2016 National History Day Annotated Bibliography

7/24/2019 2016 National History Day Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES

$5,580,000,000 Bill Keeps Marshall Aid Flowing to Western Europe. Perf. President Harry S. Truman. British

Path, 1947. Online.

Annotation: This newsreel $5,580,000,000 Bill Keeps Marshall Aid Flowing to Western Europe British

Path shows President Truman signing the European Recovery Program, later known as the Marshall

Plan. I have used this newsreel the the Implementation page of my website, and it is used to make my

website more interactive for the viewer.

Abelshauser, Werner. German Economic Historian. "Foreign aid was not crucial in starting the recovery or in

keeping it going.".

Annotation: This is a quote by German Economic Historian Werner Abelshauser, which reads:

"Foreign aid was not crucial in starting the recovery or in keeping it going.". I have used this source at

the Criticism page of my website. As said in my process paper, in every page of the website, I have

used a quote to give a reader an interesting perspective on the pages topic.

Acheson, Dean, Present at the Creation: My Years at the State Department, New York: Norton, 1969, Print.

Annotation: Dean Acheson was Secretary of State under President Truman. His book details his time in

office, including the period before, during and after implementation of the Marshall Plan. This book

helped me understand how necessary the primary authors of the Plan felt it was. It gave me historical

context and assisted in understanding the US perspective at the time.

The Austrian Delegation Sign an Agreement regarding Economic Cooperation between Austria and the United

States under the Marshall Plan. 1948. Centre Virtuel De La Connaissance De L'Europe (CVCE), Paris.

Austria Signs Marshall Plan Agreement. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.


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Annotation: This image shows Austrian Vice-Chancellor Adolf Schrf, Austrian Foreign Minister Karl

Gruber, and U.S. Ambassador to Austria John George Erhardt, signing an agreement regarding

economic cooperation between Austria and the United States under the Marshall Plan on the 2nd of

July 1948. I used this image on the Reaction, Soviet Rejection and Negotiations page(s) of my website,

and this image shows the success of the Marshall Plan negotiations.

Artist, Unknown. Der Marshallplan, Hilft Europa. Marshall Plan aid packages. West Germany. George C.

Marshall Foundation. 1948 to 1951. Poster presentation.

Annotation: This is a West German Poster called "Der Marshallplan, Hilft Europa"(The Marshall

Plan, helping Europe), with the labeling used on Marshall Plan aid packages. I used this poster on the

Homepage of my website, and it represents West German cooperation with the Economic Cooperation

Administration (ECA) during the Marshall Plan.

A Truck Furnished through the Marshall Plan Is Loaded with Plasma. 1949. Dutch National Archives, The

Netherlands. Marshall Plan Aid. Web

Annotation: This image shows a Marshall plan truck loaded with plasma in the Netherlands. I used this

image on the Implementation page of my website, and this image shows the kind of aid is covered

through the Marshall Plan.

Author Unknown."Sixteen in a Circle."Pravda 1947: n. pag. Print.

Annotation: This Soviet political cartoon depicts American actions through the Marshall Plan, where

16 western European leaders somewhat worship a statue of George C. Marshall in the likings of the

Statue of Liberty but instead of of holding a torch, the statue is holding a bag/sack of money. This

political cartoon was published in the Soviet Magazine Pravda, and I used this political cartoon on the

Criticism page of my website. This cartoon helped me understand how the Soviet Union felt about the

U.S. foreign policy actions through the Marshall Plan.

Author Unknown. "Where To?" TRUMAN DOCTRINE CARTOON. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Aug. 2015.


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Annotation: This political cartoon illustrates that the Truman Doctrine aid countries fighting against

communism. I have used this political cartoon on the Truman Doctrine page of my website, and this

political cartoon helped me understand the shift in U.S. foreign policy during that time.

Author Unknown. Food Supply Unloaded in Le Havre, France, from the US"Friendship Cargo" as Part of the

US Aid to Europe. 18 december 1947. George C. Marshall Foundation, Le Havre, France.

Bernard-Henri Levy: A Marshall Plan. Web. 5 Sept. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows food supplies are unloaded in Le Havre, France, from the US

"Friendship Cargo" as part of the US aid to Europe during the Marshall Plan. I have used this image in

the implementation page of my website, and this image helped me understand how basic supplies, such

as food, were much sought after during the post war period.

Belair, Felix, Jr."Truman Acts to Save Nations From Red Rule."New York Times [New York City] 12 Mar.

1947: n. pag. Print.

Annotation: This was the headline on the New York Times for its newspaper on the 12 Mar. 1947. I

have used this source on the Truman Doctrine page of my website, and this headline provides the

viewer with the reaction of the Truman Doctrine during that time.

Berlin Emergency Program with [the] Marshall Plan. 1948. German Federal Archives, Stuttgart. Marshall Plan

(1948). Web. 25 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This is a image of a worker in the foreground and a poster in the background in West

Berlin, which reads:"Berlin emergency program with [the] Marshall Plan". I have used this image on

the Homepage of my website, and helped me understand how Marshall Plan aid was used.

Bevin, Ernest. British Secretary of State.A lifeline to sinking men". 1947

Annotation: This is a quote was used on the Reaction, Soviet Rejection and Negotiations page of my

website. Ernest Bevin was the former British Secretary of State and a staunch anti communist, perfect

for negotiation the terms of the Marshall Plan. This source gives the viewer perspective of how

politicians of Western European countries at that time felt about the Marshall Plan.


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Bradford DeLong, James. Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. "The Marshall

Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". November 1991.

Annotation: This quote was used on the Effect and Success page of my website. James Bradford

DeLong is a Professor of Economics at the University of California Berkeley, and this quote gives the

viewer the perspective of how some people view the Marshall Plan today.

Brandt, Willy. "Thanking America."25th Anniversary of Marshall's Speech. Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massachusetts. 5 June 1972. Speech transcript.

Annotation: This address titled Thanking America by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt at

Harvard University commemorating the 25th Anniversary of George Marshalls Speech. I have used

this source at the Effect and Success page of my website, and this helped my understanding on the

positive effect of the Marshall Plan to West Germany.

Cold War. By Kenneth. Branagh. CNN, 1998. Online.

Annotation: I have got a quote from this CNN Landmark documentary by an Italian communist

Giuseppe Mainardi. I have used this in the Post War Europe page of my website, and this quote

portrays the harsh conditions people faced after the Second World War has ended.

Dirksen, Reijn."All colours to the Mast". European Recovery Program. United Kingdom. George C. Marshall

Foundation. 1948 to 1951. Poster presentation.

Annotation: This poster called "All Our Colours to the Mast, was created by Reijn Dirksen for the

European Recovery Programme. It shows a ship with its mast made up of different European flags, and

I have used this poster on the Homepage of my website.

Dirksen, Reijn."Whatever the weather, we only reach welfare together". European Recovery Program. United

Kingdom. George C. Marshall Foundation. 1948 to 1951. Poster presentation.

Annotation: This British poster called "Whatever the weather, we only reach welfare together"was

created by Reijn Dirksen for the European Recovery Programme. It shows a windmill with the flags of

European nations (whom are participating in the Marshall Plan), and I have used this poster on the


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Homepage of my website. This poster helped me understand that food supplies were a key resource

during the postwar period.

Foreign Assistance Act of 1948, Economic Cooperation Act of 1948,80th Congress, 2nd Session, Chapter

169, April 3, 1948.

Annotation: These are the formal Acts that became known as the Marshall Plan which authorize

Congress to provide foreign aid to Europe after WWII. Reading the actual Act itself ensured that I

understood exactly what Congress approved. This Act was an integral part of my research and forms

the foundation of all of the other information I learned about for my website. Because the Act

specifically states why the assistance was necessary, it also helped me understand what American

politicians viewed as the importance of the Marshall Plan.

Marshall, George Callate. "Marshall Plan." George Marshall's 'Marshall Plan' Speech at Harvard. Harvard

University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 27 Aug. 2015. Speech.

Annotation: George Marshall was the secretary of State during Trumans presidency. The Marshall

Plan was his brainchild and was named after him. Marshall made a speech to Harvard that gave his

reasons for creating the Marshall Plan, and also details surrounding the Marshall Plan, which allowed

me to understand the creators point of view. This document was critical to all aspects of my research

and my website.

Gianni Agnelli, Italian Industrialist."And I don't say that we didn't expect it, but we were pleasantly surprised to

see the generosity of their foreign policy and the generosity of their foreign policy at that moment was

expressed through the Marshall Plan.". 1950

Annotation: This quote was said by Italian Industrialist Gianni Agnelli, and I have used this quote at

the Implementation page of our website. This quote outlines the far reaching effects to the Marshall

Plan, especially economically.

Golven,Andre. Seve Nouvelle Vie Meilleure". European Recovery Program. France. George C. Marshall



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Annotation: This French poster called "Seve Nouvelle Vie Meilleure," (New Life, Life Better) was

created by Andre Golven for the European Recovery Programme. I have used this poster in the

Homepage of my website, and it shows how the European nations had to cooperate with the Economic

Cooperation Administration (ECA).

Harry S. Truman, President of the United States of America, the White House, Marsh 12,

1947.Recommendation for Assistance to Greece and Turkey. 80th Congress, 1st Session. U.S.

Department of Foreign Affairs. Document No. 171. National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.

Annotation: President Trumans address states his conviction about the necessity for U.S. intervention

and assistance to Europe after the War. It explains how Greece had made an urgent plea for help,

emphasizing the poverty and devastation after the War. Additionally, it explains the importance of a

stable Turkey to ensure stability in the Middle East. This document provided important historical

context for my website, as well as specific explanation for the US involvement and aid after the War

Harry Truman and George Marshall at the White House. 1949. Associated Press, Washington, D.C. The

Original October Surprise: Harry Truman and the Vinson Plan. Web. 25 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows George C. Marshall shaking hands with President Harry S. Truman at

the White House, after discussing the Marshall Plan. I have used this image as a banner image on the

Homepage of my website, as this image symbolizes the Marshall Plan as a whole, that is a successful

agreement.

Hoover, Herbert, The German Agricultural and Food Requirements,February 28, 1947, Report No. 1 from

The Presidents Economic Mission to Germany and Austria.

Annotation: This report by former President Hoover was the first in a series commissioned by President

Truman to determine the food needs in Europe after the War. The Report details how poverty and

famine were pervasive at that time. It allowed me to better understand the adequate levels of aid

Germany needed after WWII, and helped me contrast conditions before and after the Marshall Plan.


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Houses and Structures Lay in Ruins. 1945. National Archives (United Kingdom), London. Postwar Europe.

Web. 30 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows houses and structures in London lay in ruins after being pounded by

German Luftwaffe bombing campaigns. I have used this image in the Post War Europe page of my

website, and this image helped me understand the United Kingdoms situation after the war.

Kempton, Greta. Official Presidential Portrait of Harry S. Truman. 1945. Oil on Canvas. Harry S. Truman

Library, Jackson County, Missouri.

Annotation: This image is the official presidential portrait of Harry S. Truman painted by Greta

Kempton. I have used this image on the Homepage of my website, and this image represents how

Truman was another key player in the development of the Marshall Plan.

Kindleberger, Charles, Letter Between Mr. Cohen and Mr. Kindleberger Identifying Six Major Problems in

Europe, April 5, 1946,Harry S. Truman Library and Museum.

Annotation: This letter is between Mr. Kindleberger and Benjamin Cohen, another American

economist involved in designing the plans to rebuild Europe after the War. The letter describes the

inevitable division of Europe between the East (USSR) and West (US) after the War. In particular it

discusses the diplomatic offensive to be launched by the US and the UK against the USSR. The letter

helped me gain historical context and perspective, and allowed me to view the foreigners perspective

of the Marshall Plan.

Kindleberger, Charles, Letter between Mr. Kindleberger and Mr. Galbraith, August 13, 1946,Harry S.

Truman Library and Museum.

Annotation: This is a letter from Mr. Kindleberger to John K. Galbraith, a Canadian economist and

head of Office of Price Administration after the War. These letters provided additional historical

context, as well as a better understanding of the importance of the Marshall Plan and economic

stimulus package after WWII.

Leslie Gilbert Illingworth."Truman Et Cia."Pravda 23 Mar. 1948: n. pag. Print.


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Annotation: This is a political cartoon portraying Moscows reluctance at the idea of seeing the

countries of Central and Eastern Europe benefit from the US aid granted under the Marshall Plan. I

have used this political cartoon at the Criticism page of my website, and this helped me understand

Moscows position on the Marshall Plan.

Low, David."Someone Hasn't Got the Right Idea." British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent. Evening

Standard, 25 Nov 1947. Web. 21 Sep. 2015.

Annotation: This is a political cartoon by David Low portraying Soviet Foreign Minister Vladimir

Yerofeyev during the initial Marshall Plan negotiations. I have used this political cartoon on the

Reaction, Soviet Rejection and Negotiations page of my website, and this political cartoon helped me

understand how the Soviet Union had divergent ideas with other western European nations on the terms

and agreements of the Marshall Plan.

Low, David. "This Is a Man-Sized Job, Minister."Published in the Evening Standard. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Sept.

2015.

Annotation: The political cartoon "This is a Man-Sized Job, Minister"by David Low portrays George

C. Marshall proposing the European Recovery Program (later known as the Marshall Plan) to

Congress. I have used this political cartoon at the Proposal page of the website, and it helped me

understand why Marshall believed that such a program would be a necessity.

Low, David. "What! No round Table?" Evening Standard 30 July 1947: n. pag. Print.

Annotation: This political cartoon "What! No round table?"by David Low represents how French

politician Georges Bidault did not want the Marshall Plan to foster the reconstruction and

reindustrialization of West Germany. This political cartoon helped me understand the French

governments position during the Marshall Plan negotiations.

Marcus, Edwin."Can He Block It?"U.S. Library of Congress 1947. Web.


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Annotation: Edwin Marcuss cartoon depicts Stalin as a basketball player hoping to block the Marshall

Plan. It was drawn in response to Soviet Minister Molotovs rejection of the Marshall Plan as totally

unacceptable and it helped me understand Stalins opposition to the Marshall Plan.

Marshall, George. U.S. Secretary of State, George Marshall Addressing the U.S. Congress about His Plan to Aid

European Recovery. British Path, 1949. Marshall Speech Congress. Web. 23 Sept. 2015.

Annotation: This audio clip shows U.S. Secretary of State, George Marshall addressing the U.S.

Congress about his plan to aid European recovery. I have used this audio clip at the Reaction, Soviet

Rejection and Negotiations page of my website, and it helped me understand why Marshall believed

that a European Recovery so important.

Marshall Plan negotiations between the United States and Western European leaders. Perf. George C. Marshall.

WPA Film Library, 1948.

Annotation: This newsreel shows the negotiations that took place in Paris on the term and agreements

of the Marshall Plan. I have used this newsreel on the Reaction, Soviet Rejection and Negotiations

page of my website, and it helped me understand the negotiations that took place in Paris.

Marshall Speeds Plan. Perf. George C. Marshall. WPA Film Library, 1948.

Annotation: This newsreel shows U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall speaking before the

Senate Foreign Relations Committee on behalf of the Marshall Plan. I have used this newsreel at the

Reaction, Soviet Rejection and Negotiations page of my website, and it helped me understand

Marshalls argument for the plan.

President Harry S. Truman Speech before a Joint Session of Congress and the Truman Doctrine. Perf. President

Harry S. Truman. WPA Film Library, 1947. Online.

Annotation: This newsreel shows President Harry S. Truman Speech before a joint session of Congress

on aid to Greece and Turkey. I have used this newsreel on the Truman Doctrine page of my website,

and this newsreel helped me understand Trumans argument for his proposal.


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Rowe, Abbie. Truman Confers With Advisors Regarding Marshall Plan. November 29, 1948. Truman Library

Photographs, Washington, D.C.

Annotation: This image shows President Harry S. Truman conferring with his advisers regarding

Marshall Plan. From Left to right: President Harry S. Truman, Secretary of State George C. Marshall,

Paul Hoffmann, and Averell Harriman in the Oval Office.

Shipment of Goods to Rebuild Europe under the Marshall Plan. 1949. U.S. National Archives and Records

Administration. Marshall Plan. Web. 25 Sept. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows a shipment of goods to rebuild Europe under the Marshall Plan. I have

used this image on the Implementation page of our website, and it helped me understand the type of

goods and services that were so desperately needed during the postwar period.

Swierczynski, M. Destroyed Warsaw, the Capital of Poland, January 1945. 1945. Polish Public Domain,

Warsaw. Destroyed Warsaw, Capital of Poland. Web. 30 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows the Polish capital of Warsaw in ruins after the Second World War. I

have used this image at the Historical Context page of my website, and this image helped me

understand the Europes situation after the war.

The People Take to the Streets of Paris against the Marshall Plan . September 15, 1948. Centre Virtuel De La

Connaissance De L'Europe, CVCE, Paris, France. Marshall Plan. Web. 20 Sept. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows people taking to the streets of Paris against the Marshall Plan (before its

implementation). I have used this image on the Reaction, Soviet Rejection and Negotiations page of

our website, and it helped me understand the criticism against the Marshall Plan.

The Redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro. N.d. National Archives of Sweden, Stockholm,

Sweden. Marshall Plan. Web. 5 Oct. 2015.

Annotation: This image shows the redevelopment of Norrmalm and the Stockholm Metro using

Marshall Plan aid. I have used this image on the Effect and Success page of our website, and it helped

me understand how the aid was used.


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Truman Doctrine. 1947. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Truman Speaking before a Joint Session of

Congress. Web. 30 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This speech represented a new era in American foreign policy to stop Soviet imperialism

during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947

when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey, and I have used this source on the

Truman Doctrine page of my website. This helped me understand why a change in foreign policy was

needed to combat the new Soviet threat.

Unknown U.S. Army Soldier. George C. Marshall, Official Military Photo. 1946. U.S. Army. George C.

Marshall. Web. 25 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This is the official military photo of United States Army Chief of Staff and Secretary of

State George C. Marshall. I have used this image on the These and Homepage of my website, and this

image helped me understand the many high ranking positions Marshall took.

Vienne, Fabien."Cooperation Inter Europeenne". European Recovery Program. France. George C. Marshall


Annotation: This French poster called "Cooperation Intereuropeenne" (Inter European Cooperation)

created by Fabien Vienne for the European Recovery Programme. I have used this poster on the

Homepage of my website, and it represents how the European nations had to cooperate if they wanted

the Marshall Plan to be a success.

Yerofeyev, Vladimir. "Why Stalin Rejected Marshall Aid."An Insider's Statement. John D. Clare, n.d. Web. 21

Sep. 2016.

Annotation: I have used a quote from this website which reads: "The US never really wanted the Soviet

Union and its satellites to benefit from Marshall aid. They made no further effort to persuade them to

take part!"by Vladimir Yerofeyev. I have used this quote on the Reaction, Soviet Rejection and

Negotiations page of my website, and it helped me understand the Soviets argument on why they

ended up denouncing the plan.


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Western Europes Recovery. Marshall Plan Payments in Millions. Western European Agriculture, Industry

and Foreign Trade 1948 to 1951 Statistics. Poster presentation.

Annotation: This poster shows how much money worth of Marshall Plan aid was given to each

European nation which participated. I have used this poster on the Implementation page of my website,

and this helped me understand the cost of the Marshall Plan.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Author Unknown.Soviet Opposition to the Marshall Plan,Library of Congress 1/22/13 Web.

Annotation: This article discussed Stalins negative view on the Marshall Plan. Reading this article

allowed me to see the opposing views towards the Marshall Plan and helped me write about the

Soviets feeling towards US foreign aid. It provided a clearer and more defined understanding on why

Stalin eventually opposed the Marshall Plan.

Author Unknown. The Marshall Plan,Stanford University, 1997. Web.

Annotation: This website outlined the basics of the Marshall Plan and also discussed domestic

opposition to the Marshall Plan. By seeing the domestic opposition to the Marshall Plan, I was able to

understand the difficulties faced by Marshall and Truman during the creation of the Marshall Plan.

Baker, Kevin, America, The Story of Us, New York: A&E Television Networks, 2010, Print.

Annotation: This book explains US history from the 1940s to 2000. It discusses the Marshall Plan, its

historical development, and its political and social significance. This book helped me understand the

development of the Plan as well as the reasons for its historical importance and significance.

BBC Staff. "The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan."BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.

Annotation: This website overviews the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall plan, including their

development and opposition. This website gave me key background knowledge to the Doctrine and

Plan, and the Truman Doctrine aspect of the website helped me write the text for the Truman Doctrine


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page of the website. This website helped me understand the fundamental principles of the Doctrine and

Plan.

Birdsall, Paul, Versailles Twenty Years After Hamden, Archon Books, 1941, Print.

Annotation: This book discussed the development and ultimate failure of the Treaty of Versailles. This

book helped me realize the failures of the foreign aid program before the Marshall Plan and gave me

historical context for the way Truman and Marshall implemented the Plan.

Bostdorff, Denise M.Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms. College Station: Texas

A&M UP, 2008. Print.

Annotation: In this book, Denise M. Bostdorff considers President Trumans address to a joint session

of Congress on March 12, 1947, focusing on the public and private language that influenced

administration perceptions about the precipitating events in Greece and Turkey and explores the news

management campaign that set the stage for Trumans speech. This helped me write the Truman

Doctrine page of my website, as it helped me understand all the aspects that went into Trumans

decision, and how the presidents health may have influenced his policy decision and how it affected

his delivery of the address and campaign for congressional approval.

Brower, Charles F. George C. Marshall: Servant of the American Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,

2011. Print.

Annotation: This book examines the major roles assumed by Marshall over his five-decade career -

soldier statesman and peacemaker and leader and manager - to illuminate key issues and themes

surrounding the man and his era. It gave me a snapshot of George C. Marshalls career, including how

his actions during the Second World War would shape his decisions in the years to come. Because of

the very nature of this book, it helped me write the thesis and historical context page(s) of my website.

Chapman, Stephen. "The Marshall Plan Revisited." Tribune Digital-Chicago Tribune. Chicago Tribune, 09 June

1985. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.


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Annotation: This Chicago Tribune article by Stephen Chapman outlines the key and fundamental

aspects of the Marshall plan from its initial proposal, to its development, and then implementation as a

result, this article helped me choose the subheadings for my website. This article helped me understand

the far reaching legacy of the Marshall plan, and served as a basis for the Legacy page of our website.

Encyclopdia Britannica editorial staff. "Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act".Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia

Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica Inc. Web. 1 Sept. 2015

Annotation: This web page clearly outlined the Smooth-Hawley Tariff Act. By understanding the

failures of the US diplomacy before the Second World War, it enabled me to see the turning point of

the Marshall Plan from America's old ways.

Endy, Christopher Cold War Holidays: American Tourism in France, University of North Carolina Press, 2004,

Print.

Annotation: This book discusses the cultural impacts of Cold War by chronicling American travel to

France during the Cold War. Moving beyond traditional state-centered conceptions of foreign relations,

this book approaches the Cold War era relationship between France and the United States from the

original perspective of tourism. Because the Marshall Plan improved foreign relations and established

the West, this book helped me understand the correlation between culture integration and the Marshall

Plan.

Fossedal, Gregory A. Our Finest Hour Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy . Leland

Stanford Junior University: Hoover Institution Press Publication,1992, Print.

Annotation: This book describes Will Claytons role in drafting and implementing the Marshall Plan.

The book gave me historical background information, as well as helping create historical context for

my website. It gave me an insight to all the thought that went into drafting the plan, so all the countries

that are participating in the plan can agree on the terms and conditions of the plan.

Freeland, Richard M. The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism, New York: Alfred. A. Knopf Inc.,

1970, Print.


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Annotation: This book Traces the anti-communism of the fifties to political tactics in the Truman

administration, in particular the U.S. Foreign Aid programs during the Post-War Era. This book gave

me historical background information and helped me understand the motives of the Marshall Plan.

Freeman, Joshua B.,American Empire:The Rise of a Global Power, the Democratic Revolution at Home

1945-2000, London: Penguin Books, 2012, Print.

Annotation: This compelling book discusses the US development in the 20th century as a superpower,

tracing the movements and developments that propelled America to world dominance. In the early part

of the book, Freeman discusses the Marshall Plan, and assisted me in putting the Marshall Plan in the

big picture and building background knowledge for my website.

Gaddis, John Lewis. Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security

Policy. New York: Oxford UP, 1982. Print.

Annotation: This book outlines the history of U.S. cold war strategy of containment. Beginning with

Franklin D. Roosevelt's postwar plans, this book provides a thorough critical analysis of George F.

Kennan's original strategy of containment, NSC-68, The Eisenhower-Dulles "New Look," the

Kennedy-Johnson "flexible response" strategy, the Nixon-Kissinger strategy of detente, and now a

comprehensive assessment of how Reagan completed the process of containment, thereby bringing the

Cold War to an end. This book has helped me throughout the website, most notably on the Historical

Context and Marshall Plan page(s). This gave me an in depth look into George F. Kennans plan for

containment, including the Marshall plan, and profoundly impacted my understanding of U.S. foreign

policy during this time.

George C. Marshall Foundation Staff. "George Catlett Marshall."George C Marshall. George C. Marshall

Foundation, n.d. Web. 5 Aug. 2015.

Annotation: This web page clearly outlined the life of George C. Marshall. This website gave me a

general overview of the key moments and hallmarks of Marshalls life, from his early years till his

death. Since this website was created by Marshalls organization, I was aware bias. This website gave


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me a deeper understanding of the man, which proved useful during the beginning stages of my

research.

Gimbel, John. The Origins of the Marshall Plan. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1976. Print.

Annotation: This book provides a perspective on the Marshall Plan far more removed from the policy

of containment than most people portray. This gave me a different perspective on the Marshall Plan

than most other sources I have studies, and this book has helped me when creating the Historical

Context and Proposal page(s) of my website. Since this book gave a divergent view on the Marshall

Plan that most other sources, it further deepened my understanding of the topic.

History.com Staff."Marshall Plan." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. 17 Nov. 2015.

Annotation: This web page presents key ideas of the Marshall Plan. This website gave me a general

overview of the Marshall Plan, including the process of implementation and costs. This website gave

me a good understanding of the Marshall Plan, which proved useful during the beginning stages of my

research.

Hitchcock, William I., The Marshall Plan and the Creation of the West Volume 1: Origins , Cambridge

University, 2010, Print.

Annotation: In this book, Hitchcock discusses the establishment of the socio-political region which

became known as the West. The book details how the Marshall Plan and the Cold War influenced

this development. This allowed me to understand the enormous social impacts of the Marshall Plan,

and helped me create the Historical Context page(s) of my website.

Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe.

Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987. Print.

Annotation: In this book, Michael Hogan shows how The Marshall Plan was more than an effort to put

American aid behind the economic reconstruction of Europe, as American officials hoped to refashion

Western Europe into a smaller version of the integrated single-market and mixed capitalist economy

that existed in the United States. This book greatly helped me on the Historical Context and


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Implementation page(s) of my website, as Hogan's emphasis on integration is part of a major

reinterpretation that sees the Marshall Plan as an extension of American domestic. This book

profoundly shaped my knowledge and understanding of the origins of the Marshall Plan, and how the

Marshall Plan was implemented throughout western Europe.

Jones, Howard. "A New Kind of War" America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece. New

York: Oxford UP, 1997. Print.

Annotation: This book outlines how America's experience in Greece has often been cited as a model by

those later policymakers in Washington who regard the involvement as a "victory" for American

foreign policy. This book helped we write the Truman Doctrine and Legacy page(s) of the website, as

President Johnson and others referred to Greece as the model for America's deepening involvement in

Vietnam during the mid-1960's. This book helped me understand how Greece was a test before the

world of America's resolve to protect the principle of self-determination. Jones makes several

arguments, including that American policy towards Greece was the focal point in the development of a

global strategy designed to combat totalitarianism furthermore, the White House and others drawn the

real "lessons" from the intervention in Greece, the decisions regarding Vietnam might have been more

carefully thought out.

Judt, Tony.Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945. New York: Penguin, 2005. Print.

Annotation: This compelling Pulitzer Prize finalist outlines postwar European history from Lisbon to

Leningrad, integrating international relations, domestic politics, ideas, social change, economic

development, and culture - high and low - into a single grand narrative. This book is the cornerstone of

my research on conditions during postwar Europe, and I couldnt have asked for a better book. The

book immensely shaped my understanding on why Communism was able to flourish before the

Marshall Plan, ultimately linking my knowledge to other aspects of the website.

Kissinger, Henry A. "Reflections on the Marshall Plan."Reflections on the Marshall Plan. Harvard Gazette, 22

May 2015. Web. 12 Dec. 2015.


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Annotation: This article by Henry S. Kissinger for the Harvard Gazette reflects how Marshall extended

Americas hand to a battered Europe, helping to create a stable postwar order. This article was very

interesting to read as when Kissinger was National Security Advisor under Nixon, he pioneered the

policy of dtente with the Soviet Union, seeking a relaxation in tensions between the two superpowers.

This helped with my understanding on the legacy of the Marshall Plan.

Marcus, J. S. "Postwar Europe, Up Close and Personal."WSJ. Wall Street Journal, 24 Apr. 2015. Web. 1 Nov.

2015.

Annotation: This article by J.S. Marcus discusses the the social disintegration of postwar europe. This

allowed me to understand the enormous social impacts of the Second World War, and helped me create

the Post War Europe page of my website.

Miscamble, Wilson D. George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947-1950. Princeton,

New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992, Print.

Annotation: George F. Kennan was a diplomat and historian during the early days of the Cold War era.

Miscambles book allowed me to understand Kennans role in devising foreign aid programs,

especially the Marshall Plan, under Secretary of State George Marshall

O'Brien, Sam. "Questioning the Marshall Plan in the Buildup to the Cold War." Inquiry Journal. Ed. Jennifer

Lee. University of New Hampshire, 07 Apr. 2014. Web. 6 Jan. 2016.

Annotation: This article by Sam OBrien for the University of New Hampshire Inquiry Journal presents

the Marshall Plan in a highly critical manner, claiming that the effects of the Marshall Plan were highly

exaggerated by many historians. This article is the backbone of my counter argument for the Marshall

Plan, and this document helped me greatly when creating the Criticism page for my website. This

website definitely broadened my understanding of the Marshall Plan, especially its effects.

Payne, Angela R. and Thakka, Bharat, The Marshall Plan Global Strategy and Foreign Humanitarian Aid,

InTech Open Access, 2015, Web.


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Annotation: This book presents Secretary of State Marshall, with his global experience in two world

wars, as an enlightened and visionary concept for the reconstruction of Europe in the post war period -

the European Recovery Program, better known as the Marshall Plan. Yarnell presents an authoritative

and superbly readable story of George C. Marshall's extraordinary journey, which helped me when

creating the Marshall Plan page(s) of my website. This book helped broaden my understanding on the

Marshall Plan.

The Marshall Plan interview with Mark A. Stoler . E-mail interview. 15 Jan. 2016.

Annotation: This is an interview I have personally conducted, via electronic mail, with University of

Vermont Professor Emeritus Mark A. Stoler and author of the book George C. Marshall:

Soldier-statesman of the American Century. This interview provided me with the answers to any of my

questions when reading Stolers book, and Stolers responses solidified my understanding on the

Marshall Plan.

The Marshall Plan interview with Jeffrey S. Kozak.E-mail interview. 15 Jan. 2016.

Annotation: This is an interview I have personally conducted, via electronic mail, with the director of

Library and Archives at the George C. Marshall Foundation, Jeffrey S. Kozak. In this interview, I have

asked the same questions as with Professor Emeritus Mark A. Stoler to give me a different perspective

on the subject.

Unger, Debi, Irwin Unger, and Stanley P. Hirshson. George Marshall: A Biography. New York City:

HarperCollins, 2014. Print.

Annotation: This interpretive biography of George C. Marshall explores Marshalls successes and

failures during World War II, and his contributions through two critical years of the emerging Cold

Warincluding the transformative Marshall Plan, which saved Western Europe from Soviet

domination, and the utter failure to unite Chinas nationalists and communists. I have used key aspects

and details of this astounding book throughout my website, and this book broadened and stretched my

understanding of Marshall himself and his ambitious plan profoundly.


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Unknown Authors. "North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 - 19451952 - Milestones - Office of the

Historian." Office of the Historian. NATO, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.

Annotation: This website described the history of NATO, and also described NATO as the brainchild

of the Marshall Plan. It helped me when creating the Legacy page(s) of my website. and further

assisted my understanding on the far reaching political impacts of the Marshall Plan.

2016 National History Day Annotated Bibliography

Documents

Transcript of 2016 National History Day Annotated Bibliography