28.1 Fighting Segregation. Focus Your Thoughts... What are ‘civil rights’? Give examples. The...
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Transcript of 28.1 Fighting Segregation. Focus Your Thoughts... What are ‘civil rights’? Give examples. The...
The Civil Rights Movement28.1 Fighting Segregation
Focus Your Thoughts . . .
What are ‘civil rights’? Give examples.
The Supreme Court case Brown v the Board of Education replaced what other Supreme Court case? Hint: it stated that African-American’s should
receive “separate but equal” treatment.
What did Brown v the Board accomplish?
The Evolution of the Civil Rights Movement
• The Triangle Trade
Colonial Slavery
• 3/5 Compromise• The Harlem Renaissance
The Abolition
Movement
• Jim Crow Laws• “Separate but equal”
The Civil War
The 1940’s: A Decade of Progress
1947 - 1948
Integration of Major League Baseball by Jackie Robinson Desegregation of armed forces
1942
Founding of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)1940 - 1941
NAACP Legal Defense Fund founded by Thurgood Marshall
Ban against discrimination in defense industry
Seeking Change in the Courts
1930
•Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall began an NAACP campaign to attack the concept of “separate but equal”
1938
•The NAACP successfully argues against Missouri’s refusal to offer a law school education to African Americans
1950
•Separate law schools at The University of Texas are not “equal”, therefore, they are not allowed
Brown v Board
Early successes focused primarily on post-secondary settings; Marshall then turned his sights to public education
Millions of students attended segregated, inferior schools during this time period . . .
What Topeka, Kansas, student would be made famous by this legislation?
Thurgood Marshall
The Supreme Court hears BrownWhile lower state courts upheld the practices
of segregation; Marshall and the NAACP would not be stopped
They appealed the case of Linda Brown to the Supreme Court of the United States, where arguments went on for over two years
What would they decide??
The Supreme Court’s Considerations
When considering Brown v Board, the Supreme Court also considered research that suggested segregation had harmed the self-esteem of black children; when given the choice between
“black” dolls and “white” dolls, black children preferred to play with the white baby dolls, which researchers stated proved they perceived themselves to be inferior.
1954Chief Justice Earl Warren issued the Court’s unanimous
decision:
“Education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments . . . it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is
denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity . . . is a right that must be made available to
all on equal terms . . .
Does segregation of children in schools solely on the basis of race . . . deprive the children of the minority group of
equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.”
The Brown Decision
“We conclude that in the field of public education, the doctrine separate but equal has no place; separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
The Little Rock CrisisLittle Rock Central High School
The Little Rock Nine
In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus violated a federal court order to integrate schools
He warned that white extremists were threatening violence, and called in the national guard to prevent “The Little Rock Nine” from entering the school
African-American students arrived on September 4, 1957: They were met with harassment They were denied entrance to the
school by the soldiers
The Little Rock Crisis
On September 24, 1957, President Eisenhower went on national television and indicated he was sending in federal troops to end the standoff
The next day, under the protection of U.S. soldiers, the Little Rock Nine entered the high school for the first time
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
African-Americans must re-enter from the back of the busIf no seats in the back were available, they had
to stand
African-Americans pay their bus fare and get back off the bus
They are not allowed to sit at the front
African-Americans are to enter at the front of the bus
They make up 2/3 of all bus users in Montgomery, AL
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks
BackgroundIn 1955, NAACP member Rosa
Parks boarded a Montgomery bus after a long day at work
She sat in the African-American section
As the bus began to fill up, she was asked to stand so a white man could sit down
Rosa refused and was arrested; this kick-started the bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus BoycottRosa’s arrest was seen as an opportunity
Under the direction of a young civil rights activist, Martin Luther King, Jr., ninety-percent of African-Americans in Montgomery stayed off the buses, crippling the economy
In 1956, the Supreme Court ruled on the subject . . .
Segregation on buses was banned!
Birth of the SCLCBecause of the success of the
Montgomery bus boycott, African-Americans felt inspired
They organized a group – the Southern Christian Leadership Conference – to protest activities taking place all across the region
They elected MLK, Jr., their leader, a clergyman who was committed to the ideals of peaceful protest
Martin Luther King, Jr.