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MCGRAW-HILLNew York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogot

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Forensic StructuralEngineeringHandbook

Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E.

Editor-in-Chief

MCGRAW-HILLNew York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogot

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Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore

Sydney Tokyo Toronto

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Copyright 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United

States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or

distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval

system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN 0-07-052667-2

The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry Hager, the editing supervisor was

Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set

in the HB1A design in Times Roman by Joanne Morbit of McGraw-Hills

Professional Book Group composition unit, Hightstown, New Jersey.

Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.

Cover photos: Left photo by Robert T. Ratay; right photo by LZA technology, a

division of the Thornton-Tomasetti Group.

This book was printed on acid-free paper.

McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as

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more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill,11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011. Or contact your local bookstore.

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Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-HillCompanies, Inc. (McGraw-Hill) from sources believed to be reliable. However, nei-ther McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any infor-mation published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsiblefor any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This workis published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying

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Food for Thought

Structural failures are not just accidents, nor acts of God.

They are the results of human error originating from

oversight, carelessness, ignorance or greed.

With the advance of design sophistication and construction

methodology came the proliferation of structural failures.

Early savings in design and construction costs often

boomerang as later and larger costs of repair and litigation.

The vulnerable structures of the late 20th century will provide

bread and butter to the forensic engineers of the 21st century.

RTR 1/1/2000

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ABOUT THE EDITOR

Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E., is a highly regarded structural engineer and former univer-sity professor with an extensive background in both design and failure analysis. His nearlyfour decades of professional experience is divided almost equally between structural engi-neering practice, and combined teaching and consulting. Dr. Ratay worked with suchprominent firms as Le Messurier Associates, Severud Associates, and HNTB. He was

professor and Chairman of the Civil Engineering Department, then Dean of the Schoolof Engineering at Pratt Institute, and a professor at Polytechnic University (formerlyBrooklyn Polytech). His current practice in forensic structural engineering is directedtoward the investigation of structural and construction failures, providing expert consul-tant services to architects, engineers, contractors, owners, attorneys, insurance companies,and government agencies. Dr. Ratay is a fellow of the American Society of Civil Engi-neers, has chaired several of its technical committees, and currently serves on theExecutive Committee of its Structural Engineering Institute. He is also the Editor-in-Chiefof the authoritative Handbook of Temporary Structures in Construction published by

McGraw-Hill.

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CONTRIBUTORS

Howard W. Ashcraft, Esq., Chair, Construction Group, Hanson, Bridgett, Marcus, Vlahos &Rudy, L.L.P., San Francisco, California (CHAP. 9)

Mohammad Ayub, P.E., S.E., Director, Office of Engineering Services, Directorate ofConstruction, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor,

Washington, D.C. (CHAP. 3)

Kimball J. Beasley, P.E., Principal and New York Branch Manager, Wiss, Janney, ElstnerAssociates, Inc., New York, New York(CHAP. 14)

Glenn R. Bell, P.E., Principal, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington, Massachussetts, SanFrancisco, California (CHAP. 6)

W. Gene Corley, S.E., P.E., Ph.D., Vice President, Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc.,Skokie, Illinois (CHAP. 12)

Daniel A. Cuoco, P.E., President, LZA Technology, a Division of the Thornton-Tomasetti Group,

Inc., New York, New York(CHAP. 4)

Robert W. Day, P.E., G.E., Chief Engineer, American Geotechnical, San Diego, California (CHAP.16)

John F. Duntemann, P.E., S.E., Senior Consultant, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc.,Northbrook, Illinois (CHAP. 2)

Donald O. Dusenberry, P.E., Principal, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., Arlington,Massachussetts (CHAP. 9)

John W. Fisher, Ph.D., P.E., Joseph T. Stuart Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University,

and Director, Center for Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems (ATLSS), Bethlehem,Pennsylvania (CHAP. 11)

Clayford T. Grimm, P.E., President, Clayford T. Grimm PE Inc., Austin, Texas (CHAP. 13)

Joshua B. Kardon, S.E., Principal, Joshua B. Kardon Company Structural Engineers, Berkeley,California (CHAP. 7)

Michael C. Loulakis, Esq., Senior Shareholder, Wickwire Gavin, P.C., Vienna, Virginia (CHAP. 5)

Donald W. Neal, P.E., S.E., President, Neal Engineering Associates, Beaverton, Oregon (CHAP. 15)

Antraning M. Ouzoonian, P.E., Principal, Weidlinger Associates, Inc., Consulting Engineers,

New York, New York, Cambridge, Massachussetts, Los Altos, California, Arlington, Virginia (CHAP. 1)

David S. Patterson, AIA, Senior Consultant, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., PrincetonJunction, New Jersey (CHAP. 14)

Alan W. Pense, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Material Science and Engineering, LehighUniversity, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (CHAP. 11)

David B. Peraza, P.E., Senior Associate, LZA Technology, a Division of the Thornton-TomasettiGroup, Inc., New York, New York(CHAP. 4)

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Robert T. Ratay, Ph.D., P.E., Consulting Engineer, R. T. Ratay Engineering, P.C., Manhasset,New York(CHAP. 17)

Robert A. Rubin, Esq., P.E., Partner, Postner & Rubin, New York, New York(CHAP. 8)

David E. Thompson, P.E., Chairman/CEO, Haley & Aldrich, Inc., Boston, Massachussetts (CHAP.

9)

Dana Wordes, Esq., P.E., Associate, Postner & Rubin, New York, New York(CHAP. 8)

Joseph Zelazny, C.E., President, Kreisler Borg Florman General Construction Company, Inc.,Scarsdale, New York(CHAP. 1)

CONTRIBUTORS