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1. Please fill in the steps that convert Autotrophys into Heterotrophys (3 points).C e l l s an d th ei r p ro d u c ts f r o m u to tr o p h y s

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~C el ls an d th ei r p ro d uc ts o f h ete ro tr o p h y s

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2. Please fill in the names of those organelles inside this mammalian cell (8 points)

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ilG ::   \3lP2 \Dj K e 13. What are the biological processes that use energy? What is free energy? What is theformula to calculate the change of the free energy of a reaction? How can you estimatethe tendency of a chemical reaction using the free energy of the substrate and product?(8 points)

AnobDll£ f r,\ -wahspO l  hn~ t:\~ClinH fu r c v n u n   v C j {(bh~rOd(~+, and - I Y C l . o C f f - Y o f -

8/13/2019 314 Exam 1

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6. What does it mean to a patient who has high level of gamma glutamyl transferase inthe blood? What about the enzyme creatine kinase? (4 points)6Q rnm C \ ~ ll{fc tm ~ t trQ~~f-e¥G\(e CO~S frDM. ~ l v~culcl K l   c l N Y J £ , (lrLcl JLi3h v tm b w U S co~.d ,~dJ coJ -e ~ -l-tlttt pOv\i e~\k {~ CLY l cUcchDlrc ;C r-eaJ1Y \.Q k( Kttfe '5;proc t u r .u l in \itU l r u . c tv . f . , S o r . u o - { L / (\Ut~Lt o.tuLI~Cl1(bc.toJ:ecl w t - { h - V u ~ ~ 4 Ctt-ti (tu-~.7. What are Vmax and Km of an enzyme? What are the mechanisms that regulate theactiVi.tyof an enzyme? (5 points). _ . ~ vJ~ V rnaK :  M C0C irY lU Jn V -e lO t~ aJ S -c c l UXCL t \O Y )  I .k rn :::Cotl~ni1-Q.+l()Y) wh.Ln o j- 1 / 1 . . - V i - t o C i 1  L 1,,,tt,J~.:> J _M e C hM iSI Il( {hovt v e   UQ t- e e.nVj~S o.ve oJ,lo.H --e¥ 1 c ,IncLuchon, ouv1 c u r a . . t e :i m o c L i f i c~ t D VL ,

8. Please identify the following two disaccharides and put their names in A and Brespectively. Please fill in the blanks (A to D) with the names of the monosaccharides.Please also indicate which one is reducing or non-reducing sugar and put your answers inG and H, respectively (8 points. .

E \atlo~ -e  ~~~-0t F~ SU tro r tG~0 ~ \uHo\taJ - f € J ~ L a c t ; { 4

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9. What is the difference between amylopectin and amylose? What kind of glycosidicbonds are there in a glycogen molecule? Which one is responsible for the branching point?(6 points) -

AIi1 ~ \D pe ( ,+ iD is ~ .branched w m v   e IH ( i\m y lO (-eI{ : ; lineaI , C : : . I l ~CO S e l  I  : , CU~()C \ b lrO ln ched rn )~eW lea n d co n tcu n s 0 ( - 1 , 4 ( I n d 0 ~ \ , lP C j1 : \c.o~ich bD n d e .0 < . - I lJ b b n d ~ C l V ~ rf~pDn{;blf fov t\tu bVllnch  j pD1nfS10. The following figure contains the structure of Valine (Val, V), and pKa values of itsamino and carboxyl groups. Please draw its structures (protonation states) at pH 2, 7 and10. You can use R to represent the side chain. (8 points).

\ pH2 N\- \ ; _C-c OOHI 1 <

pH7

pH10

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11. What are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures of a protein? Howwas the hydrogen bond form along the backbone of an alpha-helix structure? What '.

_ \ determines the three-dimensional structure of a protein? (8 points)¥Y-'IllCW4 - H n e C l Y Se9lte. ce O f Am ino u t , t d s

  T\jdtO~.en J   - I - -SeLD nc lC l~ ~ pnrt-e ln C J(e a te s;\.bO nd~ anu fovm s in D0\ ~~ \iX: o v \5' S ~{sft r t ( c t \ly - 3 D C on fo Y ff ic t+ \O n d)n(i~+;n~Of \ PD \~pefhd f eat¥)QLlc tt- t lrM ile -  3 D C t>n{oY i11crhon Conrj~-tihj O f 2- O lr . (nOHP \ ) l~- e . p · f ( e en e l l n

-In ~ dOJ'j ~1  ltC -fu r-e ,~~up c t d Q~ ino  ) 1 O llp of  2 d,ffe  / l)ir e . S idu€~ . to Y\ 1 \-\ bonds C \ +~

,[h.t. ~D ~ ~ Ic t u v - e i~ d -e -l e I Y l t c l b~ f1 ,1 .t QJn,tlO f A id S e q u e n D l In pt  llY tC tI\ j 1 -ftu cfu l12. What are the forces that stabilize the quaternary structure of a protein? What are the

 l  glycosidic bonds that sugars are attached to a protein? (7 points)  . . QUC\.1-tv liI ~ ~ trn tft lv.e \ < ; mD~-+ f~ ~ Q b i\( 2 e :d b ::J d(~LllftdlbondS b u + can a   lC e > uce VC \n ott~ W{16\I.( li1ttyt1ct fbn~

-   - -a n e \ . fD lll c bDf\dlhj. N.\-~ tJo5~ nC\0-cI D)(~3e.J ) bonds -::; ::. .axe C\+tC\ched +'0 P O - r -e ,1 r«, /

13. What are the four chemical groups or atoms attached to the alpha carbon? Which AAdoes not have a chiral center? (5 points) l - \

- C U Y b O X 4  1 C A C l c l I ~_ W -4- C - COD- A m \ O rOL lp 1 1 3 I~AA re~\du{ R- f - - \ ~ d ro j-e f 

. .,G ,tL jtt e c lo e~ nO i hC \v~ a L - t c L l cen+e-- D -eCa ll~~i+S R GfY D L tp ; ~ a 6 h~ tlVbct.LV) ,1  ~

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NTR314, Exam #114. Here are the structures of three fatty acids. Please name them according to the fj . and  0 systems, and put their conventional names after them. (total 9 points)/:;.. n L\ nore.cc Ac\ ct

  l8.2. tn-G»H q-~ l'i3;Z-t Cf,Iz-

Cj   ,3 > .0< -Linol-t-Il (, AC fdH   f-~ \B:~(n-3), B: 3 A q , \2., I~

_ ~ ff ~L\no\en(C A t- tc j9 Ii ie3 In-lt)IB~36~,14,12H

15. Please fill in the names of the molecules (1 to 3) and the bond (#4) marked by the box.(4 points).

3.~1. r16\vhat is a lipid? 'What are the functions of lipids? How are they classified according~h~ text book? (4 points) .A lipId is Q m ole .t-LU e ~+ M~ . b\ yO-runchon S  , b  -e\  b l . ,. c \ Yr\ ~   ,0 OjlCQl d e t- e v-a e n ts e Je .c fr 1 c .{(\~L\lQ~O y S J  -S\tl1pJi C lAG   r v \A G ~ 1 b f\E7c  )- - C o m p o u   1 (~+C\rch~)

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17. Here is the structure of cholesterol. What are the areas associated with the sterolnucleus that determine a cholesterol molecule? What are the steroid hormones derivedfrom cholesterol? (8 points)

\- \~clvoc :uvbonfQt \ ..

oub\t bon ci< ;.{V rDtc \. \ { \ ) Y m D n - e , ~ And ro ~ ~ n s, prD~~~-hhC/e~V~~~nsl. m i \ l ~ rC l \.C D r-hC D id( , ~  U tOC{ )y-t1 C O t d ~

18. What is the difference between cerebroside and gangliodise? (2 points)C \ te xLbr th lde l~ G \ C e r-em itAl C A t 1 { ; fC h - e d +0Q rnDrl()g)tchayide, C l Jan5tlD~fde I S a ttr-en l[cieC\...-+t~hut ~D  6\ (\ D llJDS:  At tha J idR~

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