Trade and Colonies

Plantations in IrelandMary to James I

"Plantations in Ireland" by User:Asarlaí - Based on [1], [2], [3].. Licensed under GFDL via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plantations_in_Ireland.png#/media/File:Plantations_in_Ireland.png

Ireland—James I

• Attempts under Mary and Elizabeth; private scheme with government support on Ards peninsula

• James VI had used English speaking gentry to ‘civilize’ Gaelic areas of Scotland

• 1607 Flight of the earls to seek Spanish aid leads to confiscations

Land Grants and Settlers

• Undertakers– Granted 3000 acres– Agree to settle > 48 adult, English-speaking,

Protestant males (including at least 20 families)– Also included Catholics from border and SW

Scotland• Servitors – army veterans, subsidized by

London financiers who were given Derry• Protestant church in Ireland

Londonderry

Settlements

Governing Ireland

• Create new counties; create boroughs within the plantations

• Create 35 new boroughs plus one for the University of Dublin (Trinity) where, “they may expect Protestant burgesses”– Pack Parliament although Parliament was relatively

unimportant– Closed, protestant-controlled government

Potter, Matthew. "The Greatest Gerrymander in Irish History? James I's 40 boroughs of 1612-13." History Ireland (2013): 14-17.

New Boroughs

East India Company

• 1600 Founded (London)• 1601 First voyage to Indonesia• 1612 Diplomacy with Mughal emperor

East India Company

1612 Battle of Swally– Sea captain, Thomas Best, sank four Portuguese

ships1612 Establish trading posts;

– Granted rights by Mughal emperor

1615-1618 Embassy to Mughalcourt

Thomas Roe

European India

Surat – Suryapūr; Hugli - Hooghly

At Surat

Dutch factory

Trade with the EastEast – Persia, India, East Indies

Imports• Cloth (calicoes) • Cotton, raw cotton, raw

silk• Indigo,• Saltpeter• SpicesValue ~ £511,000

Exports• Silver

– England Ag/Au 15:1– China Ag/Au 6:1~ £550,000/year

• Goods ~ £22,000 a year

English Trade - Japan

• William Adams (Shōgun)– Sailed to Japan with VOC– Translator for Dutch and

English– Helped establish Japanese

ship building• English trade 1613 – 1623

1634 Japanese Ship

Virginia Charter

• Two Companies– London 34° to 40°– Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth 38°

to 45°• Stock sold for £12 10s

Overlap

Virginia Company - Aims

• Live and farm• Propagate “Christian Religion to such People,

as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God”

• Mine gold, silver and copper

Settlement

• 1606-7 Captain Christopher Newport– Councell 6, Preacher 1, Gentlemen 28, Preacher

1, Carpenters 6, Blacksmith 1, Sailer 1, Barber 1, Bricklayers 2, Mason 1, Taylor 1, Drum 1, Labourers 12, Boyes 4 and others

• 1609 Charter rewritten • Jamestown

Survivors of first winter ~25%

Recruiting

Florida and Virginia Valuables

• Metals – gold, silver, copper• Pearls; “Turkey stones”• Oxen• Mulberry trees for silkworms• Dye materials – cochineal• Salt• Passage to Japan and China

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1607 1608 1609 1609 1609 1610 1610 1611 1611 1611 1618 1622 1622

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Population

Famine

New Arrivals

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Indian Attacks

Indian Attacks

New Arrivals

Departures

New Arrivals

Fluctuating PopulationJamestown

Virginia Company (cont.)

• 1616 Subsidiary created to supply colony– Land distributed as a dividend in lieu of cash

• 1618 Audit finds original investment almost all lost; Relations with Indians deteriorate.

• Move to educate (Christianize) Indian children.

Jefferson Papers, Library of Congrsss

Pocahontas

Virginia Company (cont.)

• 1619 First Assembly of Burgesses; Exchange of supplies with Dutch for slaves

• 1620 Subsidiary dissolved• 1625 Virginia Company dissolved following

charges of “misimployment of the monyes, and ill keeping of the accounts.”

1586 Returning Virginia colonists introduce tobacco

First English book on tobacco

1603 Physicians complain to King James I that tobacco is used by people without a prescription1604 James I Counterblaste1604 Customs values tobacco at 6s 4d/pound

Customs rate increased by 4000% (not enforced)

1605 James I debates Dr. Cheynell at Oxford on the health effects of tobacco

The NA Import Business

Consumption1619 Pipe makers guild formed in London by 36 of 62 known pipe makersBy 1675, 25% of the population used a pipe full of tobacco a day.

1610-40

Clay Pipes

Popham Colony

Smithsonian February 2004

Popham Colony -map

Pflederer, Richard L. "Before New England: The Popham Colony." History Today 55.1 (2005): 10

Popham Colony – first ship

Artifacts

Maryland

• Lord Baltimore, principal secretary to James I• Catholic convert, asks for colony so Catholics

can worship freely• 1632 Charles I grants to his son, Cecil Calvert

– Palatine colony– Payment: Two Indian Arrows & a fifth Part of all

Gold and Silver Ore,

Bermuda

• 1609 Virginia company ship wrecked on reefThe Tempest

• Settlers: Tenant farmers become indentured servants (7 years)• Objectives:

– Agriculture

– Pearl diving!

• Later−maritime trade• 1622 Require record keeping

and religious education

Labor Shortage and Surplus

• Import blacks as indentured servants• 1630s Blacks and Indians indentured for 99 years• 1650s Growing population and growing crime• 1656 Curfew for blacks; banishment of free blacks• 1663 Again, remove status of free blacks; ban

miscegenation• 1673 Law forbidding slave trade• 1680’s References to slaves common

Virginia Company of Plymouth

1620 Mayflower50 men, 19 women, 14 young adults, and 19 children

– 3 merchants, 8 clothing workers, smith, 2 wood workers, 2 printers, 5 seamen, 10 servants

Barbados

1536 Discovered by Pedro a Campos of Portugal1625 Claimed for England by Captain John Powell1627 First settlement led by Captain Henry Powell

With Amerindians from Dutch Guiana farmed for tobacco, cotton, food

1642 Dutch introduce sugarIncreased demand for slave labor

Settling Barbados

1627 Population 801629 1900-2000

1657

British America in 1650

• West Indies ~44,000• Chesapeake (Maryland, Virginia) ~12,000• New England ~23,000