25-1 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Skeletal System Mrs. Northeim Part...
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Transcript of 25-1 © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Skeletal System Mrs. Northeim Part...
25-1
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Skeletal System
Mrs. Northeim
Part 1 of 2
Anatomy & Physiology
25-2
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Skeletal/Bone
Introduction Classification by shape Classification by division 3 main components of axial division Diagram bones
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Introduction
Bones provide the body with structure and support
206 bones with joints and connective tissue
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Bone Structure Classification by shape
Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone)
Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles
Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)
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Bone Structure (cont.)
Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone
Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle
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How we will study the bones.
Divisions Axial – 80 bones
Skull Vertebral column Rib cage
Appendicular – 126 bones Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
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Main parts of axial skeleton
Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage
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Cranium - Skull1. Cranial bones
Frontal bone – forehead Parietal bone – top sides Temporal bones – hence the name “temples” Occipital bone – back of head Sphenoid bone – resembles a bat with wings.
Anchors the frontal, parietal, occipital and ethmoid bones
Ethmoid bone – medial walls of eye orbit.
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Facial bones
Maxillae – upper jaw Mandible – lower jaw Zygomatic bones – cheek bone Nasal bones – upper nose between eye
orbits, “bridge of nose” Lacrimal bone – fingernail shaped bones by
tear ducts (nasal lacrimal ducts) Palatine bones – forms hard (anterior)
portion of palate Vomer – inside bone of nose
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection
Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle
Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression
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Bony Structures (cont.)
Term Definition
Head An enlargement on the end of a bone
Process A prominent projection on a bone
Suture An interlocking line of union between bones
Trochanter A relatively large process
Tubercle A small, knoblike process
Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle
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Hyoid Bone U shaped bone in the neck below the
mandible and above the larnyx “Adam’s apple”…..more defined in men
– determines the tone of the larynx
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Vertebral column 24 vertebrae + sacrum + coccyx It is flexible because it is segmented Vertebral anatomy
encases the spinal cord balances the head on top Serves as point of attachment for ribs and
lower extremities
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Vertebral column Cervical vertebra
7 in the neck. Called C1-C7. Top one holds the head on – called the atlas. The second one allows the head to “swivel” – called the axis
Thoracic vertebra 12 of them, called T1-T12
Lumbar vertebra 5 of them, called L1-L5
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Vertebral column Sacral vertebrae “sacrum”
A fusion of 5 bones, S1-S5 Coccyx – “tail bone”
A single bone. Fusion of 4 or 5.
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The Spinal Column
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum
Coccyx
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Vertebrae ComparedSuperior View of Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar VertebraePosterior View of the Sacrum
1. Body
2. Vertebral foramen
3. Anterior tubercle
4. Posterior tubercle
5. Foramen transversarium or transverse foramen
6. Demifacet for head of rib
7. Superior articular process
8. Pedicle
9. Lamina
10. Transverse process
11. Spinous process or spine
12. Lateral mass
13. Posterior sacral foramina
14. Coccyx
15. Sacral hiatus
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Sternum Dagger shaped bone, called “breastbone” Manubrium
Top part of sternum Body
Mid part of sternum bone below Manubrium and above Xiphoid process.
Xiphoid process Little point at the end of the sternum. Often breaks
during CPR if hands are not positioned correctly.
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The Rib Cage (cont.)
12 pairs of ribs All are attached
posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
True First seven pairs of
ribs Attach to sternum by
costal cartilage
False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal
cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating
Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly
to any structure