* GB785088 (A)

Description: GB785088 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Activated bleaching clay

Description of GB785088 (A)

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DE1018404 (B) FR1130983 (A) US2872419 (A) DE1018404 (B) FR1130983 (A) US2872419 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Activated aching Clay We, NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, a body corporate located at the City of Ottawa, in the Province of Ontario, Canada, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: This invention relates to the activation of clay. Activated clay is used for a number of well known purposes, for example, in the decolourising of hydrocarbon and other oils. A common method of activating clay up to now has been to suspend the clay in an aqueous solution of a strong acid, e.g. sulphuric acid, and heat under reflux for several hours. The amount of the acid itself is normally in the vicinity of 4060% by weight of the clay and a sufficiently large quantity of water is added to make a suspension

which can readily be boiled. This prior method is by no means a neat one and is difficult to operate in a smooth manner. The method is uneconomical since a substantial quantity of heat is required to raise the temperature of what in practice would be a large quantity of water and to keep this water boiling. The long time necessary to complete the activation reaction and the large quantity of acid used also present uneconomical factors and, furthermore, corrosion problems are involved with the apparatus used. It is the object of the present invention to provide a neater and more rapid method in which these disadvantages are eliminated or substantially reduced. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method which not only is neater than prior art methods but also may be used to effect an improved activation of the clay as compared with that effected by prior art methods. According to the present invention, method of activating clay comprises mixing the clay in finely divided form with concentrated sulphuric acid to form a free-flowing mixture, the total amount of water present in the free-flow- ing mixture of clay and acid being insufficient to promote activation, and then bringing such mixture into intimate contact with added live steam, whereby said clay is activated. The quantity of sulphuric acid used must, of course, be sufficiently great to effect the desired activation. On the other hand, in order to obtain the intimate contact between the steam and the mixture, it is necessary, as stated above that the acid be used in sufficiently small proportion that the mixture be still free-flowing, or in other words that the particles of the clay are not clogged together. It has been found that 5--40%1 of the acid by weight of the clay will normally suffice to satisfy these conditions with the present invention. About 20% of the acid by weight of the clay appears to be the most useful proportion. The activating reaction between the sulphuric acid and ingredients of the clay cannot take place until water is present. The present invention takes advantage of this fact to obtain a preliminary mixture of the clay and the sulphuric acid before the reaction begins. This mixture is preferably as homogeneous as possible in order to obtain a thorough distribution of the acid in the clay so that the subsequent reaction takes place uniformly throughout the mass. It is preferred to heat the mixture of clay and acid to a temperature not substantially below 1000C. before contacting the mixture with the steam. This pre-heat treatment is preferably to a specific minimum of 950C. but may be substantially above 1000C. to a point limited by practical considerations. This preheat treatment is mainly for the

purpose of avoiding excessive condensation during the subsequent steam treatment. The activating re action cannot take place to any substantial degree until the temperature has risen close to 1000C. or above and until some water has condensed from the steam. If the mixture is treated with steam without previous heating to substantially the proper reaction temperature, there will be a delay before the full reaction commences while the mixture is being heated by the steam to the proper reaction temperature. During this delay, there will be excessive condensation over and above that amount required to cause the reaction, and the extra water will serve to dilute the sulphuric acid and hence reduce the efficiency of the reaction. It has been found that the greater the concentration of acid taking part in the activating reaction the greater the bleaching efficiency of the resultant activated clay provided that sufficient water is present to effect the reaction. The preferred proportion of water is 40100% by weight of the clay. On the other hand, the invention includes the use of lower temperatures for the clay-acid mixture immediately prior to the steam treatment since this still involves a neater and more economical method than the prior art methods. For the above reasons, the full advantages of the present -invention will not be achieved if the pre-heat treatment is effected by means involving appreciable condensation of water, e.g. by a pre-heating steam treatment In theory, the activation reaction could be effected by treating the heated mixture with hot water close to the boiling point. In practice, however, it is impossible to obtain uniform distribution of the water and hence uniform reaction throughout the mass treated. The use of steam is therefore necessary to achieve the improved neat method which is the main object of the present invention. In the preferred form of the invention, the prelininary heating and the steam treatment are performed respectively by first passing heated air through the mixture of clay and sulphuric acid, preferably to cause Kluidising of the- mixture, until the desired temperature is reached and then blowing the mixture through a zone into which steam is injected. It is found that this type of method can readily be made continuous and that the momentary contact with steam thereby involved is quite sufficient to give a useful activation reaction, The specific method just described is illustrated in the single figure of the accompanying drawing which shows a diagrammatic laboratory apparatus. In tis drawing, a tube 1 leads from an air pressure source (not shown) to the bottom of the left-hand arm 2 of an inverted U-tube 3.

At the bottom of the arm 2 is the normal type of perforated disc 4 utilised for the purpose of supporting a mass of particles to be fluidized. The lower portion of the arm 2 dips into a vessel 5 containing oil. A number of steam injection ports 6 are provided in the vertical wall of the arm 7 of the U-tube 3 and steam is supplied to these ports 6 from a source (not shown) via a pipe system 8. A receptacle 9 is located immediately below the open end of arm 7. A mass of the clay-acid mixture used in the present invention is contained in the arm 2 and designated as 10. A thermometer 11 is very diagrammatically shown as inserted through the wall of the arm 2 and inserted into the mass 10. In the operation of this apparatus, air is passed through the tube 1 and disc 4 to enter the arm 2 at sufficient pressure to fluidize the mass 10. The air is pre-heated as required either by special heating means (not shown) and/or by the oil in the vessel 5. This oil is maintained at substantially the temperature required for the mass 10. The combination of the heated air and the heated oil, together with the excellent heat transfer resulting from the fluidisation of the mass, brings the mass rapidly to the required temperature which will be indicated by the thermometer 11. The air velocity in the arm 2 is then increased until the mass 10 of clay particles with absorbed sulphuric acid is blow up through the U-tube to the arm 3 where it is contacted by a large excess of steam injected through the ports 6. The particles of clay then undergo very rapid reaction with the sulphuric acid and fall into the receptacle 9. The clay is then washed to remove the acid and dried, and is then ready for use. The fluidising of the mass 10 has the further advantages of making a more uniform mixture of the clay and the acid and also causes a separation of the particles so that intimate contact with the steam is ensured to give a fast reaction. The following Examples 1-6 describe the treatment of various samples of clays under different conditions utilising the method and apparatus described above, in each case the clay containing 20% by weight of the sulphuric acid. The activated clays resulting therefrom were then used to decolourise in the normal manner samples of unbleached mineral oil having a viscosity of about 500 SSU at 1000F. The effectiveness of the decolourising is indicated in the table following the examples by indicating the percentage of transmission of green and red light, assuming the medicinal oil sold under the name Stanolax to have a transmission of 100% in each case. Example 7 illustrates a treatment of the same clay by a prior art method and the resultant activated clay is tested in the same manner as described above.

EXAMPLE I 30 gms. of bentonite were mixed manually with 6 gms. of concentrated sulphuric acid. The mixture was heated by placing it in the arm 2 of the apparatus and hot air was blown through this mass. The oil bath 5 was at a temperature of 1600C. When the clay mixture was at a temperature of 1400 C. it was blown, by a stream of hot air, through the U-tube into an atmosphere of steam in arm 7. The steam condensed on the clay particles as they dropped into the receptacle 9 which is located immediately below the open end of arm 7. The condensed steam (water) in the receptacle was 50100% by weight of the original clay. The sample of activated clay was then washed and dried in the conventional manner. Unbleached mineral oil was treated with 6% of this activated clay, and the percentage of transmission of green and red light were determined. These are given in the table below. EXAMPLE 2 30 gms of the same bentonite and 6 gms. of concentrated sulphuric acid were placed in arm 2 of the apparatus. Preheated air was blown through the sample at a sufficient pressure to fluidize the mass and thereby mix it thoroughly. The oil bath 5 was maintained at a temperature of 1200 C. When the sample reached a temperature of 1200C., air pressure was increased thereby blowing the clay-acid mixture into an atmosphere of steam, in arm 7 of the U-tube. The wet clay dropped into a receptacle 9 below and was washed immediately in the conventional manner. The sample was dried and evaluated by adding a portion to unbleached mineral oil and determining the - percentage light transmission for red and green light. The results are given in the table below. EXAMPLES 3-6 The method of example 2 was repeated, except different temperatures were used. In Example 3 the clay was equilibrated at a temperature of 1300C. before transportation to the steam treating zone. In Example 4 the clay was equilibrated at a temperature of 1000C. before transportation to the steam treating zone. In Example 5 the clay was equilibrated at 600 C. prior to contact with steam. In Example 6 the clay was equilibrated at 300C. prior to steam treatment. The percentage light transmission of red and green light for these examples is also given in the table below. EXAMPLE 7 The clay was activated by refluxing for 2 hours with 20% of acid based

on the weight of the clay at a concentration of about 4% TABLE Percentage Light Transmission Light Transmission Example Red Green Stanolax 100 100 1 93 82 2 94 81 3 94 81 4 93 80 5 90 71 6 89 71 7 88 73 These results show that clay activated according to the process of the present invention are much more effective in decolourising oil than clay activated according to the prior art process. In addition, even when the temperature of equilibration of the clay is below the preferred minimum, the clay is also activated to a greater extent than clay activated according to the prior art. The sulphuric acid used in the above examples is commercial 96% concentrated sulphuric acid. The very small auantitv nf water contained therein can in practice be tolerated. The clay used lin all Examples is commonly called Morden Bentonite, which is available from the deposits in the area around Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. However, samples of raw clay obtained from the Fullers' Earth Union in Redhill, Surrey, England have also been found to give good results. WHAT WE CLAIM IS:- 1. A method of activating clay comprising mixing clay in finely divided form with concentrated sulphuric acid to form a free-flowing mixture, the total amount of water present in the free-flowing mixture being insufficient to promote activation and then bringing such mixture into intimate contact with added live steam, whereby said clay is activated. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the free-flowing mixture of acid and clay is heated to a temperature not substantially below 1000C. before contracting with live steam. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the amount of acid used is 540% by weight based on the amounts of clay. 4. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the free-flowing mixture of clay and acid fluidised with heated air until the temperature of the mixture is not substantially below 1000C. 5. The method of activating clay substantially as described with reference to the accompanying examples.

* GB785089 (A)

Description: GB785089 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to pendant control devices for fluid pressureapparatus

Description of GB785089 (A)

PAT-'' ENT SPECIF-{Ili CATIO-N ' PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,089 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: September 14, 1955. No 26287/55. Application made in United States of America on September 27, 1954. Complete Specification Published: October 23, 1957. Index at aeceptance:-Classes 78 ( 5), I 8 A 3; and 135, P( 5: 16 E 3 22: 24 A: 24 KX: 26). International Classification:-B 66 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Pendant Control Devices for Fluid Pressure Apparatus We, THE ARO EQUIPMENT CORPORATION, a corporation organised under the laws of the State of Ohio, United States of America, of City of Bryan, State of Ohio, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to a pendant control, particularly adapted for pneumatic hoists, although it may be used in other installations where pneumatic control from a remote point with respect to a motor or the like is desired. The present invention provides a pendant control device comprising a control element housing receiving fluid under pressure and a control element oppositely movable therein, means for moving said control element comprising a pressure fluid operable means for each end thereof, springs biasing said means away from said ends of said control element, means for admitting fluid under pressure to said

pressure fluid operable means from said control element housing to overcome the bias of said springs and thereby normally move said pressure fluid operable means into contact with said ends of said control element with said springs and the fluid under pressure in said pressure fluid operable means balancing each other to normally retain said control element in a neutral position, and means to move said control element in either direction comprising a flexible hose extending from each pressure fluid operable means, and -a venting valve for each hose capable of venting fluid pressure therefrom faster than it enters its respective pressure fluid operable means from said control element housing. One object of the invention is to provide a pendant control that can be readily adapted for and attached to a hoist or the like to (Price 3 s 6 d) operate a control element therein such as a reciprocable valve for controlling fluid pressure, e g, compressed air, to and from the air motor of the hoist, the control being in the form of a pair of cylinders connected 50 to the hoist housing at opposite ends of the control valve and having actuating stems projecting therefrom into the housing and contacting the valve, with a pair of hoses depending from the cylinders and terminating 55 in a control handle having venting valves therein, one for each of the cylinders for controlling the up or down operation of the hoist as desired. Another object is to provide a pendant 60 control that conveniently utilizes the fluid pressure supplied to the control valve as a means to actuate the valve under the control of the operator at a remote point by a simple arrangement of venting valves in a 65 control handle at said remote point. More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide a pair of pistons that are spring and fluid pressure balanced to normally retain a control valve in a neutral 70 position, and which may be unbalanced by the proper operation of venting valves at a remote point, which arrangement reduces the control lines to a pair of push-button valves, one for operating the control valve in one 75 direction and the other for operating it in the other direction, whereas release of both buttons permits the springs and fluid pressure to again rebalance and move the valve to the neutral position 80 An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view through a portion of a control element hous 85 ing of a hoist with the control arrangement applied thereto and partially shown in section, the control handle at the bottom of the figure being in -plan view. Figure 2 is a sectional view on the line 90 1 i_ 11 i 1, 785,089 2 2 of Figure 1 showing one of the venting valves of the pendant control.

Figure 3 is a view similar to portions of Figures 1 and 2 showing one of the venting valves open and the resulting operation of the control element or valve. Figure 4 is a vertical sectional view on the line 4 4 of Figure 1. Figure 5 is an end elevation of Figure 2 from the right hand end; and Figure 6 is an end elevation thereof from the left hand end with certain portions thereof shown in section on the line 6 6 of Figure 2. On the accompanying drawings we have used the reference numeral 10 to indicate in general a hoist A control element in the form of a valve 12 is contained in a control element housing 25 of the hoist 10 and is for the purpose of controlling the up and down operations of the hoist. The element 12 may be provided with rack teeth as illustrated meshing with a pinion 14 and a gear sector 16, the sector being secured to a brake shaft 18 for simultaneous operation of the air control valve of a pneumatic hoist and its brake Fluid under pressure such as compressed air is supplied to a fitting 20 (see Figure 4) and a swivel fitting 22-24 to enter a cavity 26 in the control element housing 25 where it is supplied to opposite ends of the control valve 12 as illus trated in Figure 1 The valve 12 is provided with heads 28 and 30 for up and down control, respectively, of the hoist These are movable into and out of the ends of a cylinder sleeve 32, being normally therein as shown in Figure 1 which is the neutral position, whereas in Figure 3 the head 28 is shown out of the cylinder 32 for admitting fluid pressure to raise the hoist. For the head 28, we provide a control unit in the form of a connector fitting 34, a cylinder 36, a piston 40 in the cylinder 36 and a stem 38 extending from the piston through the fitting 34 to contact the head 28 A similar arrangement is provided for the head 30 and we have used the same reference numerals with the addition of the distinguishing exponent a. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, we provide for the cylinder 36 a a fitting 46 a and a hose 48 a extending to a connector 50 a on a fitting 68 a that is screwed into a venting valve body 52 terminating in a control handle 54. In the body 52 is a sleeve 70 a, the left end of which constitutes a seat for a valve disc 72 a that has a stem 74 a slidable in the sleeve a The valve 72 a is normally seated against the sleeve 70 a by a spring 71 a A "down" button 76 a is biased to, the position shown in Figure 2 by a spring 77 a-and has a cone-shaped portion 78 a to engage the stem 74 a and open the valve 72 a when the button 76 a is depressed Thereupon, fluid pressure from the hose 48 a is vented through an opening 80 a into a cavity 82 in the head 52 from which it is vented to atmosphere through a passageway 84.

Similarly, the cylinder 36 has a fitting 46 70 and the same venting arrangement terminating in an "up" button 76 and, accordingly, comparable reference numerals have been used without the exponent a. We provide a strain relief cable 56 for 75 the hoses 48 and 48 a, having one end 58 secured to a U-shaped rod 60 which, in turn, is held in position with respect to the control element housing 25 by a sleeve fitting 62 and which has its opposite end secured by 80 a set screw 66 in a fitting 64 (see Figure 1) of the handle 52 54 The cable 56 may be of steel or the like and takes the strain of the handle 54 off the hoses when pulling on the handle to move the hoist 10 during 85 operations of the hoist This is particularly desirable when the hoist is mounted on overhead trackage. PRACTICAL OPERATION In the operation of the pendant control, 90 air or other fluid is supplied as indicated by the arrows 86 and 88 to the cavity 26 from which it is controlled in its flow to the hoist by means of the valve 12 The fluid under pressure in the cavity 26 also flows 95 through slots 39 and 39 a in the inner ends of the stems 38 and 38 a and through bores 41 and 41 a of the stems to the spaces in the cylinders 36 and 36 a outside the pistons 40 and 40 a as indicated by arrows 90, 92 and 100 94 in Figure 1 This arrangement causes a balance to be sought between the fluid pressure in the cylinders and the springs 42 such that the valve 12 is brought to the centered position shown in Figure 1 or 105 "neutral" position where it neither raises nor lowers the hoist. Prior to charging the cavity 26 with air, the springs 42 and 42 a move the pistons 40 and 40 a to their outer limits, but upon the 110 introduction of the air the pistons will be driven inwardly against the ends of the valve 12 and the balance just referred to then effected Since the valves 72 and 72 a are closed, this condition will be maintained until such 115 time as one of them is opened, as hereinafter described; In Figure 3, we illustrate the "up" venting valve 76 depressed so that air is vented from the cylinder 36 at the outer end of the 120 piston 40 as indicated by the arrows 96, 98 and 100 The discharge through 84 at 100 to atmosphere is greater than the slot 39 will permit air to enter the cylinder 36 through the piston 40, and, accordingly, the spring 125 42 will move the piston to the position shown in Figure 3 (indicated by the arrow 104) At the same time, the air which is still flowing through the stem 38 a into the cylinder 36 a outward of the piston 40 a there 130 cylinders carried by said control element housing at each end thereof, and pistons operable in said cylinders. 3 A device according to claim 2, wherein said pistons carry stems, extending from said 65 pistons toward said control element. 4 A device according to claim 3, wherein air is admitted through said

stems to said cylinders. A device according to any of the pre 70 ceding claims, wherein a control handle is provided at the ends of said hoses with said venting valves therein. 6 A device according to claim 5, wherein a strain relief cable is connected between 75 said control handle and said control element housing to relieve the strain on said flexible hoses. 7 A pendant control comprising a control element housing receiving fluid under pres 80 sure and a control element oppositely movable therein; means for moving said control element comprising a cylinder carried by said control element housing at each end of said control element, pistons in said cyl 85 inders, springs in said cylinders biasing said pistons away from said control element, means for admitting fluid under pressure through said pistons to said cylinders outward of said pistons to overcome the bias 90 of said springs and normally move said pistons into contact with the ends of said control element, and means to move said control element in either direction comprising a venting valve connected to each of said cyl 95 inders by a flexible hose. 8 A device according to claim 7, wherein stems extend from said pistons into said housing to contact opposite ends of said control ele nent, and passageways extend 100 through said stems for communicating the fluid under pressure in said housing to said cylinders outward of said pistons. 9 A device according to claim 1, 7 or 8, including a control handle at the terminal 105 end of said hoses, said venting valve being carried by said control handle for each of said cylinders, said venting valve being capable of venting fluid under pressure from said cylinders faster than it enters them from 110 said control element housing. A dependant control device constructed and adapted to operate substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings 115 STEVENS, LANGNER, PARRY & ROLLINSON. Chartered Patent Agents Agents for the Applicants in will move that piston inwardly against the action of the spring 42 a (the air being stronger than the springs) to move the stem inwardly as indicated by the arrow 106 This of course propels the valve 12 towards the left as indicated by the arrow 102 so that air can enter at 101 for flowing to the "up" side of the hoist motor. While the extreme position of the valve has been shown, it is obvious that the control button 76 may be only partially depressed so as to choke off the venting action and permit any degree of movement of the valve 12 desired as for slow and intermediate speeds of the hoist so that its motor is thus nicely controlled. Conversely, when it is desired to lower the hoist, it is merely

necessary to partially or fully depress the "down" button 76 a. From the foregoing part of the specification it will be obvious that we have provided a relatively simple mechanism that can be attached to a hoist by the mere substitution of the fittings 34 for plugs that are ordinarily provided in the threaded openings of the control element housing 25 The units thus installed are automatically cooperable with the ends of the valve 12 and automatically receive fluid pressure in the proper manner for actuating the valve in one direction or the other as dictated by the operation of the venting valves 76 and 76 a.

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* GB785090 (A)

Description: GB785090 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements relating to pneumatic tyres

Description of GB785090 (A)

A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

FR1148288 (A) FR1148288 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PA Tl ENT SPECIFICATION Inventor: -FRANCIS RICHARD CARR. Date of filing Complete Specification: Nov 14, 195 5. Application Date: Sept 29, 1955 No 27695155. Complete Specification Published Oct 23, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Classes 94 ( 1), 012 A; and 144 ( 2), C( 1 C: 3 X). International Classification B 62 g B 65 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements relating to Pneumatic Tyres. We, DUNLOP RUBBER COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, of 1 Albany Street, London, N W 1, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by, which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to tubeless pneumatic tyres. There are two requirements which are peculiar to tubeless as opposed to conventional pneumatic tyres. One concerns the storage of the tubeless tyre prior to fitting the tyre to a wheel rim in connection with which it is necessary to ensure that the tyre beads do not become distorted or permanently forced into closely adjacent relationship Nither of these conditions could cause difficulty in fitting the tyre to a rim or prevent a seal between the beads and rim being established Trouble has been avoided heretofore by providing rigid spacers located between the beads to maintain them in spaced-apart relationship. The spacers are expensive, difficult to fit and are fitted manually resulting in a con siderable expenditure of time and labour. The other requirement concerns the fitting of tubeless tyres to wheel rimes in regard to which it is necessary, after the tyre has been loosely mounted on the rim between the rim flanges, to force the beads into air-sealing contact with the rim shoulders in order that the tubeless tyre may be inflated This is usually carried out by means of a tourniquet comprising a lever attached to the ends of a ligature, the lever being operable so as to tension the ligature around the circumference of the tyre tread and move the beads apart into air-sealing contact with the rim shoulders. It is an object of the present invention to lPrice 3 s 6 d l re 785,090 provide a single means capable of fulfilling both of these requirements which obviates 45 the manual labour necessary hitherto and which is simple, cheap and effective. According to the invention a tubeless pneumatic tyre cover is provided with a band extending circumferentially around the 50 tread under

sufficient tension to cause the circumference to the tread to be reduced from its length in the free uninflated state and thereby cause the beads to be moved apart from their relative positions in the 55 free uninflated state, the ends of the band being permanently secured together to maintain the tension whereby fitting of the cover is facilitated. The invention may be carried into effect 60 as described with reference to the accompanying drawing. A tubeless pneumatic tyre cover 1 to which a band is to be applied is mounted on a machine provided with four equally 65 spaced-apart arms which are pneumatically operated and which are adapted to locate with and circumferentially contract the tread 2 of the tyre cover. The machine is operated, the tread con 70 tracted and a previously looped band 3 of steel tape is fitted around the tread, the ends of the band passing through a clip 4 of hollow rectangular cross-section, the clip and band having previously been punched 75 by means of a suitable tool so as to form indentations 5 which secure the clip and band together and prevent relative movement and slackening of the band. The circumference of the band is such 80 that when the machine is operated to release the tyre tread the band is placed under tension, the band serving to maintain the beads 6 in spaced-apart relationship (see drawing). Considerable advantages result from the 85 provision of a tubeless tyre cover with a band in accordance with the invention It is much easier to fit a tubeless tyre and band in accordance with the invention to a wheel than to fit a conventional tubeless tyre, since the spaced-apart beads are sprung into air-sealing contact with the bead seats on the rim of the wheel so that inflation of the tubeless tyre can be effected without the need of a tourniquet in the manner previously required. Moreover the band is quickly fitted and much -time and labour is saved when compared with that required for the fitting of the previously mentioned bead spacers. Furthermore, when spirally wrapping tubeless tyres with paper in -the usual_ manner, unless the tension of the wrapping machine is carefully adjusted there is a danger of crushing rigid bead spacers located between the beads, particularly when these are made of cardboard This cannot happen with a tyre cover provided with a band according to the invention, which can be tightly wrapped with paper so as to force the beads closely together, the resistance of the beads to the tight wrapping providing a resistance to damage or distortion through crushing during transport or storage The close-spacing of the beads of the wrapped tyre cover results in a reduction in overall width of the

cover and a reduction of the bulk to be transported. When the tubeless tyre has been mounted on a wheel rim and after the tyre has been partially inflated, the band is removed by inserting a pair of shears or the like between the band and the thread and cutting through the band The tyre may then be fully inflated. Although in the above-mentiohled embodiment the ends of the band are secured by means of a clip, the ends of the band may be secured by other means, e g by spotwelding. In addition, means other than the method described above may be utilised for fitting and tensioning the band upon a tyre tread, e.g an unlooped band may be fitted around the tread, and the free ends drawn together so as to tension the band and the ends clipped, by means of a ratchet device of the kind used for applying steel bands to packing cases.

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* GB785091 (A)

Description: GB785091 (A) ? 1957-10-23

A new and improved tile for building

Description of GB785091 (A)

P AE, N C, F IA 1 T, N, PAT ENT SPECIFICATION 785,091 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: October 3, 1955. No 28097/55. Application made in Spain on October 13, 1954. Complete Specification Published: October 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 87 ( 1), B 3 (A 1 A: D 1: D 2: G).

International Classification:-E 04 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A new and improved Tile for Building I Jos E RAMOS CORTES, of Spanish nationality, of 40 Jaime Segarra, Alicante, Spain, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- The present invention relates to tiles such as may be used for roofs and walls, and the object of the invention is to provide a new and improved tile adapted to co, operate with neighbouring tiles of the same pattern in an advantageous manner. According to the invention I provide a tile for building wherein two longitudinal main ribs are provided along opposite sides of the tile, a first main rib having a plane upper surface from which projects an engagement rib extending along the outer edge of said plane upper surface, and a second main rib having an outwardly directed overhang with a plane lower surface, parallel to the plane upper surface of the first rib and extending substantially to the outer edge of the tile, in which is provided an engagement channel extending along the inner edge of said plane lower surface, said plane lower surface and engagement channel forming together a substantially complementary shape to said plane upper surface and engagement rib. To enable the present invention to be more readily understood, one embodiment thereof will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:fignire 1 shows a roof tile according to the invention in plan view and in rear elevation. Figure 2 shows the same tile viewed from the underside. Figure 3 shows elevations from each side. Figure 4 shows the front elevation. Figure 5 shows the assembly of the tiles in their front and rear zones in section. Figure 6 is a longitudinal diagrammatic view of the method of assembly We describe hereunder the characteristic features of the assembly system Each of the tiles forming part of the system is provided with an engagement rib A of half 50 parabolic section disposed lengthwise of the outer edge of the side N and with an inwardly directed arris L forming a right angle so that the assembly with the immediately adjoining tile is effected by engaging the rib 55 A in an engagement channel B provided in the lower surface of the parabolic section main rib H at the opposite edge, the plane lower surface of which rib H forms another rib C having a slope such as to enable it 60 to fit the equivalent plane surface D from which projects the said rib A. The main ribs H on the upper side of the tile, one being provided in

the centre of the upper side, define channels I therebetween, 65 whilst on the under side they are hollowed out to form respective channels J, which lessen the weight of the tile without detracting from its strength and resistance. In order to assemble one tile to the next 70 following tile end to end it is necessary in the rear edge of the upper side of the tile to provide a cross rib E running perpendicularly from the end M of plane surface D, to the opposite side where it passes over rib 75 H to the outer side thereof, forming a rounded flange P on the end of the tapered rib H and in the vertical wall of which flange starts the inner channel B The said rib -E is engaged in assembly behind another rib 80 F which on the lower side borders the forward edge of the tile Each tile is secured to a rod lath by means of a wire which passes through a projection G integral with the forward end of the channel J formed in the 85 lower surface of the central rib, whilst other projections K symmetrically placed on either side of the central rib towards the rear end of the tile bear on the said lath and, in conjunction with the wire through the said pro 90 R j, , r-,i,' 1 785,091 jectin G ensure that each tile is fixed and squared up in the formation of the roof. In order to assemble the roof, it is first necessary to nail on the roof timber laths spaced correspondingly to the dimensions of the tiles, to enable the latter to bear and rest -thereon, the tiles being moreover secured to the said laths by the wire passing through -the projections G This operation is sufficient to ensure that each tile in the roof is securely fixed at all its joints, since the ribs, etc, A, B, C and D prevent any movement. The dimensions and weight of the tile will be generally adapted to the type of structure for which it is intended but in the case of tiles mnuie from clay, their approximate weight may be two kilogrammes and their size 42 5 x 25 5 cm, whilst the centre rib may be 50 mm and the right hand rib 70 mm. high. Roofs constructed as described are capable of supporting weights up to four hundred kilogrammes without any of the parts breaking, it being possible to impart to the roof a slope in its ribs of 41 ' and 10 % in the base of the channelling and likewise in the masonry and framework, without the slight difference in level, slope or "gradient" as it is usually called-detracting from the accuracy of the assembly and the utility of the roof. Another advantage resides in the fact that a roof can be obtained which leaves noapertures at the ends of the tiles, so that it prevents the passage of air, dust, snow, water or insects In addition, its main members give it such a degree of strength as to prevent it breaking

under the weight of a man; it offers less resistance to the wind, without predudice to the saving which it makes possible in the use of masonry and timber framework by reducing the percentage of slope or difference in level. The channels have a water-carrying section of 80 x 30 mm which enables the roof to be kept clean since seeds, residues or waste which fall into it cannot remain lying in the channels. The tiles to which the present invention -relates can be manufactured in any suitable -material, such as cement, iron, mud, clay or glass; they can be placed in position by any mason's labourer without technical assistance and once formed they furnish an assembly of pleasing appearance. Even the least expert mason's labourer can carry out roofing with the tiles in accordance with this invention without any fear of possible errors, since the accuracy of a fit and the ease with which it can be achieved leave no possible room for doubt in the assembling of the elements, which is carried out without difficulty and permits of obtaining a technically perfect roof of very pleasing appearance.

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* GB785092 (A)

Description: GB785092 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Rotary compressor

Description of GB785092 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Appli October 11, 15 No 28950/55. Application n May 23, 1955. Complete Spec ication and fling Complete Specification:

)55. nade in United States of America on 1 fication Published: October 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 12 ( 3), C(SA 1: 17: 18: 25); and 110 ( 1), C 2 (D: J: X). Internaional Clasciification: FO 4 d FO 6 n. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Rotary Compressor We, YORK SHIPLEY LIMITED, a British Company of North Circular Road, London, N.W 2 do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to air and gas pumps and affords a single stage centrifugal compresser characterised by improved lubrication and cooling, ease of assembly and maintenance, -and excellent efficiency. Centrifugal gas compressors operate at high rotative speeds and develop considerable heat from friction and from thermodynamic reaction, so that cooling and lubrication are problems of major importance. According to the invention, a considerable quantity of lubricating oil is circulated through the compressor and its bearings and through an oil cooler, so that the development of heat is resisted and such as is developed is rejected through the cooler The prime means of circulating the oil is a centrifugal pump of very simple form, so built into the compressor as to entail no penalty in assembling and servicing operations Such a pump unlike a positive displacement pump develops a pressure proportional to its rotary speed, and thus has a desirable selfregulating characteristic. Important novelty resides in the way that the compressor housing is divided transversely of the shaft axis into two major cornmponents The first of these includes the supporting base, the major portion of the volute and the gas inlet and discharge connections and a mounting seat which supports and centers the second major component This second major component is a machine assembly comprising the remainder of the volute, the shaft and shaft bearings, the impeller, the oil pump, storage spaces for oil and substantially all pressure and flow connections for oil. j J As a practical matter, the division is between parts which in the main are fixed, and are suited to be permanently connected in a circuit such as a refrigerative circuit, and parts which make up the moving mach 50 inery of the compressor and are supported in proper functional relation by the removable part of the housing. A useful possibility is that a user of one or more compressors may have, and keep 55 in prime running order, a spare one of the second

major components ready for quick assembly with a first major component, thus reducing "down" periods for repairs to the practicable minimum 60 In any event, the drive shaft is readily disconnected and removed, and its removal affords space for removal of said second major component Hence the machine does not require an objectionable amount of 65 space. A feature of the invention resides in arrangements which afford a higher vapour pressure on oil in the collecting sump than on oil in the supply reservoir, so that the 70 oil feeds from the sump to the reservoir despite the higher elevation of the reservoir. This eliminates need for a pump customarily used. While it is not necessary to do so, it is 75 considered desirable to construct the oil filter and the oil cooler as separate units capable of independent selection, servicing and replacement This entails the use of external tubular connections but the connections 80 are small and simple and their use involves no adverse factors. The general nature of the invention having been set forth, a preferred embodiment will now be described with reference to the 85 accompanying drawings, in which:Figure 1 is an end view of the compressor, i.e a view looking to the right in Figure 2, Figure 2 is a vertical axial section of the 90 785,092 compressor looking to the left in Figure 1 23 Each gudgeon carries a bevel pinion 31 The shaft and a few shaft-carried compon all of which are identical and mesh with a ents are shown in elevation The porting ring gear 32 which encircles the throat memis diagrammatic to the extent that the ports ber 23 The pinions are so meshed with S are all drawn as if they lay in the plane of the ring gear as to give all the vanes the 70 section same helical pitch and this pitch may be Figure 3 is a fragmentary view similar to adjusted by turning the ring gear 32 Cona portion of Figure 2, but drawn on a larger ventional means for setting the ring gear scale Certain shaft carried elements shown -would be used, but as this detail is not in elevation in Figure 2 are here shown in claimed, illustration is deemed superfluous 75 axial section, The parts above described, including the Figure 4 is a fragmentary section on the housing 14, are the normally static elements line 4 4 of Figure 3 and on the same of the machine The housing 14 and the scale, machine components enclosed or supported Figure 5 is a, left end view of the impeller by housing 14 will next be described, after 80 journal, oil pump rotor and ratchet ring, which the oil flow porting can be explained. looking to the right with respect to Figure The housing 14 is hollow and its peri3, phery 34 adjacent flange 15 is a right circuFigure 6 is a fragmentary view of the lar cylinder Its interior is divided, by a left hub face of the bearing retaining plate horizontal partition 35,

into a closed sump 85 (as shown in Figure 3) 36 and a chamber 37 above the partition. Statements of direction, when made with The left or outer wall 38 of the housing out qualification, refer to Figure 2 is convex outward and generally conical in As best shown in Figures 1 and 2, the form It carries an integral hub 39 which volute 11 is supported on integral feet 12 carries one of two plain radial bearings for 90 which are bolted to the foundation (not the impeller shaft, and extends across chamshown) A flanged discharge connection is ber 37 nearly to the plane of the inner face shown at 13 A circular machine housing of the right hand wall 41 as defined at the 14 which is a cored casting hereinafter des periphery of a circular seat 42 surrounding cribed in detail, has a flange 15 which seats an opening into chamber 37 95 on and is bolted to the mounting rim 16, The right hand end of hub 39 has a shalso that the volute I 1 and housing 14 are low counter-bore 43 which receives and censealed together in precise coaxial relation, ters the thrust bearing disc 44 The thrust and together define the volute chamber 17 bearing formed on this disc may take any and diffusing throat 18 whose general form preferred form, and resists axial shifting of 100 follows known practice in the art the impeller shaft to the right The thrust On the end remote from rim 16 the volute bearing disc is pressed into the counter-bore 11 has an integral hollow conical extension 43 by an elastic disc which carries a second 19 which encloses the inlet passage and ter radial bearing for the impeller shaft This minates in an in-turned flange 21 affording elastic disc comprises, in one piece, a bored 105 an inlet connection Engaging and cantered hub 45 which sustains the plane bearing by flange -21 and by an annular seat 22 bushing 46 for the impeller shaft, and seats formed within extension 19 adjacent the in against the thrust bearing disc 44, a periner periphery of throat 18, is a streamlined pheral flange 47 which fits into seat 42 and entrance throat member 23 This has an an elastic web 48 connecting hub 45 and 110 annular shoulder which engages flange 21, flange 47. is held against rotation by a pin 24 which The outer face of the right-hand wall 41 engages a slot in flange 21 (see Figure 2) and has concentric counter bores, a shallow one is locked in place by a snap ring 25, which at 50 and a much deeper one at 49 These engages a slot in seat 22 As clearly shown receive and center a retaining plate 51 hav 115 in Figure 2, the throat member 23 flares to ing a peripheral rim 52 This plate seats wards its opposite ends, and is shouldered on a gasket 53 and is held by machine at 26 where it encircles the entrance eye screws 54 The flange 47 is so dimensioned of the impeller and affords smooth flow that when plate 51 is fixed in place, the thereinto The shouldering at 26 and the web 48 is elastically stressed

so that hub 120 seal 27, -there located, are so clearly shown 45 urges thrust bearing disc 44 into counter in Figure 2 that detailed description is un bore 43 in the end of hub 39 The parts necessary 44 and 45 are held against rotary motion by In the entrance throat 23 are mounted a a stake 55. plurality of simultaneously adjustable guide The bearing bushing 46 is flanged and is 125 vanes These are sector shaped vanes 28, pressed to place in hub 45 As is best shown streamlined in cross section and rotatable in Figure 6 a slot 56 is milled in hub 45 about axes which lie in planes radial to the and connects the space at the left end of throat member Each vane is carried by a bushing 46 with an oil port 57 -drilled gudgeon 29 journalled in the throat member through disc 44 This is part of an oil path 130 785,092 The spring loaded seal ring 74 has a double function, for it is both a seal and a check valve When the compressor is shut down it is spring closed against flow from chamber 37 past bearing 46 and thence 70 through space 58 and drain passage 59 to sump 36. When the compressor runs, compressed vapour, at or somewhat below compressor discharge pressure flows at a limited rate 75 between the left-hand shroud plate of impeller 65 and the plate 51, past seal 79, to space 58 where it meets some draining oil, and passes thence with the oil via passage 59 to sump 36 80 The effect is to develop pressure in sump 36 and this elevated pressure with the depression of vapour pressure in chamber 37 caused by connection 62, 64 affords a pressure differential effective to return oil from 85 the sump 36 to chamber 37, as will be later described in greater detail. The housing 14 and its hub 39 have a coaxial bore 82 and counter bore 81 to receive the flanged bushing 68 which is retained by 90 a snap ring 83 A groove 84 encircling bore 82 is provided to supply oil to journal 67 through oil passages 85 drilled through the bearing bushing 68. To the right of bearing bushing 68 the 95 bore 82 serves as an inlet passage for the pump impeller 69 As best shown in Figures 3 and 5 the impeller 69 has an annular entrance groove 86, -tangent to which are four discharge orifices 87 These lead to an 100 offtake groove 88 A running seal 89 encircles the right end portion of pump rotor 69 and isolates it from a chamber 91 which is a counter-bore leading from the right end of hub 39, surrounding the member 71 As 105 viewed in Figures 2 and 3 the near side of member 71 moves upward when the compressor is running i e the shaft turns clockwise as viewed in Figure 4 Member 71 is formed with two diametrically opposite rat 110 chet notches 92 A pawl 93 prevents reverse rotation when the compressor is shut down Back flow of compressed vapour tends to cause such reverse rotation The pawl 93 is pivoted at 94 in hub 39 and light

115 ly biased to engage by a leaf spring 95. When the compressor runs, and space 91 is under pressure, the pawl acts as a valve and closes port 96. The pawl 93 performs a third function 120 The impeller is driven through a slender drive-shaft 98 which is shouldered at 99 and beyond the shoulder is provided with lefthand double threads 101 One of the first steps in disassembling the compressor is to 125 unscrew shaft 98 The ratchet then serves to prevent rotation of the impeller journal unit. To prevent leakage from the end of counter-bore 81 there is provided a closure 130 to bearing bushing 46. The left face of retaining plate 51 is recessed, so that it and flange 47 on the elastic disc afford a space 58 which is drained to sump 36 by communicating drilled ports in parts 14 and 51 These are indicated in Figures 2 and 3 by the numeral 59 To divert from the impeller shaft any oil which may drain down the left face of plate 51, this face has saw tooth grooves 61 These are simply circular grooves cut into the plate 51 and concentric with the shaft axis. They act as collecting gutters. For reasons which will appear in connection with operation, it is desired to maintain above lubricating oil in chamber 37 a vapour pressure which is intermediate the suction pressure and the discharge pressure of the compressor Means for accomplishing this are shown schematically in Figure 2 The desired oil level in chamber 37 is indicated by the broken line L L A tube 62 leads to the interior of inlet throat 23 from a fitting 63 which is screwed into a port leading to the gas space above line L L in chamber 37 The fitting 63 encloses a spring loaded relief valve 64 with a restricted port drilled through it In a refrigerant compressor some refrigerant is dissolved or occluded in the oil and tends to boil off under operating conditions if temperature is raised, or pressure is reduced (or if both these effects are present) Suction pressure being low, the relief valve controls outflow of vapour to maintain in chamber 37 a definite vapour pressure higher than the existing suction pressure When the compressor stops, the restricted port permits pressure equalisation to occur. The shrouded vane impeller generally indicated by the numeral 65 is mounted coaxially on the end of a large rotary shaft member which has a journal 66 turning in bearing bushing 46 and spaced from this a second journal 67 turning in the bearing bushing 68 in hub 39 Between the two journals there is a larger cylindrical portion 69 which is ported to serve as the impeller of a centrifugal oil pump and a somewhat larger portion 71 arranged to operate a valve and also means to inhibit reverse rotation. The hub of the impeller is clamped against the end of the shaft

adjacent journal 66 by a heavy machine screw 72 whose head is confined in a centering bushing 73. A running seal coacting with hub 45 is afforded by the seal ring 74 which is axially shiftable on journal 66 and is keyed thereto by ball key 75 A reaction ring 76 engages impeller 65 and is sealed to journal 66 by the O-ring 77 A spring 78 urges the parts 74 and 76 apart, and so develops the necessary sealing pressure A seal assembly generally indicated by the numeral 79 is interposed between the members 76 and 51. 785,092 785,092 cap 102 with an inward projecting sleeve 103 One component 104 of a running seal encircles and is sealed to shaft 98 by an 0ring The other component -105 of the same running-seal is sealed by an 0-ring to sleeve 103 which it encircles A spring 106 loads component 105 toward component 104 (see Figure 3) L The tube 107 is a protective enclosure for shaft 98. The oil circulation can now be traced. When the compressor runs, the oil impeller 69 receives oil from bore 82, to the right of bearing 68 and discharges it under considerable pressure into chamber 88 Thence it flows via passage 108 and pipe 109 and through the filter 111 (Figure 1) and from the filter via pipe 112 and branching passage 113 to groove 84 and bearing 68 and through port 57 and channel 56 to bearing 46 in the absence of pressure, seal 74 arrests flow, but when there is a considerable pressure head on the oil at bearing 46, seal 74 moves back so that some oil discharges to space 58 and flows thence by way of port 59 to sump 36 A dip pipe 116 delivers oil from sump 36 to chamber 37 under the pressure differential between the elevated pressure in sump 36 and the reduced pressure in chamber 37. Some oil escapes from the right from bearing 68 and returns directly to the pump. Some escapes-to the left and flows via passage 114 directly to chamber 37 This last flow is regulatable by a manually adjustable back pressure valve 115 to maintain a pressure above atmospheric in the space around seal members 104, 105 so that in-leakage of air will not occur. Thus there is active oil circulation, aside from the fact that the bearings 68 and 46 are always submerged in oil. Some oil circulates through a cooler, which may be of any type This flow is derived from the su Dply through a branch of passage 113, which enters 56 through 57 and enters space 91 past the thrust bearing Port 96 being closed when the compressor runs, there is active flow through passages 146 and nozzle -117 which produces a sort of ejector effect on oil in the chamber 37 Thus a considerable volume flows through line 118, to and-through cooler 1-19 (which may be a liquid

cooled heat exchanger) and thence via line 121 and passage 122 to the pump inlet. Thus the cooler is located near the suction intake of the pump This is contrary to the usual practice of putting the cooler under discharge oil pressure, and has proved to be advantageous. The unit 123, interposed between pump discharge 88 and oil chamber 37, comprises a ball valve 124 which may close against adownward presented upper seat 126 and is sustained by a slotted bushing 125 which is not a valve seat In starting up with new oil, it first passes air bubbles but soon closes up so as not to present a free path for oil flow. The compressor has been built and exten 70 sively tested Cooling and lubrication are adequate The connection 62 and valve unit 63 control the rate of boil-off of occluded refrigerant from oil in chamber 37 so that it will neither cause foaming nor defeat the 75 operation of the oil pump, and yet will be sufficient to free the oil of refrigerant, deliver the refrigerant to the compressor intake and usefully cool the oil The valve 124 is effective to collect and purge small air 80 bubbles This occurs during starting up. Disconnection of shaft 98 and tubular connection 62 are the first step in disassembly. Then the housing 14 is removed, with the whole rotary-mechanism of the compressor 85 Removal of impeller 65 and plate 51 permit removal of the elastic plate and the thrust bearing The impeller shaft can then be drawn out to the right, bringing the oil pump rotor with it Thus the oil pump offers no 90 obstacle to assembly and disassembly. Obviously minor components such as seals must be removed and replaced in definite sequences as will be readily understood from the drawings, particularly Figure 3 95 The overhung mounting of the shrouded impeller is desirable from the compressor standpoint The mounting of the oil pump rotor between bearings is desirable from the oil distribution standpoint It is made prac 100 -ticable by careful selection of the diameters of the bores in hub 39 and by the use of the elastic plate which positions one radial bearing and assists in positioning the related thrust bearing Use of a rotary oil pump 105 is essential to the arrangement from the assembly standpoint and advantageous from the operating standpoint. The compressor above described is available for general use including compression 110 of permanent gases However, it was designed for use as the compressor component of refrigerative circuits, and some of its more refined theremodynamic characteristics are particularly useful in compressing the vap 115 ours evolved by volatile liquids Limitation to the refrigerative field is not implied.

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* Accessibility * Legal notice * Terms of use * Last updated: 08.04.2015 * Worldwide Database * 5.8.23.4; 93p