20131007 Wind Power Fundamentals TSLEU

8/12/2019 20131007 Wind Power Fundamentals TSLEU

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Wind, Wind Turbine Wind, Wind Turbine

Prof. TProf. TS S LeuLeu (Jeremy)(Jeremy)Department of Aeronautics and Department of Aeronautics and

AstronauticsAstronauticsNational Cheng Kung UniversityNational Cheng Kung University

Tainan, TaiwanTainan, TaiwanEmail: [email protected]: [email protected]

Overview

Background Wind Physics Basics & Wind Energy Estimation Wind Turbine development History Wind Power Fundamentals International Standard for Wind Turbines


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(Energy Source)(Installed

capacity) (Net energy output)/

(Capacity factor)(Nuclear) 5144.0 (12.4%) 5017.9 (16.7%) 97.5% (90.3%) *1

Unit: MWEnergy Source in TaiwanEnergy Source in Taiwan

(Coal) 11297 (27.5%) 10239 (30.1%) 90.6% (63.8%) *1

(LNG) 15217 (37%) 9876 (33.9%) 64.8%

(Oil) 3325 (8.1%) 411(1.4%) 12.4%(Hydro) 4683 (11.4%) 1727 (5.9%) 36.8% (39.8%) *1

n

. .

.

~

(Solar) 180 (0.4%) 5.1(0.0%) 2.8%

*1 US Energy Information Administration (EIA), the typical capacity factors in 2009

http://stpc00601.taipower.com.tw/loadGraph/loadGraph/genshx.html

Data on 2013 10 02 from Taiwan Power Company

Installed Capability of Electric Power Installed Capability of Electric Power Generators in TaiwanGenerators in Taiwan

74.1% Combustion

12.4% Nuclear

11.4% Hydro 1.9% Renewable Energy

including 1.5% Wind +0.4% Solar

4

(Coal+LNG+Oil+CoGen)

http://stpc00601.taipower.com.tw/loadGraph/loadGraph/genshx.html

Data on 2013 10 02 from Taiwan Power CompanyBackground


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Taiwan Government PolicyTaiwan Government Policy Thousand Wind Turbines Promotion Project :

450 on shore Wind Turbines until 2020o s ore n ur nes ur ng

2010~2030 Planning:

OnshoreMW

Year

off shore(MW)

SUM

4.51.4 10.42.2 7.4


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Origin of WindWind Atmospheric air in motion

Energy sourceSolar radiation differentially absorbed by earth surface converted through convective processes due to temperature differences air motion.

Spatial Scales:

Planetary scale : global circulation Synoptic scale : weather systems Meso scale : local topographic or thermally induced circulations Micro scale : urban topography

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujBi9Ba8hqs

Wind Resource Availability and Variability

The map shows the mean wind speed in ms 1 @ 10 m for the period 1976 95

http://www.windatlas.dk/World/Index.htm

http://www.nrel.gov/wind/international_wind_resources.html


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Wind AtlasMaps of mean 80 m wind speeds for year 2000

http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/global_winds.html

Europe Asia

10 Year Global Wind Speed 10 Year Global Wind Speed RankingsRankings

http://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/windspeeds.aspx


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WIND ENERGY ESTIMATION AT TAIWAN


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MM5 Simulation (1996~2000 database)Wind power (100W/m 2) at 50mWind speed (m/s) at 50m

http://www.atm.ncu.edu.tw/93/wind/

http://wind.itri.org.tw/wind.html

OffshoreOffshore WindfarmWindfarm PlansPlans


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~59%


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Whats inside a wind turbine? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LNXTm7aHvWc


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IEC 61400 International Standard for Wind IEC 61400 International Standard for Wind Turbines and PowerTurbines and Power

IEC 61400 consists of the following parts under the general title Wind turbine generator systems:

IEC 61400 International Standard for Wind IEC 61400 International Standard for Wind Turbines and PowerTurbines and Power

Part 1: Design requirements for wind turbines Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbinesPart 3: Design requirements for offshore wind turbinesPart 11: Acoustic noise measurement techniquesPart 12: Wind turbine power performance testingPart 13: Measurement of mechanical loadsPart 14: Declaration of apparent sound power level and tonality values

wind turbinesPart 23: Fullscale structural testing of rotor bladesPart 24: Lightning protection


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The following information, shall be displayed on themarked turbine nameplate: wind turbine manufacturer and country; model and serial number; production year; rated wind speed and power; reference wind speed, Vref; hub height operating wind speed range, Vin Vout;

Wind turbine Wind turbine markingsmarkings

Niederland ZEPHYROS Z72 model

IEC wind turbine class (see Table 1); rated voltage at the wind turbine terminals; frequency at the wind turbine terminals or frequency range in the case that the nominalvariation is greater than 2 %.

IEC 61400 1 5.5 Wind turbine markings.............................................................................20

VestaVesta V80V802.0 MW Wind Turbine Specs2.0 MW Wind Turbine Specs

30


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Power curve V80Power curve V802.0 MW2.0 MW

Wind turbine classesWind turbine classes

IEC 61400 1 6.2 Wind turbine classes ...................................................................................21


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Wind conditions for Wind Turbine DesignWind conditions for Wind Turbine Design6.3.1 Normal wind conditions

6.3.1.1 Wind speed distribution

6.3.1.2 The normal wind profile model (NWP)

6.3.1.3 Normal turbulence model (NTM)

6.3.2 Extreme wind conditions

6.3.2.1 Extreme wind speed model (EWM)6.3.2.2 Extreme operating gust (EOG)6.3.2.3 Extreme turbulence model ETM

IEC 61400 1 6.3 Wind conditions...................................................................................22

6.3.2.4 Extreme direction change (EDC)6.3.2.5 Extreme coherent gust with direction change (ECD)6.3.2.6 Extreme wind shear (EWS)

70m

Chang-Kong Wind Mast

50m

34

10m


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Wind Monitor Wind Monitor

Logger Manufacturer/Type CR1000

Preprocessed data 1-minutes averagewind speed and wind

direction

1-minutes wind speedstandard deviation

Observation period Jan 2011~May 2012

Period 1 _2010/02~2011/01 (Annual mean Wind Speed= 8.46m/s)

Period 2 _2011/02~2012/01 (Annual mean Wind Speed= 8.60m/s)

Wind Direction Rose

N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW

9 54 44 43 3 44 3 55 1 48 1 90 3 06 5 32 6 78 3 96 3 46 2 22 1 68 1 44 1 94 5 79

9 15 49 28 2 50 1 68 1 10 1 58 2 29 4 55 6 21 3 08 3 74 2 93 1 98 1 41 2 34 6 19

Period 1 Period 2

36


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IEC 61400 International standard suggests using Weibull distribution for wind speed distribution.

Wind Speed DistributionWind Speed Distribution

Weibull distribution

10-min averaged wind speed

k

avg k U U k

avgavg

ek U

U k

k U U

PDF

11111

11

U

U avg Annual mean wind speedNon-dimensional probability density function (PDF)

k Shape factor of Weibull distribution

Gamma function

k 1

1

avgU U PDF /

Results and Discussionhttp://www.wind-power-program.com/wind_statistics.htmIEC 61400-1

37

0983.1

)/(9874.0

avgU k

72.7% WTG operation time 74% WTG operation time

Wind Speed Distribution

k=1.466 k=1.511

P D F

P D F

Vestas V80 2.0 MWCutin wind speed: 4m/sCutout wind speed: 25m/s


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Double Peaked biWeibull Distribution

0 . 1 2

])(exp[)1(])(exp[ 22

2

1

1

1

22

1

2111

1

11k

k

k k

k

k

cU

c

U k F

cU

c

U k F U PDF

0 . 0 4

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 8

0 . 1

P D F

BiWeibull ParametersF1 0.8

Shape factor1 k1 1.89Scale factor 1 c1 6.10

Shape factor1 k2 6.22Scale factor 1 c2 17

39

0

0 . 0 2

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5

W in d S p e e d ( m / s )

Wind speed distribution in Taiwan can be represented quite well by a double peaked biWeibull distribution, with different scale factors and shape factors in the two seasons.

6.3.1 Normal wind conditions




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logarithmic wind profile

Power law wind profile

Wind profiles using the 1min data points, 60 min averaged wind speed profile and curve fitted with normal wind profile

where zhub =70m Vhub is wind speed at

70m

50m .

30m

10m


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2010/08/01 (00:00~01:00)Wind Profile

10m data30m data50m data70m data 2010/08/01 (00:00~01:00)

Wind profiles

40

50

60

70

80

-m n n pee a a 1 hr Averaged Wind Profile

H e

i g h t ( m )

The normal wind speed profile which is given by the power law

(z) ( )

=70( ) 0.2

V = 4.21455( ) = 1 hour averaged V

hubhub

hub

hub hub

zV V

z

where z m

m

43

0

10

20

30

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Wind speed (m/s)

V(z) = Vhub*(z/70) Alpha

Error Value0.0346924.2081Vhub

0.00994520.25449 AlphaNA0.0039292ChisqNA0.99871R

2011/3/21 00:00~01:002011/6/22 00:00~01:002011/9/23 00:00~01:00

2011/12/22 00:00~01:00

Mean hourly wind speed

i

Normal Wind Profile

4 Typical Dates in 2011

40

50

60

70

80- r verage n pee ro e i

H e i g h

t ( m )

Alpha=0.28458

Alpha=0.272

Alpha=0.25845

Alpha=0.26954

44

0

10

20

30

0 5 10 15 20

Wind Speed (m/s)


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IEC 61400-1 The onshore normal wind speed

rofile is iven b the ower law:

IEC 61400-3 The offshore normal wind speed

rofile is iven b the ower law:

Best fitted power law exponent

V(z)=V ( )hubhub

z z

2011 3/21 6/22 9/23 12/22

The power law exponent, , shall beassumed to be 0.2.

where, for normal wind conditions,the power law exponent, , is 0.14.

V(z)=V ( )hubhub

z z

45

00~01 0.28458 0.272 0.25845 0.26954

06~07 0.43872 0.572 0.23158 0.27488

12~13 0.17315 0.1179 0.24866 0.2616

18~19 0.29314 0.15565 0.24271 0.27482

0.5

0.6Alpha-Wind Speed

Vhub

< 10 m/s

Vhub

> 10 m/s

0.2

0.3

0.4

A l p h a

0.27

0

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25

Wind Speed (m/s)


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6.3.1 Normal wind conditions



Normal Turbulence Model in IEC 61400Normal Turbulence Model in IEC 61400 11In the international standard, IEC 61400 1, the 10min standard deviation of wind speed fluctuation and standard deviation of for wind turbine design is suggested by the following expression:

bU a I I a b

)( )(

re

)( U I ref

IEC Class A 0.16

0.75 3.8 0 1.4IEC Class B 0.14

IEC Class C 0.12)(U b

a I U

I ref IEC

k N 1

4848

k k N 1

k N

sk k ssk

N U U N N N 1

22 ))1()((1

1

U I EXP /


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90th Percentile of the Turbulence Intensity (I 90 )

0.6

I of Period 1 observation data0.6

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

I90th percentile of Period 1I

90 of IEC 61400-1 Category A

I90

of IEC 61400-1 Category B

I90

of IEC 61400-1 Category C

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

t p ercent e o e ro 1 o s erva t o n a t a

90th percentile of Period 2 observation data

I90

of IEC61400-1 Category A

I90

of IEC61400-1 Category B

I90

of IEC61400-1 Category C

49

00 5 10 15 20 25 30

U (m/s)

0.10 5 10 15 20 25 30

U (m/sec)

28.190

U b

a I U

I ref )28.1(

28.19090

IEC Class B Wind Turbine IEC Class B Wind Turbine

I 90, C < I 90, exp < I 90, B time is about 23% of whole year

4.5 10.5 19.5 25

0 . 0 4

0 . 0 6

0 . 0 8

0 . 1

.

P D F

20% 3%

50

0

0 . 0 2

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5

W i n d S p e e d ( m / s )


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Parameters of IEC 61400Parameters of IEC 61400- -1 Normal Turbulence Model1 Normal Turbulence Model

/ s )30

Period 1Period 2

6

Period 1

bU a I ref / U I ref /

(

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

IEC

y1 = 2.4226 + 0.91185x R= 0.99277

y2 = 2.4459 + 0.91305x R= 0.99357

U (m/s)

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Period 2

IEC

y = 2.3156 + 0.10007x R= 0.86402

y = 2.0587 + 0.093674x R= 0.85046

U m/s

51

I ref a b IEC Class A 0.16

0.75 3.8 0 1.4IEC Class B 0.14IEC Class C 0.12

Period 1 0.098 0.912 2.423 0.100 2.316Period 2 0.099 0.913 2.446 0.094 2.059

(Period 1+Period 2)/2 0.0985 0.9125 2.4345 0.097 2.1875

Questions:

w w c affect a wind turbine?Wind speed distribution effects?Wind Profile effects?Wind Turbulence effects?Extreme wind conditions?

20131007 Wind Power Fundamentals TSLEU

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