Northern Segregation ◦ De jure segregation Segregation by law ◦ De facto segregation ...
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Transcript of Northern Segregation ◦ De jure segregation Segregation by law ◦ De facto segregation ...
Northern Segregation◦De jure segregation Segregation by law
◦De facto segregation Segregation by practice and custom Harder to fight Requires change of racist attitudes, not laws
African Americans Seek Greater Equality
Urban Violence Erupts◦July 1964 – Harlem riot Response to death of 15-yr old African
American student
Aug. 11, 1965 – LAPD arrest Marquette Frye for drunk driving◦Crowd gathered around scene Threw rocks at officer
◦Frye, his brother Ronald and their mother arrested
◦Crowd became agitated and became violent
Watts Riots
1967 – riots in 100 cities◦Causes Need for economic equality of
opportunity in jobs, housing, education War in Vietnam
African American Solidarity◦Malcolm X Studied Elijah Muhammad Member of Nation of Islam Becomes minister in 1952 Favored by Elijah Muhammad
New Leaders Voice Discontent
Preached views of Muhammad◦Whites were cause of black suffering◦Blacks should separate from white society
◦Armed self-defense◦“White Devil”◦Helped convert Cassius Clay to Muhammad Ali
Gains Publicity◦Effects Call for armed self-defense frightens whites and moderate African Americans
Attention for Malcolm X caused resentment within Nation of Islam
Ballots or Bullets?◦March 1964 – Malcolm X breaks from Nation of Islam
◦Makes pilgrimage to Mecca – holy city of Islam Learns orthodox Islam preached equality of all races
Worshiped alongside people from many countries
Radically changed Malcolm’s thinking◦Maintained hatred of racism and injustice
“Any Negro who teaches other Negroes to turn the other cheek is disarming the Negro…of his natural right to defend himself. Now you’re facing a situation when the young Negro’s coming up. They don’t want to hear that ‘turn –the-other-cheek stuff, no…There’s new thinking coming in. There’s new strategy coming in…It’ll be ballots, or it’ll be bullets. It’ll be liberty, or it will be death.
◦Ballots or Bullets becomes motto If people don’t vote, then they will be
forced to fight Voting should be tried
Malcolm X fears for life◦Feb 21, 1965 – assassinated
June 6, 1966◦James Meredith shot during “march against
fear” ◦220 miles from Tennessee to Jackson, MS
March carried on by leaders of civil rights groups◦SCLC – MLK◦CORE – Floyd McKissick◦SNCC – Stokely Carmichael ◦SNCC and CORE more militant than SCLC
Black Power
Black Power◦Call for black people to define their own goals
◦Lead own organizations◦Urged SNCC not to recruit whites
◦Tommy Smith and John Carlos 1968 Mexico City Olympics Stripped of their medals
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale◦Oakland 1966◦Political party organized to fight police brutality in ghettos Advocated taking control of communities in which African Americans lived
Wore all black Carried guns
Black Panther Party
Full Employment Decent Housing Decent Education that teaches Black History Immediate End to Police Brutality Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing,
Justice, Peace and People’s Community Control
Ten Point Program
Dr. King’s Death◦April 3, 1968 – gives “Mountaintop
speech” ◦April 4 – assassinated by James Earl Ray Memphis, Tennessee
1968 – Turning Point in Civil Rights
Kerner Commission◦March 2, 1968 Identified white racism as main cause of urban violence
Called for nation to create new jobs, housing
End de facto segregation
Legacy of Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Gains◦Civil Rights Act of 1968 Banned discrimination in housing
◦Increased African American pride in racial identity
◦Political gains 1970 – 2/3 of eligible voters registered