4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity...

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4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients • Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T Weak-contrast approximation • Parametrization Second order approximation Reflection from single layer Reflection from free surface

Transcript of 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity...

Page 1: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients

• Introduction• R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity• Zoeppritz type equations• Critical angles/complex R/T• Weak-contrast approximation• Parametrization• Second order approximation• Reflection from single layer• Reflection from free surface

Page 2: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Introduction

• Reflection/transmission coefficient describes the effect of interface between two half spaces:

Solid, Liquid, VacuumThere are 5 different cases to be considered:- Solid-solid- Solid-liquid- Solid-vacuum- Liquid-liquid- Liquid-vacuum

Page 3: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Introduction

• There are two types of boundary conditions at the interface:

- Strains- Stress components

They have be continuous (boundary conditions)

or discontinuous (slip effect)

Page 4: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Introduction

• There are two types reflection/transmission problems:

- Amplitudes- Energy (energy flux), symmetries+geometrical

spreading

Reflection/transmission coefficients are frequency independent for pre-critical elastic reflections from flat smooth interface

Page 5: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity

2 ,

2 ,

2 ,Q2

,Q22

1

2

1

S

S

P

P

P

1 ,

1 ,

1 ,Q1

,Q1

P wave velocity

S wave velocity

density

Q P wavequality factor

Q S wavequality factor

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

Snell law :

sin sin sin sinp

RD

TD

TU

RU

I

I

zz

00

Figure 4.1. The R/T coefficients

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Zoeppritz type equations assumptions

• Plane wave

• Isotropic elastic medium

• Plane interface

Page 7: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Zoeppritz type equations

21 2 1 2

1 2 1 2

1 2 21 1

1 2 2

cos cos cos cos

cos cos cos2

PP

PS

r b c F a d Hp D

r ab cd p D

2 2 2 22 2 1 1

2 2 2 22 2 1 1

2 2 2 22 2 1 1

2 22 2 1 1

1 2 1 2

1 2 2

2 1 2

2

a p p

b p p

c p p

d

(4.1)

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2

2 1

2 1

2

cos cos

cos cos

cos cos

cos cos

E b c

F b c

G a d

H a d

D EF GHp

(4.2) (4.3)

Page 8: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Zoeppritz type equations

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1=2.0 km/s

2=2.2 km/s

1=0.9 km/s

2=1.2 km/s

1=2.1 g/cm3

2=2.2 g/cm3

Re(

r)

P-wave incident angle (), degrees

PP PS

Figure 4.2. The real part of Zoeppritz reflection coefficients

Critical angle

Pre-critical reflection Post-critical reflection

Page 9: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Zoeppritz type equations

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1=2.0 km/s

2=2.2 km/s

1=0.9 km/s

2=1.2 km/s

1=2.1 g/cm3

2=2.2 g/cm3

Im(r

)

P-wave incident angle (), degrees

PP PS

Figure 4.3. The imaginary part of Zoeppritz reflection coefficients

Post-critical reflection

Page 10: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Complex reflection coefficient

Re Im expr r i r r i

is the phase shift at interface

(4.4)

Page 11: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Zoeppritz type equations

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1=2.2 km/s

2=2.0 km/s

1=1.2 km/s

2=0.9 km/s

1=2.2 g/cm3

2=2.1 g/cm3

Re(

r)

P-wave incident angle (), degrees

PP PS

Figure 4.4. The real part of Zoeppritz reflection coefficients (index interchange)

Page 12: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Zoeppritz type equations

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1=2.0 km/s

2=2.0 km/s

1=0.9 km/s

2=1.2 km/s

1=2.1 g/cm3

2=2.2 g/cm3

Re(

r)

P-wave incident angle (), degrees

PP PS

Figure 4.5. The real part of Zoeppritz reflection coefficients (no post-critical)

Page 13: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Zoeppritz type equations

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90-1,0

-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1=2.0 km/s

2=2.01 km/s

1=0.9 km/s

2=0.91 km/s

1=2.1 g/cm3

2=2.11 g/cm3

Re(

r)

P-wave incident angle (), degrees

PP PS

Figure 4.6. The real part of Zoeppritz reflection coefficients (weak contrast)

Page 14: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Energy flux

1 2

1 1

1 1

cos

cos

energy amplitudePP PP

energy amplitudePS PS

r r

r r

(4.5)

Page 15: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Weak-contrast approximation

2 2 2 22

2 2 2 2 2 2

1 14 1 4

2cos 2

cos cos cos cos4 4 1 2 2

2cos

PP

PS

r p p

pr p p

Zoeppritz equation – 6 medium parameters.Weak-contrast approximation – 3 medium parameters.

All angles are real (pre-critical):

(4.6)

2 1

2 1

2m m m m

z m m m

Contrast in medium parameter m

(4.7)

What is now happened with index interchange?

Page 16: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Weak-contrast approximation

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30-0,35

-0,30

-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

Re rPP

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

-0,08

-0,06

-0,04

-0,02

0,00

Re rPS

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

Re rSS

Horizontal slowness [ms/m]0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

0,000

0,005

0,010

0,015

0,020

0,025

0,030

Exact Weak-contrast

Re tPS

Horizontal slowness [ms/m]

Figure 4.7. Weak contrast model

Page 17: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Weak-contrast approximation

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25-0,35

-0,30

-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

-0,05

Re rPP

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

-0,30

-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

-0,05

0,00

Re rPS

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25-0,2

-0,1

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

Re rSS

Horizontal slowness [ms/m]0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

-0,05

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

Exact Weak-contrast

Re tPS

Horizontal slowness [ms/m]

Figure 4.7. Strong contrast model

Page 18: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Parametrization

2 233 44

,

,

P SZ Z

K c c

1. Velocities2. Impedances3. Stiffness coefficients (elastic moduli)

33 44

33 44

,

1 1,

2 2

SP

P S

ZZ

Z Z

c c

c c

(4.9)

(4.8)

Page 19: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Parametrization

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25-0,35

-0,30

-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

-0,05

Re rPP

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

-0,30

-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

-0,05

0,00

Re rPS

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25-0,2

-0,1

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

Re rSS

Horizontal slowness [ms/m]0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

Exact weak-contrast in ,, weak-contrast in Z,Z, weak-contrast in M,,

Re tPS

Horizontal slowness [ms/m]

Figure 4.8. Parametrization effect for the strong contrast model

Page 20: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Parametrization

10

2P

PPP

Zr

Z

(4.10)

Exact expression for normal incidence reflection coefficient

Page 21: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Second order approximation

12 2

D

11 12 12 11 222D

12 11 22 22 12

2 2 2

1g g f g f g g

21

g f g g g g f2

FG GF G F FG GFR G I F G

R

12 2 2 2

D

2 2 211 12 12 11 22

2D

2 2 212 11 22 12 22

2 2

1 11 g g f f g g g

2 21 1

f g g g 1 g g f2 2

G F F GT I F I F

T

Stovas&Ursin, 2002

(4.12)

(4.11)

Page 22: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Second order approximation

(1/2)

r(2)

DPSr(2)

DPP

t(2)

DPSt(2)

DPP

-f-f-f

f

f-f

g22

-g22

g12

-g12

-g11 -g

12-g

12-g

12

g12

-g11

-g11

g11

medium II

medium I

medium II

medium I

Figure 4.9. Interpretation of second order R/T

Page 23: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Second order approximation

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

-0,05

RPP

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

-0,04

-0,02

0,00

Exact First order Second order

RPS

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,300,95

0,96

0,97

0,98

0,99

1,00

TPP

Horizontal slowness, ms/m0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

TPS

Horizontal slowness, ms/m

Figure 4.10. Second order R/T for weak-contrast model

Page 24: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Second order approximation

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30-0,30

-0,25

-0,20

-0,15

-0,10

-0,05

0,00

RPP

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30-0,16

-0,14

-0,12

-0,10

-0,08

-0,06

-0,04

-0,02

0,00

RPS

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,300,90

0,92

0,94

0,96

0,98

1,00

TPP

Horizontal slowness, ms/m0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

Exact First order Second order

TPS

Horizontal slowness, ms/m

Figure 4.11. Second order R/T for strong-contrast model

Page 25: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Reflection from single layer

T21

T12

R23

R12

Model BModel A

Chalk

Black Shale

z3

z2

z1

Figure 4.12. Sketch of the models (Helle, Stovas & Carcione, 1999)

Page 26: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Reflection from single layer

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

10 %

Am

plit

ud

es

20 %

0 20 40 600,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

30 %

Incidence angle (degrees)0 20 40 60

40 %

10 m 25 m 50 m

Incidence angle (degrees)Figure 4.13. Reflection for model A (frequency 40 Hz)

Page 27: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Reflection from single layer

2 2 1

2 2 1

212 23 21

12 12 221 231

ik z z

ik z z

T R T eR R

R R e

1 ij ij ij jiR T R R

2 2 1

2 2 1

212 23

12 212 231

ik z z

ik z z

R R eR

R R e

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-0,10

-0,05

0,00

0,05

0,10

z=10 m z=25 m z=50 m

Im(r

PP(0

))

Frequency, Hz

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

Re(

r PP(0

))

Frequency, Hz

(4.15)

(4.14)

(4.13)

Figure 4.13. Frequency dependent normal incidence reflection coefficient

Page 28: 4. Reflection/transmisson coefficients Introduction R/T coefficient – reflectivity/transmissivity Zoeppritz type equations Critical angles/complex R/T.

Reflection from free surface

water

air

1R (4.16)

Source Receiver