Cooling a Superconducting Accelerator Cavity .. 20

Buyer’s Guide ................................................35-81

Conference Connect ........................................... 86

ISO Standard for Testing Insulation Materials .... 10

LN2 Enables Greener Tractor Trailers ................... 14

Silk Thrives in Cryogenic Temperatures ............. 15

CorporateDirectory

Products and Servicesfor Cryogenic and Superconductivity Applications Worldwide

Volume 35 Number 6 2019

LUX-ZEPLIN Cryostat Installed atSanford Underground Research Facility | 16

2020 Buyer’s Guide

www.shicryogenics.com

Abbess Instruments and Systems, Inc.

Ability Engineering Technology, Inc.

Acme Cryogenics, Inc.

Ad-Vance Magnetics

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CSIC Pride (Nanjing) Cryogenic Technology Co., Ltd.

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Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org5

Inside This Issue

2218 30

In all instances, “CSA CSM” indicates a Corporate Sustaining Member of CSA.

Products and Services

Alphabetical Listing

Supplier Profiles

Securing Flight’s Clean Future with Cryogenicsand Superconductivity

Development of an ISO Standard for the Testing ofInsulation Materials under Cryogenic Conditions

Quantum Consortium Holds Workshop onAdvances in Cryogenic Technology

Liquid Nitrogen Enables Greener Tractor Trailers

A Filament Fit for Space: Silk Is Proven to Thrivein Cryogenic Temperatures

LUX-ZEPLIN Cryostat Installed at SanfordUnderground Research Facility

Cryoline Installation Begins at ITER

Cool and Dry: A Revolutionary Method for Cooling aSuperconducting Accelerator Cavity

First Magnet Installed for the ALPS IIExperiment at DESY

Book Review: Low-Loss Storage and Handling ofCryogenic Liquids, 2nd Edition, by Bostock and Scurlock

New Cryogenic Hardware and Software TechnologiesImprove Biorepositories

Researchers Observe Exotic Radioactive Decay Process

Leybold Supplies Space Simulation Technology

KEK Publishes the International WorkingGroup’s Recommendations for InternationalLinear Collider

Woman Hospitalized, Loses Gallbladder afterDrinking Liquid Nitrogen at Florida Hotel

Conference Connect

Executive Director’s Letter

Phoenix Company of Chicago PkZ System Advances RF Cable Density with Ease

RegO Announces Major Expansion of Manufacturing Capabilities at its North Carolina Facility

Cryomech Breaks Ground onNew Manufacturing Facility

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FEATURES

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SPOTLIGHTS

ON OUR COVERThe LUX-ZEPLIN time projection chamber, the experiment’s main detector, is pictured here in a clean room at the Sanford Under-ground Research Facility before it was wrapped and delivered under-ground.

Image: Matthew Kapust, Sanford Underground Research Facility

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org6

Although CSA makes reasonable efforts to keep the information contained in this magazine accurate, the information is not guaranteed and no responsibility is assumed for errors or omissions. CSA does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or merchantabil-ity or fitness for a particular purpose of the information contained herein, nor does CSA in any way endorse the individuals and companies described in the magazine or the products and services they may provide.

Cold Facts (ISSN 1085-5262) is published six times per year by theCryogenic Society of America, Inc.Contents ©2019 Cryogenic Society of America, Inc.

W e l c o m e to the 2020 Cold Facts Buyer’s Guide! We bring you the most compre-hensive collec-tion of supplier information on

the international cryogenics and superconductivity industries avail-able. We spend the months after the print edition is in your hands up-dating and correcting the listings, checking continually to be sure the listings are accurate. We know our readers keep this issue handy year round for sourcing the products and services they need. The online version will be updated regularly as well.

This issue also contains some solid reporting on timely topics you’ll want to know more about.

Our feature technology sec-tion focuses on cryogenics around the world and accelerators and high energy research. Look for a review of the second edition of Bostock and Scurlock’s “Low-Loss Storage and Handling of Cryogenic Liquids.” There are reports on the European Cryogenics Days, the 3rd International Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications and the First Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer Conference. We hope you’ll find a lot to like!

We have some exciting plans for the magazine for next year.

Coming in Cold Facts for 2020, look for two new columns by out-standing contributors! In response to growing interest in hydrogen, in relation to cryogenics and to its role in the clean energy future, we are pleased to welcome James Fesmire, former CSA president and senior principal investigator for NASA Kennedy Exploration Research and Technology programs, and Jacob Leachman, professor at Washington State University and 2018 CSA Boom awardee. They will provide their distinct insights into the hydrogen present and future. They will be joining our distin-guished columnists John Weisend II of ESS (Cryo Bios), John Jurns of NIST (Cryo Oops) and our rotating Space Cryogenics columnists orga-nized by Wesley Johnson of NASA Glenn.

We end 2019 with 139 Corporate Sustaining Members and more planning to join in 2020. We thank our members and advertis-ers for your loyal support. Without you there would be no CSA.

We also thank our board of technical directors who help steer the society.

Wishing all a happy and pros-perous 2020! ■

From the Executive Director

Randall Barron, ret. Louisiana Tech UniversityJack Bonn, VJ Systems, LLCRobert Fagaly, ret. HoneywellPeter Kittel, ret. NASA Ames Peter Mason, ret. Jet Propulsion LabGlen McIntosh, Cryogenic Analysis and Design LLC

Editorial BoardJohn Pfotenhauer, University of Wisconsin-MadisonRay Radebaugh, ret. NIST BoulderRalph Scurlock, Kryos Associates, ret. University of SouthamptonNils Tellier, EPSIM Corporation

Cold Facts Magazine

Executive EditorLAURIE HUGET

EditorTATE PAGLIA

Advertising CoordinatorLEA MARTINEZ

Online Marketing ManagerJO SNYDER

Graphic DesignerISRAEL REZA

CSA Board of Technical Directors

Board ChairmanJOHN WEISEND II

European Spallation Source (ERIC)46 46-888 31 50

PresidentPETER SHIRRON, NASA Goddard

818-354-8751

Past PresidentMELORA LARSON, Jet Propulsion Laboratory

321-867-7557

President-ElectJOHN PFOTENHAUER, University of Wisconsin–

Madison| 301-286-7327

TreasurerRICH DAUSMAN, Cryomech, Inc.

315-455-2555

SecretaryJONATHAN DEMKO

LeTourneau University

Executive DirectorLAURIE HUGET

Huget Advertising, Inc. | 708-383-6220 x 302

Registered AgentWERNER K. HUGET, Huget Advertising, Inc.

Technical Directors

PETER BRADLEY, NIST, Boulder

LANCE COOLEY, Center for Superconductivity, FSU

SCOTT COURTS, Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc.

EILEEN CUNNINGHAM, Meyer Tool & Mfg.

LUKAS GRABER, Georgia Institute of Technology

CARL KIRKCONNELL, West Coast Solutions

PETER KNUDSEN, MSU/FRIB

MIKE MEYER, NASA Langley Research Center

CHRIS REY, Energy to Power Solutions (E2P)

MARK ZAGAROLA, Creare LLC

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org8

Joshua Feldman, a graduate student in the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s Haran Research Group, headed by Professor Kiruba Haran, is cur-rently working to solve a rather lofty prob-lem… literally. He and the Haran team are addressing the uncertain outcome of airline travel in an envirocentric future by develop-ing a superconducting motor with the help of cryogenics. The goal is to produce a fully superconducting motor with an output of roughly 2.5 MW.

The International Civil Aviation Organization’s Air Transport Bureau re-ports that just over 2% of today’s global greenhouse gas emissions come from air travel, and that number is expected to at least triple in the next 30 years. While 2% may read as a small impact, aviation is one of the fastest growing polluters on the planet. Some round trips, like New York to London, produce an average of 986 kg of carbon dioxide per passenger. According to Atmosfair, a German non-profit monitoring and fighting the effects of air travel on the environment, that’s more pollution from a single individual in one trip than a person living in one of the 56 lowest-emission countries will produce in a year.

This forecast has been cause for concern among climate activists and en-gineers alike. Groups around the world are investigating alternative propulsion methods and research is pointing to a promising option.

Launched early this year, the Cryogenic Hydrogen Energy Electric Transport Aircraft (CHEETA), a $6 million, three-year collaboration between the University of Illinois and several other research institu-tions, is designing a fully electric concept airplane for commercial air travel and de-veloping the technologies necessary for the plane’s realization. The group includes Boeing Research and Technology, General Electric Global Research, the Ohio State University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Arkansas, the University of Dayton Research Institute and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Including Haran’s group, with its superconducting propulsion motors, each of the teams is responsible for a dif-ferent component of the plane including aerodynamics, fuel storage, electronics and power systems, among others.

“Rising greenhouse gas emissions are worrying, the rise and volatility of fuel prices threatens the global economy by making air travel less economical, and noise from jet engines irritates local com-munities. These problems point to electric propulsion, using alternative fuels, as our solution,” said Feldman in an interview with Cold Facts. The proposed alternative fuel? Liquid hydrogen.

Given that weight and size are critical factors for any piece of aviation equipment, superconducting motors are an ideal solu-tion. In addition to eco-friendly emissions, the motors will yield two benefits: increases in both power density and specific power. Superconducting motors can output more power than non-superconducting motors, while weighing less and taking up less space.

Securing Flight’s Clean Future with Cryogenicsand Superconductivity

CRYOGENICS AROUND the WORLD

Artist’s rendering of an advanced commercial transport aircraft concept utilizing CHEETA systems.Image: Grainger College of Engineering/University of Illinois

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org9

Of course, a superconducting electrical motor is not without its challenges. “Our greatest obstacle will be managing the high AC losses produced by the stationary high temperature superconducting coils in the motor,” Feldman said. “While supercon-ductors do not produce resistive losses, they will produce AC losses when carrying alter-nating currents in an alternating magnetic field. These losses scale with frequency, magnetic field, flux density and size.”

While a commercial cryocooler may be able to handle low frequency applications like wind turbines, high frequency ap-plications like aircraft propulsion require much more cooling consideration. “Our motor will spin at 3000 to 4500 rpm,” says Feldman. “The losses are orders of magni-tude higher than wind turbines and pose a significant challenge. At this frequency, we expect our motor to produce around 3000 to 4000 Watts of heat.”

This presents Haran’s group with two major challenges: how to design the elec-tromagnetic components so as to minimize the AC losses and how to keep the whole system cold enough. Feldman is focused on the latter.

Liquid hydrogen has a boiling point of 20 K, which happens to be a suitable operat-ing temperature for the motor. This allows the hydrogen to serve a dual purpose. “In addition to supplying power to the plane via fuel cells, the hydrogen will function as a cryogen to maintain the motor at supercon-ducting temperatures,” he said. “Since we will have to heat the hydrogen anyway for it to reach the required temperature of the fuel cell, we might as well heat it using the heat generated by the superconducting motor, cable conduit and power electronics. This essentially gives us ‘free cooling,’ meaning that we do not need an extra refrigeration or liquefaction system as would be needed in other superconducting applications.”

In other words, the plane’s supply of cold liquid hydrogen will absorb the heat produced by the superconducting coils in the motor, changing from liquid to gas in the process, before heading to the fuel cell. Feldman notes that there are differ-ent approaches they could take to achieve this. One he is evaluating is to use pipes

containing forced liq-uid hydrogen flow. These pipes would contact a metal heat sink, which would contact the coils, which would then conduct heat from the coils into the pipes where the hydrogen would absorb it.

This simplified overview minimizes the myriad of consid-erations Feldman’s research must ad-dress: “How do we orient the pipes? How do we bond the coils to the heat sink? How do we size the pipes? How do we integrate such a design with our mechanical model, including the necessary vacuum chamber? How do we ensure mechanical integrity as the system experiences various forces and torques? The rotating field coils, while pro-ducing minimal losses, must also be cooled. Do we use liquid hydrogen pipes to cool these coils as well? If so, how do we couple stationary fluid flow to rotating flow?” he asks in rapid-fire succession. “These con-siderations should give you an idea of the design process we are undertaking.”

That design process—and answering the questions surrounding it—is no small undertaking. Feldman says superconduct-ing machine technology is “virtually nonex-istent” today; he and his team are creating a considerable amount of the research that in other areas would be available for them

to reference. While pioneering the research and development, the team must also ac-count for the lack of infrastructure. The Haran group must reconcile the fact that large-scale hydrogen production, manage-ment and commercial storage means are not yet in place. Add to that the notorious reluc-tance of major industries to adopt new tech-nologies and the obstacles begin to stack up.

But the CHEETA team remains unde-terred. They plan on completing component designs for the airplane by Year Two and demonstrating system technologies by Year Three. For his part, Feldman says their plan is progressing. The team is constructing a 3D model of the system and running thermal and mechanical simulations over the course of the next year. After that, they will build a component-level model demonstrating the design’s viability, then release papers or conference proceedings documenting their findings. ■

Haran Research Group, headed by Professor Kiruba Haran, front row, fourth from left, and Joshua Feldman, back row, fifth from left. Image: Jianqiao Xiao

CAD drawing of superconducting motor. Image: Joshua Feldman and Noah Salk

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org10

Development of an ISO Standard for the Testing of Insulation Materials under Cryogenic Conditions by Sebastien Viale, Technip FMC, sebastien.viale@technipfmc.com and Barry Meneghelli, Cryogenics Test Laboratory, Kennedy Space Center, barry.j.meneghelli@nasa.gov

The mission of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is to create reference standards that identify requirements, specifications, guidelines and characteristics that can be used consistently by manufacturers and users to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. Working Groups (WGs), whose memberships include both governmen-tal and non-governmental international organizations, develop these standards.

During the past several years, a joint WG composed of ISO TC 8[1] and ISO TC 67[2] members has been focused on the development of a new standard (ISO 20088) for determining the resistance of insulation materials that are used for Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) facilities to deter cryogenic spillage.

The handling, storage and trans-porting of liquefied natural gas (LNG) requires cryogenic insulation of storage tanks, piping, valves and various other components to keep the LNG at a tem-perature of -260 °F (-162 °C). Cryogenic Spillage Protection (CSP) systems of vari-ous thicknesses and compositions can be applied on top of the carbon steel of the ship’s hull and around piping, valves, etc., as a thermal protective barrier.

With any of these systems comes the need for the best materials to mitigate the risk of a potential spill or fire. The intent of the new ISO standard is to set test parameters that will allow the pro-ducers of insulation material to test their products and ensure they will stand up to the types of cryogenic spills, leaks, etc., that may occur on an FLNG.

ISO STANDARD 20088

The new standard is composed of three parts: Part 1-Liquid Spill, Part 2-Vapor Release and Part 3-Jet Release.

The Liquid Spill (ISO 20088-1) part of the standard describes a method for de-termining the resistance of CSP materi-als due to the release of a large volume of cryogenic liquid onto a material like deck plating. It covers cryogenic release scenarios which can lead to pooling con-ditions for carbon steel work protected by CSP as a result of a jet release or low pressure release of LNG or liquid nitro-gen (LN2).

In comparison, Part 2 (ISO 20088-2) of the standard simulates the effect of cold cryogenic vapor on material such as walls, flanges, I-beams, etc. In this case, the lique-faction of the jet is practically zero.

Finally, the Jet Release (ISO 20088-3) portion of the standard tests the effec-tiveness of insulation material when a jet of cryogenic liquid impinges directly on insulated ship material as a result of a pressurized release which does not re-sult in the immersion conditions that are present in Part 1.

LN2 was used as the cryogenic me-dium during the development of the standard since it has a lower boiling point than LNG, is not flammable and can be safely used for experiments by test laboratories familiar with cryogenic safety and the use of proper personal protective equipment when handling cryogenic liquids.

As much as possible, the procedures developed within the standard were de-signed to simulate some of the conditions that occur in actual cryogenic spillage, liquid release and vaporization, as well as a cryogenic jet release. Operators fa-miliar with cryogenic release scenarios were consulted to ensure that realistic temperature and pressure parameters were embedded within the test require-ments of the standard since it was not practical to cover all potential conditions.

The test methods described within ISO 20088 are repeatable and reproducible between test laboratories that include the following:

1. Liquid release 1a. Cybernetix Test Laboratory, France 1b. Komeri, South Korea2. Vapor release 2a. Cryogenics Test Laboratory, Kennedy Space Center, US 2b. Spadeadam Testing and Research Facility, UK3. Jet Fire 3a. Spadeadam Testing and Research Facility, UK 3b. RISE Trondheim, Norway

Additional work on this standard is fo-cused on the development of a fourth part (20088-4) that discusses testing procedures to cover those cases where insulation materi-als are subjected to an ignited cryogenic jet. Discussions are ongoing to extend current cryogenic spillage work to future liquid hy-drogen use.

The authors wish to thank all members of the joint Working Group (TC8 & TC67) for their time and efforts in developing ISO 20088. Additionally, thanks to all laboratory support personnel at the testing facilities for their assistance in sample preparation and data collection.

References:

[1] Ships and Marine Technology-Participating Members (17): China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Panama, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States. Observing Members (13): Australia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Italy, Malaysia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia.

[2] Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries-Participating Members (18): Australia, Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Netherlands, Norway, Qatar, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States. Observing Members (4): Argentina, Canada, Romania, Singapore. ■

www.acmecryo.com

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org13

The Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C), a cooperative re-search and development effort led by the US Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and SRI International, held a work-shop November 6-7 in Bozeman MT to identify cryogenic technology advances that will enable a tenfold improvement in quantum information science and technol-ogy (QIST) in the next decade via a pro-gram called 10X10. Quantum computing based on superconducting technologies is just one example of a quantum application that requires cooling to ultralow tempera-tures. QED-C participants from across the quantum ecosystem will use the workshop output to create a roadmap regarding cryo-genic technologies for QIST applications.

Representatives from quantum-related businesses and institutions met to assess needs and develop a roadmap for cryogenic technologies to accelerate QIST R&D and commercialization. Top US cryogenic companies participated, including Advanced Research Systems (CSA CSM), ColdEdge, Creare (CSA CSM), Cryomech (CSA CSM), HPD (CSA CSM), Janis Research (CSA CSM), Lake Shore Cryotronics (CSA CSM), Montana Instruments, and Quantum Design (CSA CSM). A cross-section of companies that

are developing quantum-based systems that require advanced cryogenic cooling also participated in the workshop.

“Cryogenics is slowing progress toward the establishment of a quantum industry, which will have both economic and national security implications, and which will create benefits to mankind that we can only dream of today,” noted Luke Mauritsen, founder and CEO of Montana Instruments. Workshop par-ticipants identified cryogenic capabili-ties that, if realized, would accelerate the pace of research and innovation and enable development and deployment of quantum technologies for sensing, com-munications and computing.

“The workshop brought together the cryo users in the QIST community and cryo makers with the goal of helping manufac-turers better understand the challenging requirements of quantum systems,” said Celia Merzbacher, QED-C associate direc-tor. “Connections that were made may lead to breakthroughs that can have real impacts.”

The workshop identified major needs: Faster cycle time, which in some cases can take days, is needed to increase the rate of research. Reductions in size, weight and

power requirements would enable com-mercial applications that are not feasible today. For many at research universities and in small companies, cost of the sys-tems that are required for certain applica-tions, which can be more than $1 million, is a barrier to entry. Finally, the dwindling pipeline of workers educated in relevant areas is a growing problem for companies in the field.

The workshop, which was supported by NIST and the State of Montana as well as QED-C participating companies, will inform QED-C and NIST on strategies and R&D investments for advancing cryogen-ics to enable growth in the quantum indus-try. “There is a chicken and egg problem,” according to Sae Woo Nam, staff scientist at NIST and a leading expert in advanced cryogenics. “The quantum market is still small, so cryo companies can't justify in-vesting in the necessary R&D, which is slowing advances in quantum application development.”

This was the first QED-C workshop on an enabling technology for advancing the US quantum industry. Such workshops and roadmaps will guide consortium ef-forts and provide members insight on the quantum industry. For more about QED-C, go to https://quantumconsortium.org. ■

Quantum Consortium Holds Workshop on Advances in Cryogenic Technology

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org14

Liquid Nitrogen Enables Greener Tractor TrailersHyundai Translead and Dearman Engine

Company, Ltd. are developing liquid nitrogen (LN2) alternatives to traditional diesel-powered compressors in refrigerated tractor-trailers. These low or zero emission alternatives seek to reduce the increasing effects of commercial and industrial trailer transportation, including pollution and capital expenses.

According to the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics, over 63% of North American freight is transported by tractor-trailer. Comparatively, railway transportation, the second most common method, accounts for 18.5%. This nearly two-thirds of national freight includes the over half a million refrig-erated trailers that are transporting 90% of American food.

These trailers rely on a diesel-powered “reefer” unit consisting of a compressor, con-denser and evaporator that takes gaseous re-frigerant and compresses it into liquid coolant. These systems are inefficient, expensive and

bulky while releasing six times the emissions of standard trailers, forcing transportation and lo-gistics companies to look for new technologies.

Enter liquid nitrogen. Hyundai and Dearman have independently introduced refrigerator trailers sans “reefer” units. Dearman has developed what it calls “more efficient, cost competitive, high performing and zero emission” units to compete with diesel refrigeration. The Dearman Transport Refrigeration Unit (TRU) reduces nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions pro-duced by traditional reefer units by 70% and 90%, respectively. By circulating LN2 instead of running a diesel unit, the Dearman TRU is quieter, just 60 dB, and faster; it’s able to “pulldown” to -21 °C in less than 30 minutes compared to the minimum of two hours needed for today’s trailers.

Hyundai’s HT Nitro ThermoTech trailer, introduced late in October at this year’s North American Commercial Vehicle Show in

Atlanta, follows a similar pattern. It features a 250-gallon LN reservoir under the trailer that maintains the nitrogen at -328 °F and can be filled for roughly $100 at today’s pricing. Each tank lasts from three to four days, depending on the set temperature within the trailer. To maintain these temperatures, the trailers had to be redesigned without the traditional rivet-and-post construction technique. Each trailer is a collection of foam panels layered together to prevent cold loss via aluminum construction materials.

With fewer moving parts and less frequent servicing requirements—Hyundai claims its units require maintenance once every 2,000 hours of runtime—operators can expected less overhead needed for service stops and repairs.

Hyundai also announced a hydrogen-powered tractor at NACVS. The HDC-6 Neptune concept received attention as the company’s entrance into a developing market occupied by the likes of Toyota and Nikola. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org15

A Filament Fit for Space: Silk Is Proven to Thrive in Cryogenic Temperatures

In early October, an interna-tional group of researchers at the Oxford Silk Group, led by profes-sor Fritz Vollrath, of the Oxford Zoology department, discovered that silk's toughness under cryo-genic conditions is based on its nano-scale fibrils. Submicroscopic order and hierarchy allows silk to withstand temperatures down to -200 ˚C, possibly even lower. This would make these classic, natural fibers ideal for applications in the depths of chilly outer space.

The interdisciplinary team, including Chinese and British re-searchers, examined the behavior and function of several animal silks cooled down to liquid nitro-gen temperatures of -196 ˚C. The fibers included spider silks but the study focused on the thicker and much more commercial fibers of the wild silkworm Antheraea pernyi.

In an article published in Materials Chemistry Frontiers, the team was able to show not only that, but also how, silk increases its toughness under conditions where most materials would become very brittle.

Silk seems to contradict the fundamen-tal understanding of polymer science by not losing but gaining durability under cold conditions by becoming both stronger and more stretchable. It turns out that the under-lying processes rely on the many nano-sized fibrils that make up the core of a silk fiber. Professor Zhengzhong Shao, of the macro-molecular science department of Shanghai's Fudan University, said, “We’ve concluded that the exceptional mechanical toughness of silk fiber at cryogenic temperatures de-rives from its highly aligned and oriented, relatively independent and extensible nano-fibrillar morphology.”

In line with traditional polymer theory, the study asserts that the individual fibrils do

indeed become stiffer as they get colder. The novelty and importance of the results lies in the conclusion that this stiffening leads to increased friction between the fibrils.

This friction increases crack-energy di-version while also resisting fibril slippage. Changing temperature would also modulate attraction between individual silk protein molecules in turn affecting core properties of each fibril, which comprises many thou-sands of molecules.

Importantly, the research is able to describe the toughening process on both the micron and nanoscale levels. The team concludes that any crack that tears through the material is diverted each time it hits a nano-fibril forcing it to lose ever more en-ergy in the many detours it has to negotiate. Thus, a silk fiber only breaks when the hun-dreds or thousands of nano-fibrils have first stretched, slipped and individually snapped.

The discovery is pushing boundaries because it studied a material in the concep-tually difficult and technologically challeng-ing area that not only spans the micron and nanoscales, but also has to be studied at cryogenic temperatures.

The scales studied include the micron size of the fiber, the submicron size of a filament bundle, the nanoscale of the fi-brils, the supramolecular level structures and single molecules. Against the backdrop of cutting edge science and futuristic appli-cations it is worth remembering that silk is not only a 100% bio-logical fiber but also an agricul-tural product with millennia of research and development.

This study has far-reaching implications that suggest a broad spectrum of novel applications for silks ranging from new ma-terials for use in Earth's polar regions to novel composites for lightweight airplanes and kites

flying in the strato- and mesosphere to, per-haps, even giant webs spun by robot spiders to catch astro-junk in space.

“We envision that this study will lead to the design and fabrication of new fami-lies of tough structural filaments and com-posites using both natural and silk-inspired filaments for applications in extreme cold conditions such as space,” said Vollrath.

Dr. Juan Guan from the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Beihang University in Beijing, said, “This study provides novel insights into our understanding of the structure-property relationships of natural high performance materials which we hope will lead to fabri-cating man-made polymers and composites for low temperature and high impact appli-cations.”

The next steps of the research will fur-ther test its properties. A spinout company, Spintex Ltd., from Oxford University, partly funded by an EU H 2020 grant, is exploring spinning silk proteins like spiders and fo-cuses on copying the submicron structures of bundled fibrils. ■

Spider webs moving towards positive and negative electrodes.Image: Oxford Silk Group

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org16

On October 21, crews at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota strapped the cryostat contain-ing the central component of LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ), the largest direct-detection dark mat-ter experiment in the US, below an eleva-tor and slowly lowered it 4,850 feet down a shaft formerly used in gold-mining op-erations. This final journey of LZ’s central detector to its resting place in a custom-built research cavern required extensive planning and involved two test moves of a “dummy” detector to ensure its safe delivery.

The cryostat is a large tank, assembled from ultrapure titanium, about 5 1/2 feet in diameter. It contains systems with a total of 625 photomultiplier tubes that are po-sitioned at its top and bottom. These tubes are designed to capture flashes of light pro-duced in particle interactions.

“This was the most challenging move of a detector system that I have ever done in decades of working on experiments,” said Jeff Cherwinka, the LZ chief engineer from the University of Wisconsin, who led the planning effort for the move along with SURF engineers and other support.

Jake Davis, a SURF mechanical engi-neer who worked on the cryostat move, said, “Between the size of the device, the confines of the space and the multiple groups involved in the move, the entire pro-cess required rigorous attention to both the design and the scheduling. Prior to rigging the detector under the cage, we did testing

with other cranes to see how it would react when suspended. We also completed anal-ysis and testing to ensure it would remain nice and straight in the shaft.”

He added, “The ride was slow, right around 100 feet per minute. The ride to the 4,850-foot level typically takes 13-15 min-utes. Today, it took close to 45 minutes. I rode in the cage, watching it through an in-spection port in the floor. There was a huge sigh of relief after the move, but there’s still a lot of work ahead to finish LZ.”

Theresa Fruth, a postdoctoral research fellow at University College London who works on LZ’s central detector, said that keep-ing LZ well sealed from any contaminants

during its journey was a high priority—even the slightest traces of dust and dirt could ulti-mately affect its measurements.

“From a science perspective, we wanted the detector to come down exactly as it was on the surface,” she said. “The structural integrity is incredibly important, but so is cleanliness; we’ve been building this detec-tor for 10 months in a clean room. Before the move, the detector was bagged twice and inserted in the transporter structure. Then, the transporter was wrapped with another layer of strong plastic. We also need to move all our equipment underground so we can do the rest of the installation work.”

The central detector, known as the

LUX-ZEPLIN Cryostat Installed at Sanford Underground Research Facility

The LUX-ZEPLIN time projection chamber, the experiment’s main detector, is pictured here in a clean room at the Sanford Underground Research Facility before it was wrapped up and delivered underground.Image: Matthew Kapust/Sanford Underground Research Facility

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org17

LZ cryostat and time projection chamber, will ultimately be filled with 10 tons of liquid xenon that will be chilled to -148 ˚F. Scientists hope to see telltale signals of dark matter particles that are produced as they interact with the heavy xenon atoms in this cryostat.

The liquid form of xenon, a very rare element, is so dense that a chunk of granite can float atop its surface. It is this density, owing to the heavy atomic weight of xenon, which makes it a good candidate for captur-ing particle interactions.

Pawel Majewski of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK, who led the design, fabrication, cleaning and de-livery of LZ’s inner cryostat vessel for the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, said, “It is extremely gratifying to see it… holding the heart of the experi-ment and resting in its final place in the Davis campus, one mile underground.”

Dark matter makes up about 27% of

the universe, though we don’t yet know what it’s made of and have only detected it through its gravitational effects on normal matter. LZ is designed to hunt for theorized dark space matter particles called WIMPs, or weakly interacting massive particles. It is

100 times more sensitive than its predeces-sor experiment, called LUX, which operated in the same underground space. Placing LZ deep underground serves to shield it from much of the steady bombardment of particles that are present at the Earth’s surface. ■

From left: Jack Bargemann, Simon Fiorucci, Alvine Kamaha, Charles Maupin, Jake Davis, Jeff Cherwinka, Pawel Majewski and Doug Tiedt, welcome the arrival of the LUX-ZEPLIN central detector to the 4,850-foot level at the Sanford Underground Research Laboratory. The detector, which is lying on its side, will ultimately be surrounded by several other tanks. Image: Matthew Kapust/Sanford Underground Research Facility

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org18

Cryoline Installation Begins at ITERIn September, the installation of the

first sections of cryoline began at the low-ermost level of ITER's tokamak building in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.

In the ITER tokamak, several compo-nents need to be cooled to extremely low temperatures—sometimes as intense as in the most frigid places in the universe. The massive quantity of cooling fluids that ITER requires is produced in the cryoplant, an in-dustrial installation as high as a seven-story building and with a footprint the size of two soccer fields. Now, this “cold factory” ranks as the most powerful single-platform cryo-plant in the world.

Inside the cryoplant, 5,000 tons of equipment and machines—including cold boxes, compressors, phase separators, dryers and pumps—will process helium and nitrogen in different phases. Liquid nitrogen, at 80 K or -193 °C, will be used as a pre-cooler in the helium liquefaction process. Liquid helium, at 4 K or -269 °C, will cool the magnets and cryopumps, and gaseous helium at 80 K will supply the ther-mal shield.

The cooling fluids produced by the cryoplant will be delivered to an array of some 30 feeders connected to the tokamak. Before reaching the feeders, however, the fluids will need to travel the distance between the cryostat and the tokamak building—a 300-meter journey through the insulated piping of the cryolines.

From the outside, a 10-meter-long (32.8 feet) cryoline section looks like an ordinary steel pipe. Inside, it is a high technology component, ranging from 25 to 1000 milli-meters in diameter and hosting up to seven inner pipes, each dedicated to carrying a different fluid.

The cryoline network is a vacuum ves-sel in its own right, with every inner pipe carefully and individually insulated to prevent thermal losses through convection, radiation or conduction.

Manufactured under Indian Domestic Agency contract partly in India and partly

in France, the cryolines form a 2.7-kilo-meter (1.67 miles) network that circles the bioshield and connects to the feeders at the lower and upper levels of the machine.

In the lowest basement level of the to-kamak building, the first cryoline sections, weighing an average of one to three tons, are now in place. “We have to be very careful in positioning the sections, with tolerances that do not exceed a few millimeters,” says David Grillot, the head of ITER Cryogenic System Section.

Once a section is positioned, each indi-vidual inside pipe must be welded, as must the external jacket and its corresponding inner thermal shield.

Welded to the embedded plates in the gallery's ceiling, the supports holding the

cryoline sections need to be particularly robust. Not only do they have to carry the full weight of the cryolines, but they must also withstand the forces that will be gener-ated when the cryolines contract under the effect of intense cold—when liquid helium at 4 K begins to flow inside the cryolines, a 10-meter pipe will shrink in length by three centimeters. Although flexible bellows will absorb part of the shrinking, the force ex-erted on the supports will be in the range of a dozen tons.

There are approximately 500 sections to install throughout the entire building and roughly 50 cryoline sections need to be positioned and welded in the gallery at the basement level of the tokamak build-ing. Once they reached “cruising speed,” the teams expected to be able install three sections per week. ■

The cooling fluids produced by the cryoplant reach their “clients” in the ITER Tokamak by way of cryolines—high-technology components manufactured under Indian Domestic Agency contract partly in India and partly in France. Image: ITER

Two sections of lines are positioned and ready to be welded. Controlling the alignment is essential, and each step is carefully monitored by the ITER cryogenics project team (here cryogenic technical engineer Adrien Forgeas). Image: ITER

www.gardnercryo.com

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org20

Cool and Dry: A Revolutionary Method for Cooling a Superconducting Accelerator Cavity

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA CSM) scientists and en-gineers have achieved a landmark result in an ongoing effort to design and build compact portable particle accelerators. Our group successfully demonstrated a new, efficient way to cool supercon-ducting accelerator components, cutting down on the bulk of the traditional cool-ing infrastructure needed for this tech-nology.

The importance of this advancement is apparent if you happen to walk around the Fermilab site. You really can’t miss it: particle accelerators built for discov-ery are big machines. They stretch for hundreds of meters, even kilometers. They also require large and complex in-frastructures, which restrict their use pri-marily to science research laboratories.

And yet particle accelerators are very useful tools outside science research labs. They have applications in security, medi-cine, manufacturing and roadways. Their impact might be even greater if we could make these traditionally giant machines compact. Miniaturize them. Design high power accelerators that could fit, literally, inside the back of a truck.

At Fermilab, we relish such practical physics challenges. And last month, our team rose to the challenge, achieving a major milestone in our quest to realize powerful, compact accelerators that have an impact on our everyday lives. The core team included Ram Dhuley (CSA’s 2019 William E. Gifford Award winner), Michael Geelhoed, Sam Posen and me.

Combining a verve for practical-ity with cutting-edge science, our team successfully demonstrated a new, revo-lutionary method for cooling a supercon-ducting accelerator cavity without using liquid helium—counterintuitive for most in accelerator science.

This new method, based on a Fermilab idea patented five years ago, uses cryogenic refrigerators, or cryocool-ers, for removing the heat dissipated by a superconducting accelerator cavity. By compressing and expanding helium gas across a regenerative heat exchanger in a closed cycle, the cryocoolers produce cooling without letting the helium out. This closed-cycle operation of cryocool-ers makes our system very compact—more than the standard liquid helium cooling equipment used by traditional accelerator cavities.

Superconducting cavities are cru-cial components in particle accelerators, propelling the particle beam to higher energies by giving it an electromagnetic push. We used a 650-megahertz niobium cavity, and we all watched with pride as

the first successful results by our new method were delivered: an accelerator gradient of 6.6 million volts per meter. That is already sufficient for the applica-tions we have in mind, and still we know we can do better.

Superconducting cavities used in large accelerators are usually cooled to around 2 kelvins, colder than the 2.7 kel-vins (minus 455 degrees Fahrenheit) of outer space. The typical way to achieve this is by immersing the cavities in liq-uid helium and pumping on the helium to lower its pressure, and therefore its temperature. All of this requires large and complex cryogenic systems, a factor that severely limits the portability and therefore the potential applications of su-perconducting accelerators in industrial and other environments.

by Charles Thangaraj, science and technology manager, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, jtobin@fnal.gov

For the first time, a team at Fermilab has cooled and operated a superconducting radio frequency cavity—a crucial component of superconducting particle accelerators using cryogenic refrigerators—with cryocoolers, breaking the tradition of cooling cavities by immersing them in a bath of liquid helium. It achieved an accelerating gradient of 6.6 million volts per meter. Image: Marty Murphy

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org21

Our team broke this barrier by success-fully realizing a technique conceptualized by Fermilab physicist Bob Kephart, now retired. The technique proposed to make superconducting accelerators practical by 1) coating a thin layer of a material called niobium-tin to the inside of the niobium cavities, and 2) cooling the coated cavi-ties using cryocoolers via conduction links connecting the two. The cryocooler-cavity setup dispenses with a bath of cryogenic liquid and any need for a cryogenic plant to achieve superconductivity.

The demonstration also shows how this method could simplify superconduct-ing accelerators and make them accessible for broader needs beyond basic science: better pavements, wastewater treatment, medical device sterilization and advanced manufacturing.

Applying the scientific breakthroughs at Fermilab and transforming them to solve challenges outside fundamental sci-ence involves systematic entrepreneurial thinking—identifying an opportunity and asking and answering a whole host of questions to validate the opportunity. A great value in all of this is converting Department of Energy’s (DOE) invest-ment in science and technology into

innovation that could allow new industries to emerge. At Fermilab, we will continue to apply our frontier technologies for novel applications beyond discovery science. This major breakthrough is an exciting step in that direction, and we will continue to push the envelope.

……………………………………

The project is among three awarded funding by the DOE to improve accel-erator technologies across a wide range of applications. The DOE cited this group for “designing an economical, supercon-ducting radio frequency particle-acceler-ating structure capable of producing high power, high energy electron beams for environmental applications. A key to the accelerator’s economy is a new cryocool-ing technique, which will significantly sim-plify the conventional accelerator-cooling infrastructure that uses liquid helium. The partnership will design the accelerating structure and develop plans to demon-strate the operation of a prototype struc-ture using the cryocooling technique.”

This project is supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program at Fermilab. The work is also supported by the DOE Office of Science. ■

Celebrating the success of the first results from the conduction-cooling project are, from left: Michael Geelhoed, Ram Dhuley, Sam Posen and Charles Thangaraj. Image: Laura Rogas

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org22

First Magnet Installed for the ALPS II Experiment at DESY

The international Any Light Particle Search (ALPS) II collaboration installed the first of 24 superconducting magnets in mid-October, marking the start of the installa-tion of a unique particle physics experiment to look for dark matter. Located at DESY, the German research center in Hamburg, it is set to start taking data in 2021 by looking for dark matter particles that literally make light shine through a wall, thus provid-ing clues to one of the biggest questions in physics today: what is the nature of dark matter?

“It is very exciting to see the project that many of us have been working on for so many years finally taking shape in the tunnel,” Axel Linder, DESY’s ALPS-II spokesman, said. “When installation and commissioning proceed as planned we

will be able to start the search in the first half of 2021.”

Dark matter is one of the greatest mys-teries in physics. Observations and calcula-tions of the motion of stars in galaxies, for example, show that there must be more matter in the universe than we can account for with matter particles known today. In fact, dark matter must make up 85% of all the matter in the universe. However, we currently don’t know what it is. But we know that it does not interact with regular matter and is essentially invisible, so it is called “dark.”

There are several theories that try to explain the nature of dark matter and the particles it may consist of. One of these theories states that dark matter consists

of very lightweight particles with specific properties. An example is the axion, which was originally postulated to explain aspects of the strong interaction, one of the funda-mental forces of nature. There are also puz-zling astrophysical observations, such as discrepancies in the evolution of stellar sys-tems, which might also be explained by the existence of axions or axion-like particles.

This is where ALPS II comes in. It is designed to create and detect those axions. A strong magnetic field can make axions switch to photons and vice versa. “This bizarre property was already exploited in the initial ALPS I experiment which we ran from 2007 to 2010. Despite its limited size, it achieved the worldwide best sensitivi-ties for these kinds of experiments,” said Benno Willke, the leader of ALPS and the

Artist's impression of the ALPS II experiment. Image: DESY, Scicom Lab

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org23

laser development group at the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) and at the Institute for Gravitational Physics at Leibniz Universität of Hanover.

ALPS II is being set up in a straight tunnel section of DESY’s former particle physics accelerator HERA. Twenty-four superconducting accelerator magnets, twelve on either side of a wall, house two 120-meter-long optical cavities. A power-ful and intricate laser system produces light that is amplified by the cavity inside the magnetic field and will, to a very small fraction, convert into dark matter particles. A light-blocking barrier—a wall—separates the second compartment of ALPS II, but is no hurdle for axions and similar particles that can easily pass through it. In the sec-ond cavity dark matter particles would con-vert back into light. The tiny signal will be picked up by dedicated detection systems.

The more than 1,000-fold improve-ment in sensitivity of ALPS II is made

possible by the increased length of the magnet strings but also by significant advances in optical technologies. “These advances emerged from the work on gravitational wave interferometers such as GEO600 and LIGO, and nicely show how technological advances in one area enable progress in others,” said co-spokesperson Guido Mueller from the University of Florida in Gainesville.

ALPS II is also an example of recycling in research: it not only reuses a stretch of tunnel that once housed DESY’s flagship particle accelerator, but it also reuses the very magnets that drove protons around the ring until 2007. These magnets needed to be reengineered to fit the ALPS purposes: the slight bend needed in an accelerator ring had to be removed to allow photons to propagate through them.

The ALPS II collaboration consists of some 25 scientists from these insti-tutes: DESY, the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein

Institute) and the Institute for Gravitational Physics at Leibniz Universität of Hanover, the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, the University of Florida in Gainesville and Cardiff University. Beyond that, the col-laboration is supported by partners world-wide like the National Metrology Institute (PTB) in Germany and the US National Institute of Standards and Technology. The experiment is mainly funded by DESY, the Heising-Simons Foundation, the US National Science Foundation, the German Volkswagen Stiftung and German Research Foundation (DFG).

At DESY, ALPS II might be only the first experiment within a new stra-tegic approach to tackle dark matter. “International collaborations are pre-paring the IAXO experiment to search for axions emitted by the sun as well as the MADMAX detector, which will look directly for axions as constituents of the local dark matter surrounding us,” ex-plained Joachim Mnich, DESY’s director for particle physics. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org24

Phoenix Company of Chicago PkZ® System Advances RF Cable Density with Ease

The Phoenix Company of Chicago has developed a complete interconnect system for cryogenic-based quantum computing applica-tions featuring its patented PkZ technology.

The PkZ system, a drop-in upgrade to the existing RF interconnect set, includes all connections from external microwave cables through a hermetic header into each level of the cryostat down to the quantum processor. Semi-rigid CuNi cables transmit the RF signals to the processor, while the contact housings and hermetic header keeps lines organized, connected and properly thermalized.

The heart of this system is the blindmate constant impedance PkZ contact. Designed with optional embedded attenuation for mass interconnection, the system replaces thread-on SMA connectors and attenuators. The PkZ housings fit existing cryostat ports and contain up to 64 RF lines; effectively doubling the number provided by SMA in-stallations, while simplifying mating of all 64 lines with one plug-in operation.

All high density blindmate connectors feature slide-on contacts that often operate in challenging applications involving sys-tem tolerance stack-ups, which prevent the contacts from fully mating. With a typical contact, this mating gap alters the dielectric constant and ratio of conductors producing a

change in impedance that degrades signal in-tegrity. Thermal expansion and contraction within cryogenic systems further compli-cates these axial mating challenges. The PkZ contact has been designed to overcome these issues by providing constant impedance and uninterrupted electrical performance over axial mating tolerances commonly found in modular applications.

The chart depicts gated VSWR perfor-mance of a size 12 PkZ mated pair to 40 GHz at three stages of mating. The results are quite stable from full engagement to a separation of 0.070", making the PkZ an ideal solution for high density modular applications. With an axial mating tolerance up to 0.110”, PkZ contact technology is the primary choice for demanding modular applications.

The PkZ contact’s constant impedance performance facilitates a high density modular design greatly easing installation and mainte-nance. Semi-rigid cable assemblies are snapped into their housings and shipped as complete 64-line subassemblies ready for cryostat instal-lation on arrival. Likewise, all 64 lines (within a level) can be removed from the cryostat in one simple operation. This allows a cable or attenu-ator change to be performed on a stable work surface rather than in the confines of the cryo-stat itself. Once a subassembly is transferred from tank to table, cables can be replaced

freely in any sequence desired. Attenuator values (up to 30 dB) can be replaced without removing the cable assemblies from their housings. Innovative PkZ contact design and the use of specialized housings make these features possible.

The Phoenix Company’s quantum com-puting-focused designs and processes are highly adaptable. Established configurations can be modified to suit various cable types and cryogenic tanks or can be reconfigured to meet the requirements of other low tem-perature applications. US-based, in-house capabilities, along with a strong desire to serve customers, facilitates innovative solu-tions to meet specific program requirements.

For 50 years, The Phoenix Company of Chicago has reached success across a wide range of markets including telecom, medi-cal, defense and aerospace. Their custom housings and PkZ contacts can be found in numerous cellular base stations, highly sensitive MRI equipment, ruggedized military vehicles and commercial avion-ics systems, among others. The Phoenix Company of Chicago offers a wide range of flexibility and customization to customers by maintaining control of the entire pro-cess from design through manufacturing at their integrated facility in Naugatuck CT.http://phoenixofchicago.com ■

SPOTLIGHT ON A NEW CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)

VSWR performance of a size 12 PkZ mated pair to 40 GHz at three stages of mating. Image: The Phoenix Company of Chicago

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org26

Book Review: Low-Loss Storage and Handling of Cryogenic Liquids, 2nd Edition, by Bostock and Scurlock

The control of fire was one of mankind’s earliest achievements; the generation, under-standing and use of cold began only a few centuries ago. Developments were slow at first, but lately have increased rapidly and the comprehensive, practical text of the first book on low loss handling and storage from 2006 has already reached a second edition with valuable new material added. The over-all structure has been maintained, featuring clear contents pages listing headings and subtopics together with a useful index. Each chapter ends with a summary of the teach-ings and a reference list.

The first chapter, Introduction, con-tains a brief history of the Southampton University facility and early work with cryostats at the Clarendon Lab that led to the development of baffles utilizing the sensible heat of the evaporating cryogenic liquid. Definitions of single component liq-uid states follow, as well as the terminology used throughout the text.

Chapter 2, Evaporation of Cryogenic Liquids, deals with the modes of heat trans-fer within a fluid leading to evaporation. Understanding these modes, and the ac-companying instabilities often encountered, is an important part of the safe storage and handling of cryogenic liquids. The text gives a detailed account based on research and demonstration with a new section added on quasi-homogeneous nucleate boiling that leads to violent boiloff even when the liquid superheat is well below that required for homo-geneous nucleate evaporation to occur. Three possible initiators and an example of the dan-gerous phenomenon are included.

In Chapter 3, the heat flows into a cryogenic liquid, radiation, conduction and convection are examined in detail. The de-scription of the convective circulation in a liquid and thermodynamic approach to heat flows is supported by practical data on latent and sensible heats of cryogens. The distinc-tion of heat inflows between those directly into the liquid and those through the unwet-ted walls into the vapor is also covered, while

their importance and usefulness is explored in the next chapter.

Chapter 4, Insulation: The Reduction of A and B Heat Inflows, examines the practical methods of controlling heat leak into a cryo-genic system. There is a good description of the importance and use of vapor-cooled baffles that have shown spectacular results when used in conjunction with cryocoolers. New sections have been added to this chapter covering enhanced convective heat transfer and enhanced cooling of superconducting magnet current leads, as well as distributed cooling for cryocoolers.

More recent studies of the behavior of multicomponent liquid gases in storage and handling are analyzed in detail in Chapter 5. Differences in density and temperature of stratified components can lead to the phenomenon of rollover that can cause an extreme hazard in large storage situations. This chapter gives a thorough understanding of the causes of this dangerous situation and how it may be avoided and controlled.

New sections have been added on the be-havior of two layers of multicomponent liquid mixtures of different densities under isobaric and isochoric conditions. There is also a very

interesting account of the presence of low solu-bility impurities and the role of water and ice in jet fuel in the Boeing 777 accident at Heathrow.

Chapter 6 introduces the topic of han-dling and transfer of cryogenic liquids, in-cluding the important difference between subcooled liquids that behave similarly to water and those—near the boiling point and with the advent of two-phase flow—which do not. Techniques of minimizing flash loss and efficient cooldown are explained with ex-amples, along with safety advice on avoidance of excessive flash loss and pressure surges.

Chapter 7 continues with comments on the design and operation of low loss storage vessels and other containers and includes very pertinent advice on materials, joints and metal porosity—especially when the lat-ter is associated with thermal aging. This can avoid repeated expensive attempts to repair a system that no longer has material integrity. The designs of 12 different containments of varying scale are also discussed.

The final chapter is a valuable review of safe practices associated with the use and handling of cryogenic gases. Accidents have occurred, including fatalities, which could have been avoided with better knowledge. Reading this chapter and following its guid-ance is an excellent start to understanding and working safely with cryogenics.

This book successfully condenses years of experience and reflects both the satisfac-tion and practicality of working with lique-fied gases. ■

by Mike Garrett, former innovation director for BOC Group, mikegarrettmbe@gmail.com

eBook $91.78 suggested retail price

ISBN 978-3-030-10641-6

Hard Cover $115.99 suggested retail price

ISBN 978-3-030-10640-9http://2csa.us/iu

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org28

SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)

RegO Announces Major Expansion of Manufacturing Capabilities at its North Carolina Facility

RegO®, a leading provider of advanced valves and controls for liquid and gas in LPG, LNG, cryogenic and industrial gas industries, began a multimillion-dollar ex-pansion of its US manufacturing capacity at the company’s facility in Whitsett NC. RegO will upgrade several of its machining work centers with state-of-the-art equipment that will enhance operational efficiency and significantly increase machine throughput across its manufacturing lines.

The manufacturing line upgrade con-sists of four new machining stations: two automated gantry computer numerical control (CNC) lathe/saw/washer com-bination cells and two automated rotary transfer machines that incorporate several machining process steps to achieve high volume production of components from bar stock of brass and stainless steel, as well as forgings of brass, stainless steel and ductile iron without operators need-ing to manually change parts between different machines. The machines will

be installed in stages at RegO’s Whitsett manufacturing facility over the next eight months.

“RegO is committed to keeping our US manufacturing facilities at the cutting edge of efficiency, reliability and cost-effective operation,” said Mike Lucas, RegO CEO. “By replacing existing machinery with the new automated CNC machining cells, we’ll be able to double our throughput capacity for the parts made on that manufacturing line with a 60% increase in efficiency. With the new transfer machining stations for the high volume brass product line, we can in-crease production to more than five million parts per year with optimum overall equip-ment efficiency.”

RegO has manufactured gas control products since 1908, with pioneering gas control solutions that helped launch the LP gas industry. The company invented the MultiValve® that combined several valves into one, Chek-Lok®, MultiPort®, filler

valves, and pop action relief valves. Today, RegO is a global provider to the LPG, LNG, cryogenic and industrial gas industries, with distribution centers located around the world.

RegO products are manufactured in the US at four facilities in North Carolina using the highest quality materials, careful machining with exacting precision require-ments and stringent quality control—prod-ucts are tested for reliable performance and feature a 10-year warranty.

“While many other suppliers in our industry have chosen to move production offshore, RegO has continued our commit-ment to maintaining a world class manufac-turing capability here in the US,” explained Lucas. “This latest investment, together with the skill and experience of our manu-facturing team, gives our company the ability to deliver the highest quality parts for our customers at a competitive cost.”www.regoproducts.com ■

Employees celebrate RegO's major expansion of its US manufacturing capacity in Whitsett NC. Image: RegO

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org29

New Cryogenic Hardware and Software Technologies Improve Biorepositories

Cryogenics provides the basis for biorepository operations throughout the world. New cryogenic storage units, equipped with specialized inventory systems and robotic specimen manipula-tors, can now safely maintain biological specimens while alerting providers to any system malfunctions.

New hardware and software pack-ages offer more efficient cryogenic stor-age. Hardware robotic technology by TMRW has introduced automated robotic handling of frozen gametes and embryos to a large state-of-the-art liquid nitrogen storage unit from Brooks Lifesciences (Figure 1). As long as the chain of custody has been established during laboratory procedures, the specimen that is stored in the unit will be the specimen retrieved for the patient.

Another upgrade in cryogenic stor-age technology comes from software de-veloped by Kustodian. Their software automates tracking, tracing and process-ing of data collection for every specimen vial, in this case sperm preparations, for each individual patient. Using patented RFID labelling technology, the entire in-ventory of an individual storage dewar can be monitored whether in vapor phase or liquid nitrogen.

The messaging hub will tell users in which dewar the sample is stored and where in the dewar the sample is located. Each tube/vial or straw will have a glob-ally unique identity based on international GS1 labelling standards. The system also records dewar fluid level and identifies space for more samples.

Kustodian performs an audit every time the dewar cap is removed and re-placed by reading sample tags residing in that dewar. The audit takes seconds to complete, verifies expected outcome and reports anomalies. Graphic analysis

depicting the content of the dewar and sample status can drill down to a specific asset (straw, vial, etc.) to gather itemized data about the patient’s specimen. Data can be shared with laboratory informa-tion management systems as well as other business support systems to manage a storage billing cycle.

These examples of cryogenic hard-ware and information auditing software are sure to catch the attention of any bio-repository program storing invaluable pa-tient gametes and embryos or multistudy tissue samples for clinical research.

Learn more at www.tmrw.org, www.brookslifesciences.com/products/biostore-iii-190c-cryogenic-storage and www.kustodian.co.uk. ■

by Kenneth Drury, Clinical Embryology Specialists managing scientific director, kdrury40@gmail.com

Figure 1. TMRW robotic cryogenic storage system. Image: TMRW

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org30

Researchers Observe Exotic RadioactiveDecay Process

Researchers from the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (NSCL) at Michigan State University (MSU) and TRIUMF (CSA CSM), Canada’s national particle accelerator, have observed a rare nuclear decay. Namely, the team measured low kinetic energy protons emitted after the beta decay of a neutron-rich nucleus beryl-lium-11. The research team presented their results in an article recently published in Physical Review Letters.

An atomic nucleus with many more neutrons than protons is “neutron-rich” and unstable. It will get rid of excess neutrons to become stable through the beta decay process, a common phenomenon in atomic nuclei. In this process, the nucleus emits a beta particle and transforms a neutron into a proton, or a proton into a neutron.

Less common is proton emission fol-lowing beta decay of a neutron-rich nucleus. Beta-delayed proton emission, observed more than 40 years ago, typically occurs in proton-rich nuclei. For neutron-laden nuclei, it defies laws of energy to emit protons after beta decay unless the neutrons are loosely bound and essentially free. This condition may be fulfilled in so-called halo nuclei—one or two neutrons orbit the remaining core at a considerable distance.

“There are few neutron-rich nuclei for which the elusive proton emission following beta decay can happen,” said Yassid Ayyad, detector systems physicist at NSCL and part of the research team that observed the rare decay. "Beryllium-11 is the most promising one. It be-comes beryllium-10 after beta decay to boron-11 and the subsequent proton emission. The exotic radioactive decay we observed repre-sents a new challenge for the understanding of exotic nuclei, in particular for halo nuclei.”

The results of experiments at the Isotope mass Separator On-Line (ISOLDE) facility at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator (VERA) facility in Vienna indicate that the probabil-ity of the beta-delayed proton emission in a neutron-rich nucleus is unexpectedly high.

Researchers did not directly observe protons coming from the beryllium-11 decay, which led to speculations involv-ing an extremely exotic decay. Instead of emitting a proton, the halo neutron would be transformed into an undetectable dark matter particle: an unseen, seemingly hypo-thetical substance. It may consist of exotic particles that do not interact with normal matter or light but still exert a gravitational pull. Ayyad emphasized the significance of this speculation: “This scenario, if confirmed, would represent the first indirect observa-tion of dark matter.”

The ISOLDE/VERA team suggested another, less exotic explanation of the high decay rate. It involves a narrow resonance in boron-11 close to the energy threshold where the nucleus is allowed to emit a proton. This scenario is reminiscent of the discovery of the Hoyle state, an excited state of carbon-12 that is very close to the alpha-particle separation energy—the threshold about which the nu-cleus can emit an alpha particle (helium-4). Astronomer Fred Hoyle first proposed this state in 1954 to explain the production of carbon in stars.

“One of the most exciting outcomes of this work is that the proton emission pro-ceeds through a highly excited, narrow resonance state in the boron-11 nucleus,”

Ayyad said, thus confirming the “Hoyle-like” scenario involving the threshold resonance.

The team used the Active Target Time Projection Chamber (AT-TPC) de-veloped at NSCL to perform the experi-ment. This gas-filled detector has a very large detection probability and provides the energy of the particle with high accu-racy and precision. The detector delivers a three-dimensional image of the charged particles emitted in the beryllium-11 decay, including information about their energy. The TRIUMF Isotope Separator and Accelerator facility delivered a beryl-lium-11 beam. Experimenters implanted the beam in the middle of the detector to capture its decay modes. The beryllium-11 decayed into beryllium-10 and a proton, with a narrow energy distribution only 0.0013% of the time. The beryllium-10, to-gether with the decay proton, is thought to form a boron-11 nucleus with high ex-citation energy that exists during a brief period of time.

The AT-TPC and the intense rare-isotope beams provided by the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) (CSA CSM) at MSU will make it feasible to characterize this new resonance and find other, more exotic particle emitters. ■

Artist's depiction of the beta-delayed proton emission of beryllium-11 measured with the Active Target Time Projection Chamber, indicating the proton track. Image: National Superconducting

Cyclotron Laboratory

Yassid Ayyad, detector systems physicist at the NSCL at Michigan State University, is part of the research team that observed a rare decay in the exotic beryllium-11 nucleus. Image: National

Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org31

SPOTLIGHT ON A CORPORATE SUSTAINING MEMBER (CSA CSM)

Cryomech Breaks Ground onNew Manufacturing Facility

Cryomech, Inc. (CSA CSM) recently broke ground on a new 76,000-square-foot manufacturing facility in DeWitt NY. The custom-designed building will provide space for continued growth and innovation in the cryogenics industry.

The site sits on a 14-acre parcel that includes space for future expansion plans. Located just blocks away from its current location, the new building at 6682 Moore Road keeps Cryomech firmly rooted in the community that has supported its growth. It is also a con-tinued commitment to the success of its employees, customers and vendors, all of whom were an integral part of the search for a new location.

Cryomech has been headquartered in Syracuse since 1963 and has occupied the DeWitt location on Falso Drive since 1995. The company builds a wide range of customizable high performance cryocool-ers, helium management systems, custom cryostats and related products supporting customers in a wide range of scientific ap-plications.

The Cryomech campus is currently made up of three buildings; the new state-of-the-art facility will bring operations under one roof. The new facility is custom designed to streamline operations, increase capacity and meet the needs of customers.

Cryomech also plans to increase staff in R&D, manufacturing and administration. According to the current build schedule, the

company hopes to be in the new facility by the end of 2020.

During her speech at the groundbreak-ing ceremony, Kelly Wypych, Cryomech president and CEO, said, “Today stands for more than simply putting shovels into the ground. Today represents our commit-ment to our customers in over 50 countries on all seven continents, most of whom are pioneering groundbreakers in ultra low temperature technology and research. It represents our commitment to this region, which has always been our home, and is the ground that we want to stand on. It rep-resents our commitment to growing local jobs and to maintaining our position as a groundbreaking provider of cryogenic tech-nology.” www.cryomech.com ■

Breaking ground on new 76,000 sq/ft facility in DeWitt NY. Image: Cryomech

Cold Facts Buyer’s Guide is the place to find suppliers in every area of cryogenics and superconductiv-ity. These are our new Corporate Sustaining Members and new sup-pliers added to the Buyer’s Guide since the last issue of Cold Facts. Find it online at csabg.org.

New Suppliers

Brugg Rohrsysteme GmbH

Flexible single and double-walled pipe systems: helical cor-rugated flexible pipes for cryogenic applications, cryogenic flexible vacuum insulated pipes for all cryo-genic gases in the range of 1/4 inch to 4 inch. Larger pipes can be pro-duced on request.

*CoolCAD Electronics

A leading electrical test (cur-rent-voltage, capacitance-voltage, noise, transients, etc.) and compact modeling (spice) service provider for companies and agencies fabricating and/or designing electronics for op-eration at low temperatures.

Magnetic Shield Corporation

Specializes in engineering, fab-ricating, and testing of custom mag-netic shields and rooms. Cryo-Netic® is an alloy specifically engineered to perform at cryogenic temperatures. Also: Ambient temperature shield-ing using Co-Netic® and Mu-Metal® alloys.

S&S Valve Co., Ltd.

Cryogenic, high temperature, and high pressure valves and con-trol valves, including ball, gate and butterfly valves, globe and check, Thomson and safety valves.

*Spectrum Specialty Valves

Custom flow control valves and pressure relief devices to con-trol gaseous and liquid fluids (LOX, LN2, LH2, LNG, GOX, Gn2, GH2, and CNG) for operation in severe envi-ronments.■

*CSA CSM

Look who's NEW in theCold Facts Buyer's Guide

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org33

Vacuum specialist Leybold presented its product solutions for the development, manufacturing and testing of spacecraft, sat-ellites and space-related technologies at Space Tech Expo Europe in Bremen, Germany, in November. They offer a wide range of stan-dardized and specific system solutions with integrated fore vacuum and high vacuum pumps individually tailored to respective requirements.

A major application is the simulation and testing of electrical space propulsion systems for spacecrafts. For this purpose, ionized gas particles are accelerated by an electric field. Modern ion engines generate a gas flow of 0.1 to 10 mg/s. In order to maintain a good high vacuum at this considerable flow rate in the test chambers, a very high suction capac-ity is required, often in the range of 10,000 to 100,000 l/s. The experimental chamber systems required to produce the space condi-tions exist in all sizes: from a few liters for the testing of small objects such as printed circuit boards to several thousand cubic meters for proving space travel capabilities of space-ships.

The noble gas xenon is the heaviest sta-ble noble gas and is used, in most cases, for ion engines due to the high resulting thrust. However, the advantage of a large drive mass is a great challenge for vacuum pumps. One

of the reasons is the poor thermal conductivity of xenon gas, which leads to critical tempera-ture increases in gas transfer vacuum pumps such as turbomolecular pumps. In addition, many large turbomolecular pumps would be required to achieve the required high pump-ing speeds.

Leybold has developed an optimized and simple cryogenic solution for xenon pump-ing. The strong single-stage cold heads of the Gifford-McMahon type carry metal discs that condense the xenon gas with a pumping speed at the edge of the theoretical limit.

Since it is necessary to reach a final pres-sure in the range of 5-10 Pa, far below the process pressure, before operating an ion engine, these applications also require a cor-respondingly powerful system of pre- and high vacuum pumps in order to remove residual gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, etc. Proper instruments must control the pressure throughout the testing process. Leybold pro-vides all the necessary technology, as well as technical consultancy, calculation and design of the systems, from a single source.

The demand for such vacuum test chambers increases as the number of xenon ion engines for different space missions rises. Flexibility and time-to-market is the key factor for the success of these missions. ■

Leybold Supplies Space Simulation Technology

UNIVEX vacuum space simulation chamber. Image: Leybold

Jobs inCryogenics

Cryogenic Engineer–Commonwealth Fusion Systems

Cryogenic Engineer–Technifab

Cryogenic Mechanical Engineer-National Resource Management, LLC

Mechanical Engineer–HPD

Quality Engineer–Lake Shore Cryotronics

Research Faculty I–National High Magnetic Field Laboratory

Research Scientist-PowerPollen

Sample Environment Experimental Physicist – Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Staff Engineer FRIB/NSCL-Continuing–Facility for Rare Isotope Beams

Job openings from CSA Sustaining Members and others in the cryogenic community are included online, with recent submissions listed above. Visit http://2csa.us/jobs to browse all current openings or learn how to submit your company’s cryogenic job to our list of open positions. Listings are free for Corporate Sustaining Members.

www.cryocoax.com

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org82

KEK, the high energy accelerator re-search organization and laboratory in Japan, has published a document presenting rec-ommendations for the International Linear Collider (ILC), a next-generation particle physics project. The document, based on a report by the International Working Group on the ILC, details some important consid-erations for the implementation of the ILC project.

In May, KEK established the International Working Group on the ILC to discuss project issues such as international cost sharing for construction and operation, organization and governance of the ILC Laboratory and sharing of the remaining technical preparation. The Working Group consisted of two members from Europe, two members from North America and three members from Asia, including Japan. They held five meetings in a four-month period and delivered their report to KEK, which summarized their conclusions. KEK then scrutinized the report and published a document entitled “Recommendations on ILC Project Implementation.”

Summary of Recommendations on ILC Project Implementation

The cost of the construction of the ILC accelerator complex is mainly divided into three categories, the sharing of which is proposed for each category as follows: Civil engineering will be a responsibility of the host state. Accelerator components will be provided by all member states. The ILC Laboratory will manage construc-tion of conventional facilities and the host state will provide a significant part of the conventional facilities. The operational cost should be shared among member states, and should be agreed upon before the con-struction begins.

In the main preparatory phase of the project, a preparatory laboratory (Pre-Lab) will be established based on a mutual un-derstanding of the laboratories around the world and with the consent of their respective governmental authorities. The

Pre-Lab will coordinate the preparatory tasks needed before the construction of the ILC and assist the intergovernmental nego-tiations, which are expected to take place in parallel. KEK will play a central role as the host laboratory of the Pre-Lab. After an in-tergovernmental agreement on the ILC, the Pre-Lab is expected to transition into a full ILC Laboratory. The ILC Laboratory will be responsible for the construction and opera-tion of the ILC accelerator complex.

A technical preparation plan is pre-sented in response to reports by ILC Advisory Panel, organized by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) and the Science Council of Japan. The plan identifies tech-nical tasks to be carried out through inter-national collaboration. Based on current expertise present in laboratories around the world, potential partners for international cooperation are proposed.

About the ILCThe Linear Collider Collaboration is an

international endeavor that brings together about 2,400 scientists and engineers from more than 300 universities and laboratories in 49 countries and regions. Consisting of two linear accelerators that face each other,

the ILC will accelerate and collide elec-trons and their anti-particles, positrons. Superconducting accelerator cavities op-erating at temperatures near absolute zero energize particles until they collide in the detectors at the center of the machine.

At the height of operation, bunches of electrons and positrons will collide roughly 7,000 times per second at a total collision energy of 250 GeV (half the en-ergy of the original design to make the project more cost effective and less time consuming), creating a surge of new par-ticles that are tracked and registered in the ILC’s detectors. Each bunch will contain 20 billion electrons or positrons concen-trated into an area much thinner than that of a human hair.

This system yields a very high collision rate. The high luminosity, when combined with the very precise interaction of two point-like colliding particles that annihilate each other, will allow the ILC to deliver a wealth of data to scientists that will enable the properties of particles, such as the Higgs boson, recently discovered at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, to be measured precisely. It could also shed light on new areas of physics such as dark matter. ■

KEK Publishes the International Working Group’s Recommendations for International Linear Collider

Artist's rendering of ILC. Image: Rey Hori/KEK

www.lakeshore.com

www.kiutra.com/gomagnetic

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org85

Woman Hospitalized, Loses Gallbladder after Drinking Liquid Nitrogen at Florida Hotel

A woman is suing The Don CeSar Hotel in St. Pete Beach FL after allegedly being served liquid nitrogen in her drinking water, causing her to be rushed to the hospital for an emergency gallbladder and partial stom-ach removal. Stacey Wagners filed the suit on October 11, nearly a year after the incident took place.

Wagners’ claim states that she and a friend were celebrating her birthday at the hotel’s Maritana Grille on November 11, 2018, when they witnessed a waiter pour liquid nitrogen onto another guest’s dessert to prompt a smoking effect. After stating that the smoke “looked cool,” the waiter poured some into each of their water glasses.

Wagner drank the mixture and fell “gravely ill within seconds,” according to her attorney, Adam Brum, in an interview with People. She reportedly began throw-ing up and requesting medical aid from staff

and customers immediately. An ambulance was called and she was transported to a nearby hospital where a cholecystectomy was performed to remove her gallbladder. Subsequent investigation of Wagner’s GI tract revealed that areas of her stomach had also been burned beyond repair and needed removal. Her suit claims that she will have digestion issues for the remainder of her life.

In an interview with NBC News, Wagner claims she was unaware of the

dangers presented by liquid nitrogen. “Of course I didn’t think it was dangerous at all; he had just poured it on a dessert.” After consuming the mixture, she knew differently. “There was an explosion in my chest,” she said. “I couldn’t speak. I felt like I was dying.”

While the FDA lists liquid nitrogen as non-toxic, it warns in a 2018 release that the cryogen can cause “serious injury from eating, drinking or handling food products prepared by adding liquid nitrogen at the point of sale, immediately before consump-tion.” Like the Cryogenic Society of America, they go on to warn consumers of the dan-gers of similar cryogenic trends in products like “Dragon’s Breath” ice cream and “nitro puff” desserts and advise customers avoid the dangers altogether.

The Don CeSar Hotel has declined to comment pending litigation. ■

The Don CeSar Hotel. Image: doncesar.com

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org86

CONFERENCE CONNECT

Conference chair Dr. Wolfgang Stautner, principle engineer in biology and applied physics, cryogenics and su-perconductive magnet applications at GE, welcomed attendees to the International Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications held at the GE Center for Global Research. The meeting took place October 14-17 in Niskayuna NY. This was the third bian-nual international conference. Previously, the event was in Matsue, Japan, in 2015 and Karlsruhe, Germany, in 2017.

Stautner had the following comments:

We feel there is a continuous need to proactively shape the cryogenics for up-coming high temperature superconductor applications, both small- and large-scale systems, like MRI/NMR, tokomaks or the renewable and power electronics industry.

To achieve the goals for reliable cooling, we need to develop dedicated components, pumps, valves, refrigeration systems, cool-ers and cooling strategies, as well as safety procedures.

As we will see from talks on recent advances in this field of engineering, op-erating at 20 K or higher, replacing helium as a coolant entirely changes the cryogenic design envelope as we know it.

As a research center, we at GE are obliged to anticipate future technolo-gies and to increase technical readiness levels by closing existing technology gaps. This workshop lays the ground-work for further mutual collabora-tions and fruitful exchange of ideas.

Conference topics range from cryo-cooler developments, cooling of power

cables and electrical drive trains for the aerospace industry and ship propulsion to progress in renewables and the most recent high temperature superconductor developments.

Principal speakers include Jim Bray, chief scientist of electromagnetics at GE Research; Venkat Selvamanickham, pro-fessor at the University of Houston; Swarn Kalsi, Kalsi Green Power Systems, Inc.; Steffen Grohmann, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Yasuharu Kamioka, ColdTech Associates; Sastry Pamidi, CAPS associate director, professor of electrical en-gineering and chair of the ECE Department at Florida State University; Jonathan Demko, professor of mechanical engineer-ing at LeTourneau University; Marcel ter Brake, University of Twente; Tabea Arndt from KIT and Michael Parizh, principal sci-entist at GE Research.

3rd International Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications

Attendees of 3rd International Workshop on Cooling Systems for High Temperature Superconductor Applications. Image: GE Research

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org87

My thanks go to our partners, the Cryogenic Societies of America, Japan, Europe, the UK and India, the cryogenic engineering conference board, the in-dustry sponsors and the GE conference center.

We welcome colleagues not only from the US but also from 13 coun-tries: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Germany, India, Japan, Korea, Russia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Turkey and the UK. Attendees are among the world’s most important experts, chief technolo-gists and CEOs in HTS technology, fusion technology, cryogenic cooling, hydrogen infrastructure, vacuum technology and thermal insulation.

The program begins with a brief over-view of GE’s activities and past and present work in superconductivity and continues with typical HTS applications and the most recent state of HTS conductor development, followed by further progress in cooling technologies.

For a complete collection of presentations, visit http://2csa.us/io.

First Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer Conference Held in the Netherlandsby Dr. Srinivas Vanapalli , s.vanapalli@utwente.nl

The Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer conference, the first topical conference on the subject, was hosted by the Dr. Srinivas Vanapalli’s Applied Thermal Sciences lab at University of Twente in the Netherlands on November 4-5, 2019.

The CHMT 2019 technical program consisted of 37 presentations addressing fundamental and applied topics including boiling, droplet evaporation, condensation, sloshing, cryogenics for aviation, cryogenic heat pipes, two-phase flow, liquid hydro-gen storage, cooling of superconducting systems, applied cryogenics in life sciences, cryoablation, food freezing, gas-gap heat transfer, cryocooler and cryogenics in elec-tron microscopy.

Monday evening’s social event started with a gala dinner and dance and included an evening lecture on whole body cryo-therapy and cryostimulation by Professor Benoit Dugue.

To encourage young researchers to present their work, a session was held where each speaker had three minutes to pitch their research using a maximum of three slides. This was followed by a poster session.

This event was fully booked with a total of 74 attendees—mostly European with a few from Korea and North America. The delegates were from various academic and industrial entities includ-ing CSA CSMs Air Liquide, CryoVac and Demaco Holland.

More information about the 2019 Cryogenic Heat and Mass Transfer conference, including copies of presentations, can be found at http://2csa.us/in. ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org88

The Cryogenics Society of Europe, the High Energy Physics net-work and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, in collabora-tion with the European Spallation Source, held the 2019 European Cryogenics Days on October 7-8 in Lund, Sweden.

The workshop started with the annual meeting of the Cryogenics Society of Europe, followed by two days of plenary talks, a poster session and an industrial exhibition concern-ing many aspects of cryogenics. A tour of the European Spallation Source, currently under construction in Lund, and a social program were included in the activities. A significant amount of time was built into the program to allow attendees to meet informally and to view the industrial exhibition.

The technical program consisted of 18 talks and 19 posters. The program included both descriptions of engineering designs and fundamental research in cryogenics and su-perconductivity. Talks included “Cryogenics for the ESS Sample Environment,” “Cryogenic Supply for the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research,” “State of the Art in HTS Superconductors” and “Cryogenics for Experimental Cosmology.”

Poster presentations included “Cryogenic System Design for HiAF Linac,” “The Development of a High Efficiency Two-Stage Stirling-Type Pulse Tube Cryocooler” and “Elusive Transition to the Ultimate Regime of Turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard Convection.”

A total of 121 attendees and 17 indus-trial exhibitors attended the workshop.

While the majority of attendees were European, there was also significant atten-dance from China and North America.

More information about the 2019 European Cryogenics Days, including cop-ies of presentations, can be found at: https://indico.esss.lu.se/event/1176/ ■

Celebrating Cryogenics at European Cryogenics Days 2019by J. G. Weisend II, Group Leader, Deputy Head of Accelerator Projects - European Spallation Source, JohnG.WeisendII@esss.se

Presenters and attendees at the 2019 European Cryogenics Days. Image: R. Ericksson–ESS

John G. Weisend II presenting on behalf of host ESS. Image: ESS

www.chartindustries.com

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org91

Product ShowcaseThis Product Showcase is open to all companies and related manufacturers offering new or improved products for cryogenic applications. We invite companies to send us short releases (75 words or fewer) with high resolution JPEGs of their products. editor@cryogenicsociety.org

THERMONICS CORP.LN2-cooled fluid chiller

Thermonics has launched a new low temperature process chiller that cools Novec 7100 fluid down to -90˚ C at an af-fordable price. The new chiller uses the cooling power of liquid nitrogen to provide

a thermal capacity of 25 kW in a small 2’ x 2.5’ x 5.5’ frame.

Pump capacity is 5 GPM at 50 psi, and the chiller is configured with a state-of-the-art controller with touch screen, graphing, data logging and remote Ethernet communications capability. http://thermonics-chillers.com ■

WEB INDUSTRIESMultilayer Insulation (MLI)

Web Industries custom designs MLI blankets to fit complex satellite and other spacecraft geometries and manufactures them using automated cutting systems that provide consistency and reliability. 3D models are converted into flat patterns for thermal insulation blankets that are de-livered with integrated snaps, grommets, fasteners and other sewn features directly to the launch pad for easy installation. Vendor-managed inventory services re-duce the need for spacecraft manufacturers

to stock various MLI components on site allowing spacecraft manufacturers to issue a single PO per order, instead of multiple POs for different vendors.www.webindustries.com ■

attocube systemsattoDRY800

attoDRY800, attocube’s optical closed-cycle cryostat, constitutes a flexible platform for quantum optics experiments with un-obstructed optical access. In contrast to any other product on the market, its coldplate is directly integrated into an optical table. Freely

configurable vacuum shrouds for reflection and transmission experiments, combined with a range of patented low temperature positioners, scanners and cryogenic apochro-matic objectives enable a multitude of ex-periments, ranging from photoluminescence measurements and Raman spectroscopy to high pressure experiments combined with optics. www.attocube.com ■

CRYO FIELDSLiquid Nitrogen Containers

Cryo Fields is a high- and new-tech en-terprise that specializes in R&D, manufac-turing and selling liquid nitrogen tanks. The tanks are made of high strength, lightweight aluminum alloy that contain multilayer in-sulation to make them safe, lightweight and efficient.

With 15 years of experience, Cryo Fields products are sold in more than 30 countries. www.cryofields.com ■

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org92

People, Companies in CryogenicsAt the recent Annual General Meeting

of the Cryogenics Society of Europe held in Sweden, Dr. Beth Evans, Chair of the British Cryogenics Council, and Cryogenics Group Leader at the Joint European Taurus (JET) at Culham, was elected to the CSE Board. Evans graduated in physics before earning a PhD from the Institute of Cryogenics at the University of Southampton. She worked in cryogenics while a student at CERN and later worked at AS Scientific and the ISIS Neutron Source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory before moving to Culham.

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Chart Industries, Inc. (CSA CSM) and Energy Capital Vietnam (ECV) signed a Memorandum of Understanding to promote the distribution of liquefied natural gas within Vietnam, with Chart supplying the downstream equipment into ECV’s terminal projects. ECV, a Vietnam-focused project development and asset management company, works closely with Vietnam’s Office of the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the key authoritative body that oversees the energy sector. With a popu-lation of nearly 100 million, the country’s total LNG demand is estimated to reach 10 million tons per year by 2030, much of which is expected to be via US imports.

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TOMCO2 Systems has hired Chris Schmoeckel as vice president of CryoSystems. Schmoeckel spent 18 years with Chart Industries, where he most re-cently held the role of President-Americas. He holds a bachelor of science in mechani-cal engineering from the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities and a master of science in management of technology from the University of Minnesota-Technological Leadership Institute.

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The US Department of Energy an-nounced a plan to provide $100 million over the next four years for new experimen-tal and theoretical research in high energy physics. Research is expected to focus on such topics as the Higgs boson, neutrinos, dark matter and dark energy in an effort to

advance knowledge of the universe at the most fundamental level and is expected to include experimental work on neutrinos at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (CSA CSM), the search for dark matter with the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment one mile below the Black Hills of South Dakota (see article on page 16), the analysis of observa-tory data relating to dark energy and the expansion of the universe and investigation of data from proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

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Acme Cryogenics has hired Jim Daly as Cryogenic Sales Engineer in San Diego. He will be responsible for support-ing existing customers and adding new cus-tomers to the expanding vacuum jacketed piping

business. Daly received his mechanical engineering degree from Virginia Tech University. Previously, he was a technical sales engineer at Diakont, FLW, Inc. and Mersen USA.

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The International Society of Cryosurgery (ISC) held its elections at the 20th World Congress of the ISC in Haifa, Israel, in early September. Dr. Yeuyong Xiao was elected 21st president of ISC with vice presidents Dr. Yaron Har-Shai and Dr. Oleksiy Dronov. Executive mem-bers of the ISC Board of Governors are Dr. Lizhi Niu, Dr. Sutedja Barlian, Dr. Chengli Li, Dr. Juana Elida Mauro, Dr. Eisuke Fukuma, Dr. Patrick Le Pivert, Dr. Alexey V. Chazhao, Dr. Christos C. Zouboulis, Dr. Juozas Prusinskas, Dr. Hiroaki Nomori, Dr. Andrew Williams, Dr. Yoed Rabin and Dr. Israel Barken. Esther Law Poh and Dr. Hongwu Wang were elected as secretary generals with Dr. Xiaofeng He as secretary. http://is-cryosurgery.com

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The American Physical Society (APS) has awarded Mikhail Eremets the 2020 James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials. Eremets, a researcher at the

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry was honored “for pioneering studies of hy-drides, a new family of high Tc materials, and for the discovery of sulfur hydrides with record value of Tc.” Along with his colleagues, he discovered high tempera-ture superconductivity in hydrogen sul-fide with the critical temperature of 203 K (-70° Celsius), and then in other hydrides up to the record value of 250 K (-23° Celsius) in lanthanum hydride.

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The CERN Council has selected Fabiola Gianotti as the organization’s next director-general, for her second term of office. The appointment will be formalized at the December session of the Council; Gianotti’s new five-year term of office will begin on January 1, 2021. This is the first time in CERN’s history that a Director-General has been appointed for a full second term.

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Yingzhe “Roger” Wu started a new position as Hydrogen Technology and Cryogenic Engineer at FTXT Energy Technology Co., Ltd., responsible for re-search and development tasks including analysis of novel hydrogen liquefier and re-fueling stations and liquefaction devices for laboratorial use. Wu will also contribute to the development of the Chinese hydrogen refueling protocol for passenger vehicles and help provide standards in Chinese codes related to hydrogen.

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On November 7, a liquid nitrogen leak at the University of Pennsylvania’s Chemistry Building caused a chemical spill alarm to sound, leading to an evacuation. Investigations identified a ruptured supply line leading into the building. The supply tank was shut down and repairs were made on the pipe. A joint operation between Penn Police, the university’s Division of Public Safety, Fire and Emergency Services and the Environmental Health and Radiation Safety departments evacuated the building, identified the issue and repaired the equip-ment in half an hour following established emergency procedures.

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Image: Acme Cryogenics

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org93

Meetings& EventsCSA regrets to report that Dorothea

Frederking, widow of the first CSA Fellow, T.H.K Frederking, has died. She was a founder and generous contributor

to the T.H.K. Frederking Space Cryogenics Workshop Student Scholarship. A memorial service was held February 2 at Harleshausen Cemetery in Kassel, Germany.

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Fermilab’s Martina Martinello and Yuriy Pischalnikov have received the DOE Office of Science’s Accelerator Stewardship Awards for their high performance, me-dium velocity superconducting cavities for linear hadron accelerators. The results of this R&D will directly reduce the size and cost of superconducting accelerators, such as Fermilab’s PIP-II accelerator or Michigan State University’s Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (CSA CSM), benefiting both discov-ery science and medicine. Winners also in-clude Fermilab’s Ram Dhuley and Charles Thangaraj (see article on page 20).

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LNG Global reports that the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approved four LNG export projects on November 21. The approvals include three Brownsville Ship Channel projects under Texas LNG Brownsville, the Annova LNG Common

Infrastructure project, NextDecade Corp’s new Rio Grande LNG site and Rio Bravo Pipeline and Corpus Christi’s Stage 3 LNG Project in Texas. Each of these projects has a pending application with the US Department of Energy to export LNG to non-Free Trade Agreement countries.

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Lydall, Inc., parent company of Lydall Performance Materials (CSA CSM), has ap-pointed Sara A. Greenstein president and chief executive officer. She will succeed Dale G. Barnhart, who will be retiring after more than 12 years. Greenstein has exten-sive operational expertise and ability to lead large, multifaceted global organizations.

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Kelvin Technologies, Inc. (CSA CSM) will be discontinuing their US operations in 2020. We thank them for their dedicated contributions to both CSA and the cryogenic industry at large.

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The Society for Cryobiology held elec-tions in November. Greg Fahy has become the president-elect while Steve Mullen and James Benson have been elected treasurer and secretary, respectively. Three governors have also been elected: Yuksel Agca, Dani Ballesteros and Harriette Oldenhof.

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India’s Goodwill Cryogenics has produced and shipped the first-ever “Cryo-Founders Calendar.” Dr. Vinod Chopra, Goodwill’s founder, designed it as a tribute to 12 legends of cryogenics. Each month features a different leader in the field with a short bio and list of notable achievements. Included in this group are some familiar faces like William Gifford, founder of Cryomech (CSA CSM) and namesake of CSA’s William E. Gifford award. Calendars are free of charge with payment of postage from India. For more information, contact sales@goodwillcryogenics.com ■

2020 International Workshop on Nb3Sn SRF Science, Technology, and ApplicationsMarch 30-April 1, 2020Ithaca NYhttp://2csa.us/ip

8th European Space Cryogenics Workshop April 15-17, 2020Noordwijk, The Netherlandshttp://2csa.us/iq

7th International Conference on Superconductivity and Magnetism– ICSM2020April 19-25, 2020Milas-Bodrum, Turkeyhttp://2csa.us/ih

Space Tech Expo & ConferenceMay 18-20, 2020Long Beach CAhttp://2csa.us/ij

International Cryocooler Conference ICC21June 15-18, 2020Orlandohttp://2csa.us/ij

Neutrino 2020 June 21-27, 2020Chicagohttp://2csa.us/ht

ASC 2020June 28-July 3, 2020Tampahttp://2csa.us/ig

CRYO2020–Society for CryobiologyJuly 21-24, 2020Chicagohttp://2csa.us/im

IIR Rankine 2020 Conference–Advances in Cooling, Heating and Power GenerationJuly 26-29, 2020Glasgow, Scotlandhttp://2csa.us/ik

Advancements in Thermal Management conferenceAugust 6-7, 2020Denverhttp://2csa.us/is

29th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics August 15-22, 2020Sapporo, Japanhttp://2csa.us/ha

Dr. Traugott H. K. Frederking and his wife,Dorothea, with the certificate naming him the first CSA Fellow.

Cold Facts | December 2019 | Volume 35 Number 6 cryogenicsociety.org94

Index of Advertisers

Acme Cryogenics, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11AF Cryo/Fabrum Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87American Magnetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Chart Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Cryo Industries of America.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Cryo Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front CoverCryoco LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27CryoCoax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Cryocomp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Cryoconnect, Div of Tekdata Interconnections Ltd. . . . . . 32Cryofab, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back CoverCryogenic Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Cryogenic Machinery Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Cryomech, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Back CoverCryoWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Gardner Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19gasworld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31HPD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32He Is For Helium, a book by John Weisend . . . . . . . . . . . 13HSR AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27International Cryogenics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Janis Research Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27kiutra GmbH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Lake Shore Cryotronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Linde Cryogenics, Division of Linde Engineering

North America Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Back CoverMagnatrol Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Master Bond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Meyer Tool & Mfg., Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89PHPK Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inside Front CoverRegO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85SGD Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14STAR Cryoelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Sumitomo SHI Cryo America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Technifab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Tempshield Cryo-Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Vacuum Barrier Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Vacuum Energy, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12WEKA AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17West Warwick Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 & 25

Cold Facts is the official technical magazine of The Cryogenic Society of America, Inc. 218 Lake Street • Oak Park IL 60302-2609Phone: 708-383-6220 Ext. 302 • Fax: 708.383.9337Email: csa@cryogenicsociety.org • Web: cryogenicsociety.org A non-profit technical society serving all those interested in any phase of cryogenicsSSN 1085-5262 • CSA-C-3895 • December 2019 Printed in USA

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