2012 TORONTO SCHOLARS’ COLLOQUIUM

EARLY ROCK ART IN EGYPT: FROM

NATURALISTIC TO THE APPEARANCE

OF BIG MEN, CHIEFS AND KINGS

JUAN JOSÉ CASTILLOS

K. Callahan, Current Trends in Rock Art Theory, http://rupestreweb.tripod.com/theory.html; A. Garfinkel, Paradigm Shifts, Rock Art Studies and the 'Cosmo Sheep Cult' of Eastern California, North American Archaeologist 27, 3, 2006, 203 -244.; M. Morwood, Visions from the Past, The Archaeology of Australian Aboriginal Art, Sydney, 2002.

J. Keyser and D. Whitley, Sympathetic Magic in Western North American Rock Art, American Antiquity, Vol. 71, No. 1, 2006, 3 -26.

J. Lewis -Williams, The Mind in the Cave, Consciousness and the Origins of Art, London, 2002; T. Dowso n, Re-animating Hunter -gatherer Rock -art Research; J. Pearson, Shamanism and the Ancient Mind, A Cognitiv e Approach to Archaeology, Walnut Creek, 2002.

A. Quinlan, The Ventriloquist's Dummy, A Critical R eview of Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North Amer ica, Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2000, 92-108; R. Winzeler, Anthropology and religion, What we know, think and question, Plymouth, 2008, 2 17.

( Dubious, to say the least )

( More likely example of shamanism )

A. Steif, Endless resurrection, Art and ritual in t he Upper Paleolithic, Ann Arbor, 2010, 54.

A. Steif, Endless resurrection, 38 -39; B. Watson, Dreaming phenomena and palaeoart, Before Farming, 2007, 4, 1 -14.

O. Moro and M. González, 'Art for art's sake', Review of a historiographical theory, Munibe 57, 2005, 179 -188; G. Currie, Art for art's sake in the Old Stone Age, Po stgraduate Journal of Aesthetics, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009, 1 -23.

Ostracon from Deir el Medina

G. Robins, Proportion and Style in Ancient Egyptian Art, Austin, 1994, 21.

C. Ziegler and J. Bovot, Art et Archéologie, L'Égypte ancienne, Paris, 2001. 33.

T. Heyd and J. Clegg, Re -Thinking Aesthetics and Rock Art, Paper presented to the Rock Art Society of India 2004, International Rock Art Congress, Agr a, 28 November to 2 December 2004 .

D. James, Ambiguous Images: The Problems and Possibilities of Analysing Rock -art Images in the Egyptian Western Desert, in C. Knoblauch and J. Gill, eds, Egyptological Research in Australia and New Zealand, Proceedings of the conference held in Melbourne, September 4th -6th 2009, 71-84, Oxford, 2012.

C. Guksch, On ethnographic analogies, in R. Friedman and B. Adams, eds., The Followers of Horus, Oxford, 1992, 7-10.

D. Wengrow, The archaeology of early Egypt, Cambridge, 2006, 111 -114.

M. Sepúlveda, Rock art and social complexity during the Late Intermediate Period, Salado River subregion, n orth of Chile, Chungara, Revista de Antropología Chilena , Volumen 43, No. 1, 2011, 53 -72.

Chile – Modality I – Formative to Late Intermediate Period

Chile – Modality II –Late Intermediate Period

Chile – Modality III – End of Late Intermediate to Late Period

Naqada I decorated pot

See for example, B. Midant -Reynes, Préhistoire et

Protohistoire de l'Égypte, Paris, 1992, 165.

E. Ayrton and W. Loat, Predynastic cemetery at El Mahasna, London, 1911, Pl. XXVII, 13.

Wadi Hammamat, Winkler, 1937.

H. Winkler, Völker und Völkerbewegungen im Vorgeschichtlichen Oberäg ypten, Stuttgart, 1937, Fig. 8.

Wadi Hammamat, Winkler, 1937.

H. Winkler, Völker und Völkerbewegungen, Fig. 14.

W. Petrie, Prehistoric Egypt, London, 1920, Pl. XXV III, 74.

Hendrickx et al, A lost Late Predynastic -Early Dynastic royal scene from Gharb Aswan, Archeo -Nil, 19, 2009; Swelim, Resurrecting a Predynastic Rock Drawi ng, 2010.

(Early king leading expedition over the First Catar act)

B. Midant -Reynes and N. Buchez, Adaïma, Économie et habitat, Cairo, 2002, 571.

Tomb 100, Hierakonpolis Gebel el Arak knife handle

Narmer Ceremonial Palette

End