Learning. LEARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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Transcript of 2/14/13 Aim: How do we learn? Do Now: Copy the definition of learning on your notes paper. A...
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2/14/13 Aim: How do we learn? Do Now: Copy the definition of learning on your
notes paper.A relatively permanent change in behavior due to the
organism’s experience; (not some innate or biological change)
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Permanent change – it should have staying power, not fleeting or temporaryChange in behavior – we know learning has occurred because there is a change in behaviordue to experience – learning does not occur in a vacuum, it results from experience
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Let’s do an experience!
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Label your curve with the following
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What does a “steep learning curve” show about this task?
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How Do We Learn?
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Introduction
• Learning
• Habituation
• Associative learning–Classical conditioning
–Operant conditioning
–Observational learning
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Define behaviorism
• One of the 8 perspectives of psychology
• An objective way of looking at behavior
• Studies behavior without mental processes
• Today psychologists do not agree with “study behavior without mental processes”
Famous Behaviorists• John B Watson• Mary Colver Jones• Rosalie Raynor• Ivan Pavlov• BF Skinner
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Let’s do an experience…..
• Who wants to volunteer????
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Classical Conditioning
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So……what happened
Before the conditioning• UCS – spray in the face • UCR – wince – an unlearned
naturally occurring response
• NS – has not effect prior to conditioning “can”
After the conditioning• CS – after repeated pairings,
the word “can” triggers a response
• CR – “wince” learned response that “can” can elicit
• Can is not neutral anymore
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Explain this Snoopy cartoon
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Operant Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Introduction
• Classical conditioning–Ivan Pavlov
–John B. Watson
–Behaviorism
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Pavlov’s Experiments
• Ivan Pavlov–Background
–Experimental procedure
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsAcquisition
• Acquisition
• Higher-order conditioning
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery• Extinction
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery• Extinction
• Spontaneous recovery
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsGeneralization
• Generalization
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Pavlov’s ExperimentsDiscrimination
• Discrimination
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List the names of the behaviorists with their experiments
• Ivan Pavlov– Salivation with dogs Classical Conditioning
• John B. Watson– Conditioned fears in Little Albert using Classical
• Edward Thorndike– Instrumental Conditioning –
learning=behavior+consequences• BF Skinner
– Pigeons pecking rewards in a Skinner box OC• Mary Colver Jones
– Removal of conditioned fears in children
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Key Pavlovian Terms
• Classical Conditioning involves an involuntary response
• Classical Conditioning involves a physiological response.
• Generalization can occur with the stimulus (baby Albert began to fear all white furry things, not just white rats)
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Baby Albert Example
• UCS – loud noise• UCR – increase in heart rate, fear• NS – white rat• CS – white rat• CR – increase in heart rate, fear• Generalization? Associated anything white
and furry causes fear
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Pavlov’s Experiments
• Parts of Classical Conditioning–Unconditioned stimulus (US)
–Unconditioned response (UR)
–Conditioned stimulus (CS)
–Conditioned response (CR)
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Pavlov’s Experiments
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
• Cognitive Processes–Learned helplessness
• Biological Predispositions–Conditioned
taste aversion
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
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Biopsychosocial Influences on Learning
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Biopsychosocial Influences on Learning
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Biopsychosocial Influences on Learning
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Biopsychosocial Influences on Learning
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Uses of Classical Conditioning• Flooding – fear of spiders, throwing you in a room with
1 million spiders• Systematic desensitization – gradually exposing you over
time in a non-threatening way to spiders• Counterconditioning – “cookie treatment” get rid of
baby Albert’s’ fear• Bell Pad “urine alarm” - for bedwetting
– Also putting hot sauce on a pacifier to get kids off it• Bitter tasting nail polish – use in cessation of biting one’s
nails (lemon juice also)
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Taste Aversions
• CS is the food• CR is sickness• This violates classical conditioning• Only one pairing• NS and UCS just once• Gap is long – maybe 6 hours• Very selective – just food• Cannot be unlearned – hard to be extinct
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Garcia effect• Tendency to blame food for illness, even if it had nothing to
do with illness, biological limitations exist – evolution??• When did rats learn ?
– Loud noise with shock– Sweet water with nausea
• Why are they adaptive (help rats to survive)– Alerts us to threats
• What had no effect?– Sweet water and shock– Loud noise and nausea
• Why? Does not help us to survive
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Garcia disproved……..
• Behaviorists arrogant beliefs– Which Behaviorists again? Pavlov and Watson
• WHY? We are not “tabula rasa”
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Wolves and Sheep
• Problem? How to keep wolves and coyotes from eating the sheep without killing the wolves and coyotes
• Wolves and coyotes were given pieces of mutton containing small amounts of lithium chloride (UCS), a chemical that if ingested makes an animal sick.
• When the animals ate the meat, they became dizzy, with severe nausea and vomiting (UCR).
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• The wolves and coyotes began to attack the sheep (CS), but as soon as they smelled their prey, they stopped and stayed as far away from the sheep as possible.
• Classical Conditioning at work
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Answers to CC questions
• 1.C 9.A 11.C 20.A• 2. B 10.D 12. C 16.D• 3. C 11.B 13. D• 4. B 1. C 17. C• 5. E 2. B 19. D• 6.B 3. E 20.B• 7. B 5.C 1. A• 8. C 10. C 16.A
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Operant Conditioning
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Aim: How does Operant Conditioning work?
• Operant conditioning
• Operant behavior
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Reinforcers – increase the rate of responding
• Primary reinforcers – satisfy a biological need, food, water, promise of sleep
• Secondary (Conditioned) reinforcers – a learned symbolic reinforcer; money, grades etc.
• Omission training – tries to stop a behavior, a positive reinforcer is given as long as behavior does NOT occur; alternative to punishment– Early release from prison for good behavior
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Skinner’s Experiments
• Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
• B.F. Skinner–Behavioral technology
–Behavior control
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Skinner’s Experiments
• Operant Chamber (aka Skinner Box) – a device with a bar key that an animal can press to obtain food/water as a reward
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What is this??
• A Baby Tender – air crib to keep the baby warm
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Skinner’s ExperimentsShaping Behavior
• Shaping–Successive approximations
–Discriminative stimulus
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Reinforcement/Punishment
• Look at chart on ditto• Reinforcers/Punishers
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Aim: What are Reinforcement Schedules?
• Continuous reinforcement• Partial (intermittent) reinforcement• Schedules
–Fixed-ratio schedule–Variable-ratio schedule–Fixed-interval schedule–Variable-interval schedule
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Schedules of Reinforcement• VR greatest
resistance to extinction
• VR – highest response rate
• FI – behavior decreases and pickups before time
• FR – drops and picks up again
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Skinner’s ExperimentsPunishment
• Negatives of using punishment– Punished behavior is suppressed not
forgotten
– Punishment teaches discrimination
– Punishment can teach fear
– Physical punishment may increase aggression
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Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingCognition and Operant Conditioning
• Latent learning–Cognitive map
• Insight learning• Intrinsic
motivation
• Extrinsic motivation
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Extending Skinner’s UnderstandingBiological Predispositions
• Biological constraints predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive
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Skinner’s LegacyApplications of Operant Conditioning
• At school
• In sports
• At home
• For self- improvement
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Learning by Observation
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Introduction
• Observational learning–Social learning
–Modeling
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Mirrors in the Brain
• Mirror neurons
• Theory of mind
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Bandura’s Experiments
• Bandura’s bobo doll experiment
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Bandura’s Experiments
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Bandura’s Experiments
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Applications of Observational LearningProsocial vs Antisocial Effects
• Prosocial effects
• Antisocial effects
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Latent Learning
• Latent means HIDDEN• Cognitive Map
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Definition Slide
= add definition here
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Definition Slides
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Learning
= a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
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Habituation
= an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.
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Associative Learning
= learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence (as in operant conditioning).
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Classical Conditioning
= a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
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Behaviorism
= the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Unconditioned Response (UR)
= in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
= in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally – naturally and automatically – triggers a response.
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Conditioned Response (CR)
= in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
= in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (CS), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
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Acquisition
= in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
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Higher-order Conditioning
= a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
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Extinction
= the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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Spontaneous Recovery
= the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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Generalization
= the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
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Discrimination
= in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
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Learned Helplessness
= the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.
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Respondent Behavior
= behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
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Operant Conditioning
= a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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Law of Effect
= Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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Operant Chamber
= in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
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Shaping
= an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
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Discriminative Stimulus
= in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement).
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Reinforcer
= in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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Positive Reinforcement
= increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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Negative Reinforcement
= increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (Note: negative reinforcement is NOT punishment).
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Primary Reinforcer
= an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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Conditioned Reinforcer
= a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.
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Continuous Reinforcement
= reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement
= reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
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Fixed-ratio Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.
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Variable-ratio Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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Fixed-interval Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.
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Variable-interval Schedule
= in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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Punishment
= an event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
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Cognitive Map
= a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
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Latent Learning
= learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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Insight
= a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.
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Intrinsic Motivation
= a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
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Extrinsic Motivation
= a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
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Observational Learning
= learning by observing others. Also called social learning.
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Modeling
= the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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Mirror Neurons
= frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.
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Prosocial Behavior
= positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.