2013 Intro OrChem1 Short

7/29/2019 2013 Intro OrChem1 Short

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Learning

Organic Chemistry


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WHY YOU SHOULD STUDY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY?


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TOP 10 REASONS

1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is recognised as an essential ingredient in the

education of scientists in a wide range of field, particularly LIFE SCIENCES

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is required for employment in the modern oil,pharmaceutical and chemical INDUSTRIES (make a major contribution to theeconomies of most countries)

3. To learn more about ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TECHNOLOGIES, e.g. theplastics, oil, textiles, communications, transportation, food production andprocessing, and drug industries.

4. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is needed in dealing with problems of energyproduction, pollution, depletion of resources surround you daily

5. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY is considered to be right at the INTERFACE betweenthe physical and biological sciences.


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TOP 10 REASONS

6. To find out whats the big deal about CARBON.

7. To gain a good understanding of life AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL (i.e. forbiochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology)

8. To learn organic chemistry "for understanding" rather than just memorisation toachieve chemistry credits.

9. To learn how living organisms are capable of doing very complexREACTIONS efficiently , in the condition of limited number of organic compounds, in theabsence of strong acids and bases, high temperatures, & nasty solvents, with only limitedproduction of wastes.

10. To find out how the spatial arrangements of those little ELECTRON cloudscan ultimately determine the structure, reactivity that in turn controls thefunction of both small and huge organic molecules.


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When you learn something

Then you had better know its characteristic

So you can get the best of it


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CHARACTERISTIC OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Relatively low factual content

Understanding concepts essential

Value of the subject lies in application of concepts

(problem solving)

The study of science, SUCH AS Organic

chemistry, is cumulative and progressive;

i.e. knowledge learned at one level (or subject) is thenapplied at the next level (subject).


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an introductory course in organic

Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng


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In the United States the word footballrefers to a game played with an oval-shaped ball

that players pass with their hands or hold with their hands while they

run with it.

In England footballrefers to a game played with a round ball

that players kick with their feet.

(In the United States people call this game soccer.)

A word that means one thing to one

person might mean something

completely different to another person.


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What the word ORGANIC MEANS to you ?


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ANOTHER WORD IS ORGANIC

To many people organicmeans natural.

They say :

something natural like compost is organic fertilizer,

while human-made or synthetic fertilizers are not organic.

In chemistry organicmeans carbon-based.

To a chemist, an OC is any compound that contains carbon.

That is, an organic compound is any compound whose moleculescontain carbon atoms.


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A long time ago the word organicwas used to describeanything that came from an organismanything that came

from a living thing.

Chemists who worked with substances found in living things

were called organic chemists.

How in the world did this happen?

Why do chemists use the word organic so differently fromeveryone else?


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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Inorganic compounds

Those were obtained from

vegetable and animal(Living Organism)

Those were obtained from

mineral such as oxides,

acids, carbonates,

carbides

Organic compound

(simple carbon compounds, with

molecular structures which do not

contain carbon to carbon

connections )

At that time, they preferred to

direct their investigations toward

inorganic materials that seemed

more easily studied and more

promising.


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Around 1816

Michel Chevreul started a study ofSOAPS made

from various FATS and alkali. He separated the different acids from the fats, then

He combined them with the alkali to produced thesoaps.

These works demonstrated that it was possible tomake a chemical change in various fats, producingnew compounds, without 'vital force'.

What organic chemists did, at that time?

They learned how to turn plant and animal compounds into all kinds

of other things


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Organic chemists also figured out how to synthesize an animal

compounds from nonliving materials.

In 1827 a chemist named Friedrich Whler was playing with

some mineral salts. He accidentally made urea, a compound

found in urine

Soap still has something in common with plant and animal

matter: their molecules were still made of carbon atoms.

So all the chemist are doing is

taking apart its molecules and putting the atoms back

together in different ways

Or turn one substance into another


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In 1828

Friedrich Whler first manufactured the organic chemicalurea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from theinorganic ammonium cyanate NH4OCN

Most people have looked to this event as the turningpoint to the destruction of the theory of vital force.


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in 1856

A great next step was when William Henry Perkin, whiletrying to manufacture quinine, accidentally came tomanufacture the ORGANIC DYE

This works beside generating a huge amount of money,it greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.

a colored substance that

has affinity to the

substrate to which it is

being applied


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in 1874,

Another step was the laboratory preparation of

DDT by Othmer Zeidler but

the insecticide properties of this compound were

not discovered until much later.


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There was more to come. Petroleum is mostly carbon.

Scientists learned how to make all kinds of other plant and animal

compounds from it.

For example, they made vitamins and sugars from petroleum.

Organic chemists branched out even further. They started making newcarbon-based materials from nonliving things. They made everything

from gasoline to plastics out of petroleum

organic chemistry grew to be the chemistry of all carbon compounds,

whether or not they came from living things. Petroleum, gasoline, and

plastics are all carbon-based, and so they came to be considered organic by

chemists.


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the first oil wells in Pennsylvania in 1859.

The history of organic chemistry continues with thediscovery of petroleum and its separation into fractionsaccording to boiling ranges.

The conversion of different compound types or individualcompounds by various chemical processes created the

petroleum chemistry leading to the birth of thePETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY,

which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, thevarious organic adhesives, the property-modifying

petroleum additives, and plastics.


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the last decade of the 19th century

The first time A DRUG was systematically improved waswith arsphenamine (Salvarsan).

Paul Ehrlich and his group systematically synthesizedand tested numerous derivatives of the DANGEROUSTOXIC, and the compound with best effectiveness andtoxicity characteristics was elected for production.


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from the 20th century,

The progress of organic chemistry allowed for :

SYNTHESIS OF MOLECULES DESIGNED WITHSPECIFIC PROPERTIES, as in drug design (Theprocess of finding new synthesis routes for a given

compounds is called total synthesis). TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX NATURAL

COMPOUNDS started with urea, increased in complexityto glucose and terpineol, and in 1907,

synthesis of complex human hormones and theirmodified derivatives, for example cholesterol-relatedcompounds that benefits pharmaceutical industries.


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the 20th century,

Complexity of total syntheses has been increasing, withexamples such as vitamin B12.

BIOCHEMISTRY, the chemistry of living organisms, theirstructure and interactions in vitro and inside living

systems, has only started in the 20th century, openingup a brand new chapter of organic chemistry withenormous scope.

Trends in organic chemistry include chiral synthesis,

green chemistry, microwave chemistry, fullerenes andmicrowave spectroscopy

Organic chemicals are universal


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So when we talk about organic chemists, were not

talking about chemists who only use all-natural substances.

Were talking about chemists who make and study

compounds that are made of carbon, whether the

compounds are natural or synthetic.


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So here we are today, with the word organic meaning

carbon-based to chemists. Theres a real reason for

chemists to have their own meaning for the word organic,

and it has to do with a concern in chemistry for how

substances behave.

A substance behaves or reacts the way it does because ofthe atoms its molecules are made of, and how they are put

together.

This means carbon-based compounds should behavedifferently from compounds based on other elements.

Therefore, it is useful for chemists to group carbon-based

compounds together because they are similar in a

chemically interesting way.


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Organic compounds are always

contained element carbon

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

is also called CARBON CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compoundsofcarbon, which, in combination with many otherelements (in particular H, N, O, S, P and thehalogens) form million compounds.

definition

The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain only

carbon and hydrogen atoms


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An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemicalcompounds whose molecules contain carbon; (for historical reasons

discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates,

carbon oxides and cyanides, as well as elemental carbon areconsidered inorganic.

Inorganic Compounds:NaCl - sodium chloride

CO2 - carbon dioxide

H2O - water

NO2 - nitrogen dioxide

HCl - hydrochloric acidCuCl2 - copper(II) chloride

Fe2O3 - iron(III) oxide

MgCl2 - magnesium chloride


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Organic molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen. Though many

organic chemicals also contain otherelements, it is the carbon-hydrogen bond that defines them as organic.

Organic chemistry defines life. There are organic chemicals that

make up your hair, your skin, your fingernails, and so on.

The diversity of organic chemicals is due to the versatility of the

carbon atom. Why is carbon such a special element?

Let's look at its chemistry in a little more detail.
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Carbon (C) appears in the second row of the periodic table and has four

bonding electrons in its valence shell .

Similar to other non-metals, carbon needs eight electrons to satisfy its

valence shell.

Carbon therefore forms four bonds with otheratoms (each bond

consisting of one of carbon's electrons + one electrons of other atom).

Every valence electron participates in bonding, thus a carbon atom's

bonds will be distributed evenly over the atom's surface.

These bonds form a tetrahedron (a pyramid with a spike at the top), as

illustrated below:
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The simplest organic chemicals, called hydrocarbons, contain

only carbon and hydrogen atoms;

the simplest hydrocarbon (called methane) contains a single

carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms

But carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in addition to

hydrogen, as illustrated in the molecule ethane


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But carbon can bond to other carbon atoms in addition to

hydrogen, as illustrated in the molecule ethane

In fact, the uniqueness of carbon comes from the fact that it can bond

to itself in many different ways. Carbon atoms can form long chains

branched chains:


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neighboring carbon atoms can form double and triple

bonds in addition to single carbon-carbon bonds

There appears to be almost no limit to the number of different

structures that carbon can form.

Keep in mind that each carbon atom forms four bonds. As the

number of bonds between any two carbon atoms increases,

the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule decreases


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THE UNIQUE ROLE OF CARBON

in bonding formation

C can form STRONG COVALENT BONDS

TO BOTH ITSELF AND TO MANY OTHER ELEMENTS,

not many elements do!

do you know others?)

especially N, H, O, S, P & X ("halogens"),

less commonly with many metals

( Li, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Cu, Co) and

a few non-metals(Si, Ge, As, B, etc.)"organometallic chemistry" )

1. C can form 4 bonds in three dimensions.


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in bonding formation

2. These C-C bonds can lead to the formation ofLINEAR,

BRANCHED & CYCLIC structures.

Can bond together to form chains, rings,

spheres, sheets, tube of almost any size.

3. C can form SINGLE, DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS to

itself and N & O.


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Over 20 MILLION chemical compounds are nowknown and perhaps 104 new ones are reported

per annum. About 85% of these compounds are

" organic ". Why?

Luckily, all these organic compounds have only

about 12-15 different functional groups

alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohols, alkyl & otherhalides (haloalkanes), carboxylic acid,

aldehyde, ketone and ester.
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hydrocarbons

The simple hydrocarbons come in three varieties depending on thetype of carbon-carbon bonds that occur in the molecule

Alkanes are the first class of simple hydrocarbons and contain only

carbon-carbon single bonds. The alkanes are named by combining a

prefix that describes the number of carbon atoms in the molecule with

the root ending "ane".

The chemical formula for any alkane is

given by the expression CnH2n+2
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The names and prefixes for the first ten alkanes are given

in the following table.

Carbon

AtomsPrefix

Alkane

Name

Chemical

Formula

Structural

Formula

1 Meth Methane CH 4 CH4

2 Eth Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3

3 Prop Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3

4 But Butane C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH3

5 Pent Pentane C5H12 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

6 Hex Hexane C6H14 ...7 Hept Heptane C7H16

8 Oct Octane C8H18

9 Non Nonane C9H20

10 Dec Decane C10H22


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The second class of simple hydrocarbons, the alkenes, consists of

molecules that contain at least one double-bonded carbon pair.

Alkenes follow the same naming convention used foralkanes. A

prefix (to describe the number of carbon atoms) is combined withthe ending "ene" to denote an alkene. Ethene, for example is the

two- carbon molecule that contains one double bond. The chemical

formula for the simple alkenes follows the expression CnH2n.

Because one of the carbon pairs is double bonded, simple alkenes

have two fewer hydrogen atoms than alkanes.

Alkynes are the third class of simple hydrocarbons and are molecules

that contain at least one triple-bonded carbon pair. Like the alkanes

and alkenes, alkynes are named by combining a prefix with the ending"yne" to denote the triple bond. The chemical formula for the simple

alkynes follows the expression CnH2n-2.
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Isomers

Because carbon can bond in so many different ways, a singlemolecule can have different bonding configurations.

C6H14

Both molecules have identical chemical formulas

however, their structural formulas (and thus some chemical

properties) are different
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.

hydrocarbons can also contain otherelements.

In fact, many common groups ofatoms can occur within organic molecules,

these groups of atoms are called functional groups.

One good example is the hydroxyl functional group.

The hydroxyl group consists of a single oxygen atom bound to a single

hydrogen atom (-OH).

The group of hydrocarbons that contain a hydroxyl functional group is called

alcohols
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Functional Groups

There are a wide variety of functional groups that

you should recognize

The FG affect the reactions, structure, and physical

properties of every compound in which they occur

It will be easier to recognize them, as we learn about

them in each chapter


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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS FG is a collection of atoms at a site within a molecule

with a common bonding pattern The group reacts in a typical way, generally

independent of the rest of the molecule

For example, the double bonds in

simple and complex alkenes

react with bromine in the same

way


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Families of Organic Compounds

Organic compounds can be grouped into families

by theircommon structural features

We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a

tour of the families in this course


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Alkenes have a C-Cdouble bond

Arenes have specialbonds that arerepresented asalternating single anddouble C-C bonds in asix-membered ring

Alkynes have aC-C triple bond

Multiple CarbonCarbon Bonds


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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS WITH CARBON SINGLY

BONDED TO AN ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOM

Alkyl halide: C bonded to halogen (C-X)

Alcohol : Cbonded O of a hydroxyl group (C OH)

Ether :Two Cs bonded to the same O (C O

C) Amine : C bonded to N (C N)

Thiol : C bonded to SH group (C SH)

Sulfide : TwoCs bonded to same S (C S C)

Bonds are polar,

with partial positive charge on C (+) and

partial negative charge () on electronegative atom


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GROUPS WITH A CARBONOXYGEN

DOUBLE BOND (CARBONYL GROUPS)

Aldehyde: one hydrogen bonded to C=O

Ketone :two Cs bonded to the C=O

Carboxylic acid:OH bonded to the C=O

Ester : C-O bonded to the C=O

Amide : C-N bonded to the C=O

Acid chloride: Cl bonded to the C=OCarbonyl C has partial positive charge (+)

Carbonyl O has partial negative charge (-).


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49

Hydrocarbons

Compounds containing oxygen

Compounds containing nitrogen

Three broad classes Organic

compound


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HYDROCARBONS

Alkane: single bonds, sp3 carbons

Cycloalkane: carbons form a ring

Alkene: double bond, sp2 carbons

Cycloalkene: double bond in ring

Alkyne: triple bond, sp carbons

Aromatic: contains a benzene ring


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COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

Alcohol: R-OH

Ether: R-O-R'

Aldehyde: RCHO

Ketone: RCOR'

CH3CH2 C

O

H

CH3 C

O

CH3


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52

CYCLIC ETHERS AND

KETONES

O

THF

(tetrahydrofuran) cyclopentanone

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS


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CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Carboxylic Acid: RCOOH

Acid Chloride: RCOCl

Ester: RCOOR'

Amide: RCONH2

C

O

OH

C

O

Cl

C

O

OCH3C

O

NH2

=>


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54

CYCLIC ESTERS

O

O

O

O

Cyclic ester (cyclic ether and cyclic ketone)


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COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

Amines: RNH2, RNHR', or R3N

Amides: RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONR2

Nitrile: RCN

N

O

CH3

CH3 C N

=>


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What ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

are we going to study ?

NAMING OF OC

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

STRUCTURE BASICS

Structure basic

IUPAC rules

Mechanism


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To be able to name such vast numbers of possible molecules requires

a systematic approach consisting of a set of arbitrary rules which are

readily learned and applied to each molecule individually to generate

the name.

It called IUPAC nomenclature system.

Note that in addition to names invented for compounds because of

their origin, there were other attempts to produce a systematicnomenclature system before the IUPAC system .

Therefore, sometimes compounds have several different names, of

which the IUPAC name may not be the one most commonly used.

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

NAMING

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC


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MOLECULES

Structure & bondingAtom to atom connectivity

3D shape (Stereochemistry)

Substituent

(other than the main chain)

The two basic features of the IUPAC name.

The element C and H, do not appear directly in the compound names, instead theIUPAC system names a compound based on the number of carbon atoms linked

together in the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.

The compounds is grouped in families according to the functional

groups that they contain

The Root Names

parent namethe number of carbon atoms in the longest

continuous chain of carbon atoms

containing the functional group

ASPECTS OF ORGANIC


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MOLECULES

NAME OF STEREO ISOMER

Compounds may have the same atoms and bond connectivity butdiffer in the spatial arrangement of the atoms, such that the two

arrangements cannot be interconverted at room temperature.

These are called stereoisomers.

To name stereoisomers, the prefixes c is-and t rans-are often

used

Example :

The rigid structure (prohibits free rotation of the atoms)of a ring, even though it is made up of single bond

The rigid structure of a double bond


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Alkene Stereoisomers.

E/Z. Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules.

Although many compounds can be named uniquely using the cis/trans

approach, there are compounds which cannot be so distinguished

To overcome this difficulty, the IUPAC system introduces a different

approach to alkene nomenclature.

In this approach, the two groups on each end of the double bond is

prioritized according to a set of arbitrary rules( Cahn-Ingold-Prelog

rules, and then names the stereomers according to the orientation

of the two highest priority groups.


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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Inter molecular forcesInteraction

phASEs : Gas, LIQUID , Solid

melting/boiling points,solubilities in various solvents,

Polarity dielectric constants,

spectral data)



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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES :

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL BONDING

Electronic structureRelative distribution of

electron in molecule

(delocalised), resonance

stability of chemical species(neutral atoms/molecules,

anions, cations and radicals,

acidity/basicity etc

Stereochemical aspects


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CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Involves COVALENT BONDBREAKING AND FORMATION

Solvent effects

Types of reactions

SUBSTITUTION,

ADDITION,

ELIMINATION &REARRANGEMENT)

Chemical Energetics .(Thermodynamics,Kinetics, Catalysis)


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ORGANIC REACTION

The most probable product (major product) of areaction results from the best electron sourceattacking the best electron sink.

A reaction will occur when there is an energeticallyfavorable path by which electrons can flow from the

electron source ("donor") to the electron acceptor

("sink")".

Obviously, you need to know the regions in molecules,

which are electron rich ("nucleophilic sites") or electron

poor ("electrophilic sites") to be capable of predicting the

relative electronic density over a molecule.


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NUCLEOPHILE & ELECTROPHILE

A nucleophi le("nucleus loving!") is a Lewis base(electron pairdonor) that acts as an electron source.

Nucleophiles can be negatively charged or neutral but must have"lone pairs" or p electrons (Nu:B or Nu: or >C=C


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1. Electronic Structures & Chemical Bondingorbitals & various kinds of covalent bonds, polarity, electronegativity, molecular geometry.

2. Inter- & intra-molecular forcesMelting Point, Boiling Point, and solubility

3. Acidity & Basicity in polar and non-polar solventsBronsted-Lowry and Lewis acids/bases

4. Chemical Energetics . (This subject is extremely important!)(a) Thermodynamicsenthalpy, entropy, Gibbs Free Energy equation, spontaneousreactions, exo- & endo thermic (and exo- & endogonic) reactions, position of equilibrium andKeq *Go= -RT lnKeq, Energy reaction profiles

(b) Kineticsenergy of activation (*H?)/*G?, transition states, Arrhenius equation *G? = -RTlnk (where k is the rate constant a measure of relative speed of reaction) sequential reactionsand rate determining step

(c) Catalysisstabilisation of the transition state.

5. Spectroscopy and spectra and Lambert-Beer law of absorption spectroscopy(laboratory experiments)

6. Mathematics! Inter conversion between pH->[H+], [H+] -->pH,pKa -->Ka, & Ka --->pKa. NOTE lower "p" upper case "H or K"

FROM GENERAL CHEMISTRY?


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What We Are going to Learn?

Before Midtest) Week Ket


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1 INTRODUCTION :Reason to study and characteristic of organic chemistry, history highlight of organic compound, Hydrocarbon , Functional group , Family of organic compound,

aspect in organic molecule (naming, physical , chemical reactivity, chemical reactions)

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

1

2 NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:Straight chain (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes) and ring chain hydrocarbon : rootname, numbering locant, complex substituent, prioritization of double bond,

Halogen, oxygen, nitrogen containing compound : rootname pattern (prefix, suffix), prioritization of functional group, numbering locantSTEREO ASPECT OF HYDROCARBON AND NAMING E/Z , R/SStructural isomer, Conformer (Rotationaround single bond ),Newman Projection,

Stereoisomer (Rigid structure of double bond ) Cis/trans and E/Z structure designation , Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules, Enantiomerand R/S structure designation), 3-D drawing

1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES RELATIONSHIPSStructure basic 1 :

Shape of Molecules: Atomic Orbitals, Covalent bond, sigma bond and pi bond, Hybridization of carbon orbital : Sp3 (single bond, tetrahedral), Sp2

(double bond, planar),sp (triple, linier),, Non covalent Interaction : electrogenativity , dipole interaction, London dispersion, hydrogen bond,

Physical properties : Phases, boiling & melting point, polarity, solubility,

1,2

3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES/REACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPSStructure Basics 2 :

Stable Species/molecule (duplet, Octet) : Electron Valence, ionic and covalent bond,Active species : electron rich (anion , nucleophile, donor), electron deficient (cation, electrophile, acceptor), odd number (radical, single element)

Active site of chemical species : Drawing Electron-Dot Formulas, (Lewis Structure), Formal charges, Introduction of Chemical reaction)

2

4 REACTION OF HIDROCARBONReactivity of alkane : stable sigma bond (low energy level)

FREE RADICAL REACTION (HALOGENATION AND CRACKING

ADDITION REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND (ALKENES)Chemical reactivity of double bond of alkene : pi bond (higher energi level, electron rich site)Electrofilic addition mechanism : acid catalysis, carbocation, Markovnikov rules, carbocation stability and rearrangement , and antiMarkovnikov rules,

Addition Polymerization of alkene : Cationic and Free Radical mechanisme

SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDChemical reactivity of Benzene ring (resonance double bond) : aromaticity

Electrofilic Substitution Mechanisme : acid catalysis, alkylation, nitration, acylation

2,3

PRESENTASI TOPIC 1 CRACKING REACTION 4

PRESENTASI TOPIC 2 ADDITION REACTION OF DOUBLE BOND 5,

PRESENTASI TOPIC 3 SUBSTITUTION REACTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUND 6

MID TEST 7


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Topic (AFTER MiDtest) Wee

k

Ket

MIDTEST 7

1 SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTION OF HALOALKANES/ALCOHOLReactivity of haloalkane and alcohol group,

Nucleofilic substition mechanism : SN2, SN1, E1,E2

Influenced of reactant structure, nucleophility, solvent, temperature on SN1, SN2 an

E1 and E2

1

2SUBSTITUTION AND ELIMINATION REACTION OF CARBOXYL GROUP

Reactivity of carboxyl group

Nucleofilic substition mechanism : acid catalysis

Esterification,

2

3 PRESENTATION TOPIC IVSubstitution Reaction (Haloalkanes, Alcohols) Reaction

3

PRESENTATION TOPIC V

Elimination Reaction (Haloalkane, Alcohol)reaction

4

PRESENTATION TOPIC VI

Substitution reaction (carbonyl compounds)

5

PRESENTATION TOPIC VII

Substitution of (carboxyl compound)

6

FINAL TEST 7


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We are going to learn organic chemistry through

naming, identifying physical/chemical properties,

and describing reaction mechanism ofORGANIC CHEMICALS

especially the MANUFACTURED PRODUCT



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Organic

Chemicals

Biological matterPlants

Animals

Microbes

Geological matterFossil Fuels

Other

Atmosphericand

cosmic matter

Manufacturedproducts

manufactured products


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Fuels

Petrol

Diesel

LPG

Natural gas

Coal

Peat/Turf

Methanol/Ethanol


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Foods

Sugars

Fats & Oils

Anti-oxidantsColourants

Flavourings

Vitamins

Dietary supplements

Fibre


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Materials

Fibres & c loth ings

Plast icsCoatings & lacquers

Packaging

Paper

Fi lms

Medical implants

Wound dressings



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Lubricants

Cosmetics

Fragrances

Pigments

Dyes

Inks

Adhesives Explosives

Detergents

Surfactants

Emulsifiers

Coolants

Photographic agents

Anti-scalants

Forensic chemicals Liquid crystal displays


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Bio-active

products

Medicines Veterinary medicin es

Herbicides

Pesticides

Fungicides

Plant growth horm ones

Imaging agents

Ferti l izers

Ant isept ics

Disinfectants


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Biological matters

Sugars

Proteins

Fats & oils

Vitamins DNA & RNA

Wood

Natural rubber Essential oils

Natural fibres

Antibiotics

Fermentation

products Natural flavours

Natural fragrances

Plant & microbialproducts

Bio-matter

PRESENTATION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS


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INTRO Product name, functional group classification

Product usage Product special characteristic (Physical/ chemical/ mechanical

properties) that support its function

MAIN POINTS

Explanation of the reason for having such specialcharacteristic 3D Strukture

Non kovalen interaction

elektronik distribution etc.

Describing the complete reaction mechanism of theirsynthesis

CLOSING


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Gasoline is a complex mixture

of over 500 hydrocarbons thatmay have between 5 to 12

carbons. Smaller amounts of

alkane cyclic and aromatic

compounds are present.

It is most often produced by

the fractional distillation of

crude oil

Straight-run gasoline (directly from the refinery distillation column) has

an octane number of about 70.

In other words, straight-run gasoline has the same knocking

properties as a mixture of 70% isooctane and 30% heptane.


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If fuel octane is too low for a given compression ratio, the fuel

prematurely ignites too early and the fuel charge EXPLODES rather

than BURNS resulting in incomplete combustion. The net effect is aloss in power, possible engine damage, and an audible "knock" or

"ping", referred to as detonation.

The octane number is determined by comparing the characteristics

of a gasoline to isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and heptane.

Isooctane is assigned an octane number of 100.

It is a highly branched compound that burns smoothly, with little

knock.

On the other hand, heptane, a straight chain, unbranched molecule

is given an octane rating of zero because of its bad knocking

propertie


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EVALUATION

Quis +HW 25%

Report Presentation 25%

Midtest 25%

Final Test 25%

2013 Intro OrChem1 Short

Documents

Transcript of 2013 Intro OrChem1 Short