© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 25-1 The Skeletal System PowerPoint®...

25-1

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

PowerPoint® presentation to accompany:

Medical AssistingThird Edition

Booth, Whicker, Wyman, Pugh, Thompson

25-2


Learning Outcomes

25.1 Describe the parts of a long bone.

25.2 List the substances that make up bone tissue.

25.3 List the functions of bones.

25.4 Identify bones by their classifications.

25.5 Describe how long bones grow.

25-3


Learning Outcomes (cont.)

25.6 List and describe the skeletal structures and one location of each structure.

25.7 List the bones of the skull, spinal column, rib cage, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs, and feet. Describe the location of each bone.

25.8 Define fontanels and explain their importance.

25-4


Learning Outcomes (cont.)

25.9 Describe the three major types of joints and give examples of each.

25.10 Describe the structure of a synovial joint.

25.11 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments of various diseases and disorders of the skeletal system.

25-5


Introduction

Bones provide the body with structure and support

206 bones with joints and connective tissue

Divisions Axial – 80 bones

Skull Vertebral column Rib cage

Appendicular – 126 bones

Arms and legs Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle

25-6


The Skeletal System

25-7


Bone Structure

Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including Osseous tissue Blood vessels Nerves

Osseous tissue can appear compact or spongy

25-8


Bone Structure (cont.)

Compact bone looks solid Structures can be

observed with a microscope

All bones are made up of both compact and spongy bone

25-9



Classification by shape Long bones – located primarily in the arms and legs

Femur (thigh bone) Humerus (upper arm bone)

Short bones – small bones located in the wrists and ankles

Carpals (wrist bones) Tarsals (ankle bones)

25-10



Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage Ribs Frontal bone

Irregular bones Vertebrae Bones of the pelvic girdle

25-11


Bone Structure: Gender Differences

Male Skull Larger and heavier

Forehead shorter

Face less round

Jaw larger

Mastoid processes more prominent

Male pelvic bones Heavier and thicker

Obturator foramina and acetabula are larger and closer together

25-12


Male pelvic cavity Narrower and longer Less roomy and more

funnel shaped Male sacrum

Narrower Sacral promontory projects forward Sacral curvature is less sharp posteriorly

Male coccyx Less movable

Bone Structure: Gender Differences (cont.)

25-13


Apply Your Knowledge

Match bone to classification.

___ Humerus L.Long bones

___ Rib S.Short bones

___ Femur F.Flat bones

___ Pelvic bones I.Irregular bones

___ Carpals

___ Frontal bone

___ Vertebra

___ Tarsals

F

L

I

S

I

F

S

L

ANSWER:

Very Good!

25-14


Functions of Bones Give shape to body parts

Support and protect soft structures

Examples – brain, lungs, heart

Allow body movement, because skeletal muscles attach to them

Allow for voluntary movement

25-15


Functions of Bones (cont.)

Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood cells – hematopoiesis

Store calcium

25-16



ANSWER: Every cell in the body needs calcium, so the body must have a large supply readily available.

Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?

Correct!

25-17


Bone Growth Ossification – process of bone

growth

Intramembranous ossification Bones begin as tough, fibrous

membrane Bone-forming cells called

osteoblasts turn the membrane to bone (located in skull)

25-18


Bone Growth (cont.)

Endochondral ossification Bones begin as cartilage

models Primary ossification center

Bone formed in the diaphysis Secondary ossification center

Epiphyses turn to bone Bones with some cartilage between an epiphysis and the

diaphysis will continue to grow Medullary cavity and spaces in cancellous bone form

Cells that form holes in bone are called osteoclasts

25-19


Bone Growth: Building Better Bones

Teach healthy behaviors Bone-healthy diet with calcium and vitamin D Bone-health exercises

Weight-bearing Strength training

Bone-healthy lifestyle Avoid smoking Avoid alcohol

25-20


Bone Growth (cont.)

Bone tests Bone density Bone scans

Diagnose causes of Bone pain Arthritis Bone infections Bone cancers

25-21



What are the two types of bone growth?

ANSWER: Intramembranous ossification, in which bones begin as tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts, and endochondral ossification, in which primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis.

Good Job!

25-22


Bony Structures

Rigid foundation

Projections and processes for muscle and ligament attachment

Depressions and hollows for articulations – the connection of bones at joints

Openings for blood vessels and nerves

25-23


Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Condyle A rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

Crest A narrow, ridge-like projection

Epicondyle A projection situated above a condyle

Foramen An opening through a bone that is usually a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

Fossa A relatively deep pit or depression

25-24


Bony Structures (cont.)

Term Definition

Head An enlargement on the end of a bone

Process A prominent projection on a bone

Suture An interlocking line of union between bones

Trochanter A relatively large process

Tubercle A small, knoblike process

Tuberosity A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

25-25


The Skull

Two bone types: Cranial – form the top, sides, and back of the

skull Facial – form the face

“Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels Tough membranes that connect the

incompletely developed bones

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Match the following:

___ Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression

___ Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones

___ Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull

___ Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

___ Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle

___ Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone

C

A

F

B

D

E

ANSWER:

25-27


The Skull: Cranial Bones

Frontal – anterior

Parietal – top and most of the sides

Occipital – back

Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull

Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor

Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body Malleus Incus Stapes

25-28


The Skull (cont.)

Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone

Maxillae – form the upper jawbone

Zygomatic – form the prominence of the cheeks

Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge of the nose

Click to see Skull

Palatine – form the anterior portion of the palate

Vomer – a thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

25-30



Match the bones of the skull:

___ Occipital A. Form the upper jawbone

___ Sphenoid B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

___ Mandible C. Part of floor of skull

___ Maxillae D. Form the prominence of the cheeks

___ Zygomatic E. Back of skull

___ Vomer F. Lower jaw bone

C

F

A

D

B

E

ANSWER:

Very Good!

25-31


The Spinal Column

7 cervical vertebrae

12 thoracic vertebrae

5 lumbar vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

25-32


The Spinal Column (cont.)

Cervical vertebrae Smallest and lightest Located in the neck

region First one is atlas Second one is axis

Thoracic vertebrae Join the 12 pairs of ribs

Lumbar vertebrae Have very sturdy

structures

25-33


The Spinal Column (cont.)

Sacrum A triangular-shaped bone that consists of five fused

vertebrae Coccyx

A small, triangular-shaped bone made up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae

Considered unnecessary More commonly called the tailbone

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Identify the sections of the spinal column and give the number of vertebrae for each.

Thoracic – 12

Lumbar – 5 Sacrum – 5 fused

Coccyx – 3 to 5 fused

Cervical – 7ANSWER:

Right!

25-35


The Rib Cage

Sternum Breastplate Forms the front middle

portion of the rib cage Joins with the clavicles

and most ribs Xyphoid process

Cartilaginous tip

25-36


The Rib Cage (cont.)

12 pairs of ribs All are attached

posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

True First seven pairs of ribs Attach to sternum by

costal cartilage

False Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10 Attach to the costal

cartilage of rib pair 7 Floating

Rib pairs 11 and 12 Do not attach anteriorly

to any structure

25-37



True or False:

___ The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.

___ The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.

___ The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.

___ False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.

___ Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.

T

T

ANSWER:

Fcartilaginous

Fseven

Fdo not attach anteriorly to any structure.

25-38


Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands

Shoulders – pectoral girdles Clavicles Scapulae

Upper limb or arm bones Humerus Radius Ulna

25-39


Bones of the Shoulders, Arms, and Hands (cont.)

Hand 8 carpals per hand 5 metacarpals per hand 14 phalanges per hand

3 in each finger 2 in each thumb

25-40


Apply Your KnowledgeMatch the following:

___ Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle

___ Radius B. Arm bones

___ Humerus C. Hands

___ Carpals

___ Scapula

___ Ulna

___ Phalanges

___ Metacarpals

A

BB

B

C

CC

AANSWER:

25-41


Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet

Hipbones Coxal bones form

the pelvic girdle Ilium Ischium Pubis

25-42


Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

Bones of leg Femur Patella Tibia Fibula

25-43


Bones of the Hips, Legs, and Feet (cont.)

Bones of the foot Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

25-44




A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones

___ Tibia ___ Patella

___ Ilium ___ Ischium

___ Femur ___ Metatarsals

___ Pubis ___ Fibula

___ Calcaneus ___ Tarsals

B

B

B

A A

A

C

C

C

B

ANSWER:

Super!

25-45


Joints Junctions between bones Classification based on

structure Fibrous joints

Connected together with short fibers

Between cranial bones and facial bones

Sutures – fibrous joints in the skull

25-46


Joints

Cartilaginous joints

Connected together with a disc of cartilage

Between vertebrae

25-47


Joints

Synovial joints Covered with hyaline cartilage Held together by a fibrous joint

capsule lined with synovial membrane

Secretes synovial fluid so bones move easily against each other

Freely movable Bones are also held together through tough, cord-like

structures called ligaments

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A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints

____ Between cranial bones and facial bones

____ Covered with hyaline cartilage

____ Between vertebrae

____ Freely movable

____ Sutures in the skullA

B

C

C

A

ANSWER:

25-49


Common Diseases and Disorders

Arthritis – general term meaning joint inflammation Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint disease,

primarily of weight-bearing joints

Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic systemic inflammatory disease of smaller joints and surrounding tissues

25-50


Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)

Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed

Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of tumors that affect different tissue types; primarily bone

Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints

25-51



Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine (humpback)

Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)

Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease

Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin (become porous) over time

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Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue

Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and become deformed and weak

Scoliosis – an abnormal S-shaped curvature of the spine

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Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make bony tissue.

The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder?

Nice Work!

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In Summary

Skeletal system Two divisions Bone growth through ossification Functions

Supports the body Protects internal organs Attachment for muscles for movement Stores minerals Produces new blood cells by hematopoiesis

Joined by three types of joints

25-55


End of Chapter

Rigid, the skeleton of habit alone upholds the human frame.

~ Virginia Woolf

© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 25-1 The Skeletal System PowerPoint®...

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Transcript of © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 25-1 The Skeletal System PowerPoint®...