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Student Name: ________________________

Some LICs and NEEs are experiencing rapid economic development which leads to significant social, environmental and cultural change.

A case study of Nigeria, a Newly-Emerging Economy (NEE)

1. The location and importance of Nigeria globally and regionally

A case study of Nigeria- an NEE 1 | P a g e

Describe the location of Nigeria:

In a global context:

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In a national context:

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In a regional context:

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2. The wider political, social, cultural and environmental context within which the country is placed.


Why is Nigeria important globally and regionally? (p218-219)

In a global context: ___________________________________________________________

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In a regional context: __________________________________________________________

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3. Several countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria (p220):

Political context (p220):1. Colonialisation

a) __________________________________________________________________________

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b) __________________________________________________________________________

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2. Political instabilitya) __________________________________________________________________________

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b) __________________________________________________________________________

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3. Several countries are now starting to invest in Nigeria (p220):

Social context (p220-221):1. Multi-ethnic/ multifaith country

Nigeria is a _________________ , multifaith country. Ethic groups in Nigeria include the

____________, _______________ and the _____________ , and _________. Christianity, Islam

and traditional African religions are widely practiced. The social __________ is one of Nigeria’s

____________ strengths, but has also been a source of ____________. In ________ the Igbo-

dominated south-east tried to separate from Nigeria to become the Republic of ________. As a

result, the country was torn by ______ war until the Biafrans were ____________ in _______.

2. Economic inequality (regional variations)

More recently, economic inequality between the _______ and ________ of Nigeria has created

new religious and ethnic ____________, with the rise of the Islamic fundamentalist group

______ ___________. This has created an __________ situation in the country, and has a

____________ impact on the economy, with a ______________ in investment from abroad and

a ______ in _________________.

There are huge variations in wealth and __________________ within Nigeria. Urban areas have

a greater share of _______ services and facilities. For example, ___ per cent of children in urban

areas attend secondary school, but only ___ per cent in ______ areas. This encourages

widespread ______-________ ____________. GDP per person varies greatly across the country.

It is __________ in the _______ (US $3617), US$ 8343 in the north-east, but only US$292 in the

________-______.


Cultural context (p221):

Environmental context (p221):

Land area (km²)

Population (millions)

Infant mortality (per 1000 live births)

Life expectancy (years)

Literacy rate (%)

GNI per head (US$)

Internet users (%)

% in poverty

UK 244,000 65 4 81 99 43,430 90 15

Nigeria 924,000 182 73 52 61 2970 38 70

3. The changing political and trading relationships in the wider world


How have Nigeria’s political links changed ? (p222)

Until 1960________________________________________________________________

Since independence _______________________________________________________

Nigeria is now a leading member of ___________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Using the spider diagrams (p222) describe Nigeria’s global trading relationships. (4 marks)

________________________________________________

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Examples of Nigeria’s trading relationships (p223)

Crude oil

Agriculture

4. a. The changing industrial structure and balance between different sectors of the economy


Sources of income (p224)

Traditionally, __ __ __ __ __ __ __ products had been Nigeria’s main source of income.

Agricultural products such as __ __ __ __ __ , __ __ __ __ __ __, __ __ __ palm, groundnuts

and cotton were its main __ __ __ __ __ __ __.

The discovery of oil in the __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ in the 1950s led to big change in

Nigeria’s economy. Today oil accounts for __ __ % of the country’s GDP and 98% of its export

earnings.

Nigeria has the world’s __ __th highest level of oil reserves. At the present rate of production it

has around __ __ years’ supply left.

Does Nigeria have a balanced economy?

Employment in agriculture (primary sector) has __ __ __ __ __ __ , due to increasing use of __

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and better pay and conditions in other sectors of the

economy.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ and economic growth (secondary sector)

under a __ __ __ __ __ __ government has increased employment in __ __ __ production,

manufacturing and industries such as construction, motor manufacturing , __ __ __ __ __ __

refining, __ __ __ __ __, and pharmaceuticals.

The growth of __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ , __ __ __ __ __ __ and finance in the

service (tertiary sector).

Agriculture

Industry

Services

KEY

4. b. How manufacturing industry can stimulate economic development


Why is Nigeria’s economy developing? (p224)

Why is Nigeria’s economy

developing?

Nigeria’s growing manufacturing sector (p225)

Manufacturing involves making products from raw materials

Growth has been hindered by the dependence on the export of raw materials

Today, manufacturing accounts for 10% of Nigeria’s GDP

It is currently growing faster than the telecommunications, oil and gas or agricultural

sectors. Among goods produced are:

1. 2.

3. 4.

With its growing home market, relatively cheap labour force and improving infrastructure,

the manufacturing sector seems likely to increase in the future and become even more

diverse.

5. The role of transnational corporations (TNCs) in relation to industrial development


How is manufacturing affecting economic development? (p225)

Draw and annotate the images to represent how the growth of manufacturing in Nigeria has stimulated economic development.

What is a TNC? ( p226)

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

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TNCs locate in foreign countries in order to take advantage of:

1. 2.3. 4.

About __ __ TNCs operate in Nigeria. The majority have their headquarters in the __ __. USA or

in __ __ __ __ __ __. Those based in the UK include __ __ __ (fast food) and __ __ __ __ __ __

__ __ (food and home care). Transnational operations bring advantages and disadvantages for

Nigeria.


Example 1: Unilever

Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch TNC with joint headquarters in London and Rotterdam. It produces a

range of foods, drinks and items for the home.

Unilever’s operations in Nigeria started in 1923 with the manufacture of soap using locally sourced

palm-oil. Since then the company has diversified to include manufacturing of food, non-soap

detergents and personal care items. It currently employs 1500 people.

Unilever’s products are aimed at the growing Nigerian market and the development of brands to

improve people’s quality of life. It works with local cultures and markets to develop new products

and aims at high standards of employment and environmental stewardship. The company claims

that all of its palm oil comes from sustainable sources.

It has promoted improvements in health care, education and water supply as part of its social

responsibility programme in Nigerian communities. In 2014, Unilever was vited the second best

place to work in Nigeria.

Read the text above and highlight the answers below.

1. What does Unilever produce?

2. What are the aims of the company?

3. Successes of the company?

Advantages and disadvantages of TNCs

Advantages of TNC to the host country Disadvantages of TNCs to the host country

Companies provide employment and the development of new skills.

Local workers are sometimes poorly paid. Investment by companies in local

infrastructure and education.

Local workers are sometimes poorly paid. Working conditions are sometimes very poor.

Management jobs often go to foreign employees.

Other local companies benefit from increased orders.

Valuable export revenues are earned. Much of the profit goes abroad.


Example 2- Shell oil in the Niger Delta (p227)

Shell or Royal Dutch Shell- is one of the world’s ______________ oil companies. It is an Anglo-Dutch

company with its _______________________ in the _________________________. Since the

discovery of ________ in _________, its operations in the Niger Delta have been controversial.

The swampy river delta is one of the most ________________ places in the world to extract oil. As

a ______, Shell has been able to ____________ huge amounts of money and expertise into

extracting the oil here.

6. The environmental impacts of economic development


How does economic growth affect the environment?

1. Industrial growth

2. Urban growth

3. Commercial farming and deforestation


How does economic growth affect the environment?

Example: Bodo oil spills (2008/09)

In 2008 and 2009 two large oil spills devatsted the livelihoods of thousands of farmers and

fishermen living in the swamps around the town of Bodo in the Niger Delta. Leaks in major

pipeline caused 11 million gallons of crude oil to spill over a 20km² area of creeks and

swamps.

In 2015 Shell agreed to pay £55 million compensation to individuals and to the community

of Bodo. The money will be used to build health clinics and improve schools. This is the

largest compensation paid by an oil company to a local community affected by

environmental damage. Shell has also agreed to clean up the swamps and fishing grounds.

4. Mining and Oil extraction

Challenge: Silver/ Gold

7. The effects of economic development on quality of life for the population


Quality of life

As a country’s economy develops, ordinary people will usually see some benefits. Their quality

of life should improve. Examples include:

Have all Nigerians benefitted from economic development?

Describe the change in Nigeria’s HDI from 2005-2017 (4 marks).

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Challenge: Silver/ Gold

Benefit one:

This means that ….

Benefit two:

This means that……

8. International aid: types of aid, impacts of aid on the receiving country


Has it all been good news?

Many people in Nigeria are still poor.

The gap between rich and poor has become wider.

Corruption has been a major factor and the oil wealth was not used to diversify the

economy.

Nigeria’s over-dependence on oil could become a problem in the future.

Will people’s quality of life continue to improve?

Sixty per cent of Nigeria’s population lives in poverty. Improvement in their lives depends on the

country coping with a number of challenges.

Political- the need for a continuing stable government to encourage inward investment.

Environmental- pollution of the Niger Delta by oil spills has devastated the lives of the local

Ogeni people. Pests like the tsetse fly restrict commercial livestock farming. Parts of the far

north are under threat from desertification.

Social- historical distrust remains between several tribal groups, like the Yoruba and Igbo.

There is also a religious divide between the Christian south and Muslim north. Recent

kidnappings by the militant group Boko Haram spread fear among Nigerians and potential

investors.

What is aid and why does Nigeria receive international aid?

Emergency aid _________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Development aid _______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________


Describe the sources of aid to Nigeria in 2014. (4 marks)

What is the impact of aid in Nigeria?

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Evaluate the impact that aid has had on a LIC/NEE country.

Challenge: Bronze/ Silver/ Gold

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