(a) Calculate the acceleration of the girder.

(Show your working.)

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(b) (i) What is the weight of the steel girder?

Answer ............................................. N (1)

(ii) Calculate the power of the crane motor as it lifts the girder at a steady speed of 0.6 m/s.

(Show your working. You can ignore the weight of the cable and hook which is small compared to the weight of the girder.)

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Answer .......................................... W (2)

(c) A new motor is fitted to the crane. This motor accelerates the girder at 0.3 m/s2.

Calculate the force which the crane applies to the girder to produce this acceleration.


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Answer ........................................... N (3)

(Total 9 marks)

Q18. A car travels along a level road at 20 metres per second.

(a) Calculate the distance travelled by the car in 4 seconds.


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(b) When the brake pedal of the car is pushed, brake pads press against very hard steel discs.

The force of friction between the brake pads and the steel discs gradually stops the car.

What two effects does using the brakes have on the brake pads and wheel discs?

1 ..........................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................... (3)

(Total 6 marks)

Q19. Some rocks contain the radioactive isotope uranium–235 (235U).

235U has a half-life of 700 million years and, as it decays, lead–207 (207Pb) is eventually formed.

(a) Draw a decay curve for 235U on the graph below.

(4)

(b) Samples of an igneous rock gave an average ratio of 70 atoms of 235U to 30 atoms of 207 Pb.

Use the decay curve you have drawn to estimate the age of the igneous rock.

Answer ..................................... million years. (1)

(c) A sandstone rock which lies above the igneous rock contains traces of uranium-235 and of lead-207.

Why might it be unsatisfactory to use this uranium for dating the sandstone?

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(Total 7 marks)

Q20. A book weighs 6 newtons.

A librarian picks up the book from one shelf and puts it on a shelf 2 metres higher.

(a) Calculate the work done on the book. [Show your working].

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(b) The next person to take the book from the shelf accidentally drops it.

The book accelerates at 9.8m/s².

Use this information to calculate the mass of the book. [Show your working].

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Answer ................................. kg. (3)

(c) If the book was dropped from an aeroplane high in the sky, it would accelerate to begin with. Eventually it would fall at a steady speed.

Explain, in as much detail as you can, why this happens.

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(Total 9 marks)

Q21. Some students measure the level of radiation from a radioactive source during the same lesson each week over a period of six weeks.

Here are the results. (They have been corrected for background radiation.)

Time (weeks) start 1 2 3 4 5 6

Level of radiation (average counts

per minute)

66 44 34 29 16 12 8

(a) Using the graph paper below, display these results in the most appropriate way.

(5)

(b) What overall pattern is there in the students’ results?

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(Total 8 marks)

Q22. The diagram shows an electronic circuit.

(a) Write down the names of the components in the list below.

A = .................................................................................................

B = .................................................................................................

C = .................................................................................................

D = .................................................................................................

E, F and G = ................................................................................................. (5)

(b) The graph shows how the resistance of component B depends on its temperature.

Describe, in as much detail as you can, how the resistance of component B changes as its temperature rises from 0ºC to 80ºC.

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(c) At what temperature does component B have a resistance of 1000 ohms?

Answer ......................................... °C . (2)

(Total 11 marks)

Q23.

In a science lesson, some children float an apple on some water.

One of the children says:

“The apple is not moving. That means that there cannot be any forces acting on it.”

Do you agree? Explain your answer as fully as you can.

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Q24. Complete the following sentences.

When you drop a ball, it falls to the ground.

This happens because the .................................. pulls the ball

towards it with a force called ...................................................... .

Forces are measured in units called ............................................ . (Total 3 marks)

Q25. The diagram shows the inside of a mains plug.

(a) Label the earth, live and neutral pins.

(3)

(b) (i) Explain how the earth wire and the fuse protect a person from an electric shock when there is a short circuit to the metal case of an appliance.

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(ii) What is the most appropriate size fuse rating for a fuse in a television?

Circle the correct answer.

3 A 5 A 13 A (1)

(Total 8 marks)

Q26. A simple spark counter can be used to detect charged particles. It is made by having two wires close together with a large voltage across them. When a charged particle passes through the gap between the wires a spark is seen.

(a) Give the names and symbols of two particles which will cause a spark.

(i) Name ............................................ Symbol ............................................... (2)

(ii) Name ............................................ Symbol ............................................... (2)

(b) A radioactive source was placed within 2 cm of the spark counter and lots of sparks were seen. A piece of paper was slid between the source and the counter. The sparking stopped.

(i) What type of radiation was being given off?

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(ii) The paper was removed and the source slowly moved away from the spark counter. Describe what will happen to the sparking.

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(c) A radioactive source gave a high reading using a Geiger-Müller tube and counter,

but did not cause sparking when brought near to the spark counter. Why?

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(Total 8 marks)

Q27. In a hairdryer circuit there is a heater and a motor. It is important that the motor is always running when the heater is switched on.

(a) Using the symbols shown below only once each, draw a circuit for a hairdryer.

(2)

(b) Modern hairdryers are described as double insulated.

Explain what this term means.

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(c) On a modern hairdryer handle it states:

1600 W 230 V 50 Hz

(i) [A] Write an equation which shows the relationship between current, power and voltage.

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[B] Calculate the current in the hairdryer when it is on full power. Show clearly how you get your answer.

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Current = ........................... A (2)

(ii) [A] Write an equation which shows the relationship between current, resistance and voltage.

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[B] The resistance of the heater is 20 ohms. Calculate the resistance of the motor.

Show clearly how you get your answer.

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Resistance = ............... ohms (2)

(Total 10 marks)

Q28. People who work in places where radiation is present, for example in X-ray departments in hospitals, have to wear a “film badge”. These badges are sent away regularly to check on the amount of radiation to which the person has been exposed. Simply described, the badge is some photographic film in a suitable holder.

(a) (i) Why is the “film badge” of little use in detecting alpha particles?

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(ii) How does the “film badge” show radiation has reached it?

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(b) Radioactivity can cause harm. It also has a number of valuable uses.

(i) How can radioactivity harm our bodies?

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(ii) Give two medical uses of radioactive isotopes.

1. ......................................................................................................................

2. ...................................................................................................................... (2)

(c) A radioactive isotope of lead has a half-life of 10.6 hours.

A small sample of lead containing this isotope has a count rate of 8000 counts per minute.

How long will it be before the count rate is 1000 counts per minute?

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Time = ................................................ hours (2)

(Total 7 marks)

Q29. A circuit was set up as shown in the diagram.

(a) The table gives the current through three of the ammeters. Complete the table to show the current through the other two ammeters.

Ammeter Reading on ammeter in amps

Al 0.2

A2 0.6

A3 0.3

A4

A5

(2)

(b) The reading on the voltmeter is 12 V.

What is the resistance of R2?

Show your working and include the correct unit.

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Resistance = ....................................... (3)

(c) In the circuit above, the resistor R2 burned out and current stopped flowing in it. There was no other change to the circuit.

Complete the table below to show the readings on the ammeters after this took place.

Ammeter Reading on ammeter in amps

Al 0.2

A2 0.0

A3

A4

A5

(3) (Total 8 marks)

Q30. (i) Write the equation which shows the relationship between the electric current, the power and the voltage.

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(ii) Calculate the power if the current is 5 A and the voltage is 400 000 V. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

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Power = ............................................. (2)

(Total 3 marks)

Q31. The current through component X is measured when different voltages are applied across it.

(a) Name the component labelled Y in the circuit.

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(b) What type of meter is Z?

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(c) The table shows the measurements obtained in this experiment.

Voltage in V 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Current in mA 0 0 50 100 150

Draw a graph of the measurements.

(2)

(d) Use the shape of the graph to name component X.

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(Total 5 marks)

Q32. The graph shows changes in the velocity of a racing car.

(a) Describe the motion of the racing car during:

(i) the period labelled W; ......................................................................................

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(ii) the period labelled Y. .......................................................................................

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(b) Calculate the acceleration of the racing car during the period labelled X. Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

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Acceleration = ............................................. (4)

(Total 6 marks)

Q33. A teacher measured the amount of radiation from a radioactive source, during the same lesson each week, over a period of six weeks.

The results are shown on the graph.

How long does it take for the radiation to fall from 68 counts per minute to half that value?

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

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Time taken for radiation to halve ......................................................... (Total 3 marks)

Q34. (a) Complete the sentences about atoms.

In an atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of ................................. .

All atoms of an element have the same number of ................................................... .

Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of ..........................................

. (3)

(b) Complete the sentence.

When an atom of a radioactive element emits alpha radiation, an atom of a different element is formed. A different element is formed because the radioactive element has lost

............................................... . (1)

(Total 4 marks)

Q35. (a) Complete the sentences about atoms.

In an atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of ................................. .

All atoms of an element have the same number of ................................................... .

Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of .......................................... .

(3)

(b) Complete the sentence.

When an atom of a radioactive element emits alpha radiation, an atom of a different element is formed. A different element is formed because the radioactive element has lost

............................................... . (1)

(Total 4 marks)

5 (b) Which of the following units is used for the amount of work done? Underline the correct one....

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Transcript of 5 (b) Which of the following units is used for the amount of work done? Underline the correct one....