312NCIA III PALMA DE MAIORCA.ppt) · (HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003) Key words:...
Transcript of 312NCIA III PALMA DE MAIORCA.ppt) · (HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003) Key words:...
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Margarida Gaspar de Matos,PhD
Psychologist, Associated Professor at FMH/ UTL
Professorship in International Health IHMT/UNL
2006
SOCIALSOCIAL ADVENTUREADVENTURE & & HEALTHHEALTH1987- 2006
• Partnership / grant - 2001/2006:
•Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia /
Ministério da Ciência e do Ensino Superior
Projecto POCTI 37486/PSI/2001/ FEDER
Projecto PSIDA/PSI/49649/2003
•Comissão Nacional de Luta Contra a Sida
•Faculdade de Motricidade Humana / UTL
•Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical / UNL
•Centro da Malária e outras Doenças Tropicais- CMDT
•Health Behaviour in School-aged Children /
World Health Organization
Ecology of Violence
COMPLEXITY....
Social Adventure1987- 2006
� Do we have more violence than ever,
ever, ever before..?
Social Adventure Social Adventure 1987- 2006
Distance!
Social Adventure Social Adventure 1987- 2006
• YES, We are more concerned
• YES, We are more informed (Media,
research)
• YES, effects of violence have more
immediate impact
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Social Adventure1987- 2006
• But:
• Do we really have more violence than
ever, ever, ever before?
Social Adventure Social Adventure 1987- 2006
• Lacking “historical depth”!
Symposia on Juvenile JusticeSymposia on Juvenile JusticeParis 2000Paris 2000
Increase ofIncrease of some some kinds of violence:kinds of violence:
� Delinquency with no aim
� Re-incidence
� Younger people involvement
� Girls involvement
� Association drug-crime
� Racist and xenophobic violence
� Violence among young people
Social adventure Social adventure 1987- 2006
•• General comments about violence?General comments about violence?……....
• Protection ( «the poor, poor ones »)
• Rejection ( «the guilty, guilty ones»)
• Shallow ( «and the solution IS...»)
• Erudite ( “a multi systemic, multi componential, multilevel is to be considered when describing violence from a bio
psycho social point of view, an historic perspective will also be appropriate”)
• Political ( ( ( «««violence is in the political agendaviolence is in the political agendaviolence is in the political agenda»»»)))
Social Adventure Social Adventure 1987- 2006
Distance!
Violence(WHO, 2002) World report on violence and health(Resolution, 49th World Health Assembly )
• Violence is a public health concern
• Preventing violence within community based programs, including all actors ( family, peers)
• Promoting activities at international and country level
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Human developmentHuman development in in contextcontext......
Violence Violence Violence Violence
andandandand
LifeLifeLifeLife----spanspanspanspan
DifferentDifferentDifferentDifferent childhoodchildhoodchildhoodchildhood
PosPosPosPos
modernmodernmodernmodern
EXCESSEXCESSEXCESSEXCESS
DEPRIVATIONDEPRIVATIONDEPRIVATIONDEPRIVATION
ILLNESSILLNESSILLNESSILLNESS
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Age Age Age Age gapgapgapgap
AGISMAGISMAGISMAGISM
Gender Gender Gender Gender
differencesdifferencesdifferencesdifferences
Gender stereotypes
Human development Human development in contextin context......
EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment----
climateclimateclimateclimate
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EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment----
urbanurbanurbanurban stressstressstressstress
Environment Environment Environment Environment ----
quick quick quick quick
transitionstransitionstransitionstransitions
EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment---- poverty poverty poverty poverty
andandandand warwarwarwar
Environment Environment Environment Environment ––––
ethnicity and ethnicity and ethnicity and ethnicity and
religionreligionreligionreligion
ViolenceViolence
•• Developmental issuesDevelopmental issues
•• Gender issuesGender issues
•• Contextual issues: social and physical Contextual issues: social and physical
Violence (WHO, 2002)
WHO links Violence with :
• Gender
• Social inequalities
• Culture/religion
• Drugs trade
• Weapons trade
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Violence:Violence:
* * Social control model (Social control model ( HirschiHirschi,1969),1969)
• DELINQUENCY/Violence - Failure of socialization lack of social controls
• 1) No attachment (internal)
• 2) No fear (external)
Violence:Violence:
* SUB CULTURE* SUB CULTURE Model (Model ( WalgraveWalgrave,, 1994)1994)
• MARGINALIZATION – no pro-social future expectations
• (substance use, indifference towards school, alternative leisure practises)
• 1) “Social class” based – lack of socio-economic expectations
• 2) ”Identification” based – lack of identification with social culture
Feeling really low, sad and hopeless ?Feeling really low, sad and hopeless ?
(Robinson, 1989)
• To depress, to get ill or self-harm
• To change (oneself or the situation)
• To seek for an alternative behaviour (one area of
excellence, ex. «alternative leisure occupation»)
• To reverse “inner” system of values
(«I am the most skilled offender»)
Social Adventure Social Adventure 1987- 2006
SNOWBALL ?
Social AdventureSocial Adventure1987- 2006
personfuture
peer group
family
school
environment
AssociatedAssociated factors...factors...
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• Violence ( WHO, 2002)
• Individual factors (hyperactivity, impulsivity, low self confidence, low educational achievement, attention disorder, lack of self control, early onset, sensation seeking)
• Family factors (parental models, supervision, bonding, monitoring, conflicts, SES)
• Peer Group (deviant, leisure activities, ”reputation”)
FamilyFamilyFamilyFamily
linkslinkslinkslinks
SCHOOL LINKSSCHOOL LINKSSCHOOL LINKSSCHOOL LINKS
PEER GROUP
Social & Affective links
Inter-cultural communication
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AffluenceAffluenceAffluenceAffluence
PEACEPEACEPEACEPEACE
person
EEcological model for understandingrisk factors for violence
relationshipscommunitysocietal
person
“Feeling steady” “ Feeling together”
Lou Reed Lou Reed Lou Reed Lou Reed –––– Magic & Loss, 1991Magic & Loss, 1991Magic & Loss, 1991Magic & Loss, 1991
No Chance
«It must be nice to be steady, it must be nice to be firmI must be nice, never to move off the markIt must be nice to be dependable and never let anyone downIt must be nice to be all the things I am not»
Social AdventureSocial Adventure1987- 2006
STATE OF ART
An increased understanding of health behaviour, life styles and their context in young people.
International study - Since 1982, 35 countries in 2002.
1994 Amsterdam (ISBM)1996 pilot study1998 first full survey 2002 second full survey2006 next survey
“Health behaviour in school aged children”
A WHO collaborative study”
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SAMPLESAMPLE-- 1998 / 2002 ( n= 6903, n= 6131)1998 / 2002 ( n= 6903, n= 6131)
Sexo Feminino53%
SexoMasculino47%
Distribuição dos sujeitos por sexo
34,9% 37,5%
27,6%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
6º ano 8º ano 10º ano
Distribuição dos sujeitos por nível de escolaridade
n E S C O LA S ID A D E N ÍV E L ES C O LA R ID A DE6 90 3 1 91 11 / 1 3 / 1 6 6º / 8 º / 1 0º
Número de sujeitos e de escolas que participaram no estudo, escalões etários e níveis deescolaridade dos sujeitos
4,4%6,2%
25,0%24,7%
39,7%
05
1015202530354045
Norte Centro Lisboa/Vale do Tejo Alentejo Algarve
Gender distribution SchoolGrade
distribution
Regional distribution
23.2% Bullying involvement (n=6029)
Boy Girl 11 years + 16 years
6,3%2,8%3,1%6,4%Offenders
3,6%6,1%3,9%7,6%Double involvement
7,1%15,5%10,1%15,7%Victims
83%75,6%82,9%70,4%No involvement
THE PORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTS:THE PORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTS:BullyingBullying
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offender (last 2 months)
victim (last 2 months)
Bullying
1611GirlBoy
THE PORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSTHE PORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSViolence
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V D O
No 42.5% 41.3%
Offenders(once or more last 2 months)
Victims(once or more last 2 months)
DOUBLE
10.2% 9.4%M/16 M/16
21.4% 22.1%M/11 M/11
25.9% 27.2%M/13 M/13
Bullying
19981998 20022002
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Nunca
Uma a 2-
3 vezes/
mês
Uma a vá
rias veze
s/seman
a
1998
2002
Offenders
χχ²²==238.77, p<0.001, n=12 889238.77, p<0.001, n=12 889
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Nunca
Uma a 2-
3 vezes/
mês
Uma a vá
rias veze
s/seman
a
1998
2002
χχ²²==285.96, p<0.001, n=12910285.96, p<0.001, n=12910
VICTIMS
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11 years 11 years oldold
VICTIMSVICTIMSVICTIMSVICTIMS
15 years 15 years oldold
(HBSC, 2004)
11 years old
OFFENDERSOFFENDERSOFFENDERSOFFENDERS
15 years old
(HBSC, 2004)
(How do they see facts, themselves?)(How do they see facts, themselves?)
““ FocusFocus groups groups ””
– Parents
– Professionals
– Students
PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS(HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003)
““ ItIt isis thethe firstfirst timetime wewe werewere asked to come here (to asked to come here (to
school), just to beschool), just to be heardheard…… ””
PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS(HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003)
• My life lacks of excitement...• My life lacks of sense…• My life lacks of a future…• I do not feel accepted...• I do not feel safe...• I belong nowhere…• I’m really bored...• I’m really stressed and sad...What are my ALTERNATIVES ?
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ViolenceViolence (HBSC - bullying 23%)
“some carry guns, others use knifes”
“when there are fights, some of the guys get hurt”
“they break windows and spoil gardens”
“ the police shows up only to arrest someone, never to protect or help”
“ we have a big problem with adults: they drink all day”
PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS(HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003)
Adolescent
Famíly
School
Community/
Peers
Like one’ s appearence
Happiness
School competence
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
School
Teachers/school
Friends/schools
Friends/ street
Active leisure
Sedentary leisure
Alcohol, tobacco, drugs
Violence
Body image, diets
Psychologicaland physicalsymptoms
AGE
Gender
Communication with parents
ETNICS SES
Translating data
into knowledge ?
And knowledge
into good practices ?
PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS(HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003)
• research
• evaluation
• dissemination
• training and supervision
• partnership and networking
• youth participation and peer tutoring?
PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS(HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003)
Key words:
Change meansChange means
• integrated action
PERSON
SCHOOL/ WORK
FAMILY
COMMUNITY
Contexts
AGE
GENDER
Well-being,
safety and
peace
CULTURESES
PORTUGUESEPORTUGUESE ADOLESCENTSADOLESCENTS(HBSC, 1998, 2002 / Portugal, in Matos et al, 2003)
Peers
Peers
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ChangingChanging means:means:
• scientific advances
Social adventure Social adventure 1987- 2006
Intervention models on Intervention models on violenceviolence::
• Skill deficit model (individual)
• Contextualist/ ecological model (social interaction)
Changing behaviours and environments (Ottawa Chart, WHO, 1986):
• Positive Health (peers?)
• Personal and Social Competence (peers?)
• Social Participation (peers?)
• Safe environments (peers?)
Social adventure Social adventure 1987- 2006
Social Adventure Social Adventure 19871987--20062006
Intervention models on Intervention models on violenceviolence (Matos et al 1987(Matos et al 1987--2005):2005):
Promotion:Promotion:
� interpersonal communication: verbal, non verbal
� cognitive/ emotional competences..
� social competences
� alternative plans for the future
ChangingChanging means:means:
• Political will
Violence( WHO, 2002) World report on violence and health
• To create, implement and monitor national / international
action plans for violence prevention
(So far... Law and order…)
• Multi-disciplinary strategies
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Violence ( WHO, 2002)www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention
• Prevention programs including:
• Networks
• Sharing experiences
• Best practices ( OMS, EC ..)
• Advocacy groups
Marian to her nanny in the nursery: Marian to her nanny in the nursery: Marian to her nanny in the nursery: Marian to her nanny in the nursery:
““““ nice necklace Paola, where did you steal it? nice necklace Paola, where did you steal it? nice necklace Paola, where did you steal it? nice necklace Paola, where did you steal it? ““““
HBSC/OMS HBSC/OMS -- AventuraAventura Social Social www.fmh.utl.pt/aventurasocial
www.aventurasocial.com
www.hbsc.org
email:[email protected]
tel. +351 214149152 ou tel.+351 214149105
fax + 351 214151248
FMH/UTL - Estrada da Costa
1495-688 Cruz Quebrada
IHMT/UNL
Rua da Junqueira, 96 – 1300 Lisboa
AVENTURA SOCIAL & SAAVENTURA SOCIAL & SAÚÚDEDE1987- 20056